轉(zhuǎn)載, 并記下我的使用心得。

Linux services can be started, stopped and reloaded with the use of scripts stocked in /etc/init.d/. However, during start up or when changing runlevel, those scripts are searched in /etc/rcX.d/ where X is the runlevel number. This tutorial will explain how one can activate, deactivate or modify a service start up. When installing a new service under debian, the default is to enable it. So for instance, if you just installed apache2 package, after you installed it, apache service will be started and so will it be upon the next reboots. If you do not use apache all the time, you might want to disable this service from starting up upon boot up and simply start it manually when you actually need it by running this command:

/etc/init.d/apache2 start

You could either disable this service on boot up by removing any symbolic links in /etc/rcX.d/SYYapache2 or by using update-rc.d. The advantage of using update-rc.d is that it will take care of removing/adding any required links to /etc/init.d automatically. Taking apache2 as an example, let’s examine how /etc/rcX.d is looking like:

# ls -l /etc/rc?.d/*apache2

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2007-07-05 22:51 /etc/rc0.d/K91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2007-07-05 22:51 /etc/rc1.d/K91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2007-07-05 22:51 /etc/rc2.d/S91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2007-07-05 22:51 /etc/rc3.d/S91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2007-07-05 22:51 /etc/rc4.d/S91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2007-07-05 22:51 /etc/rc5.d/S91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 2007-07-05 22:51 /etc/rc6.d/K91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

As you can see, for runlevels 0, 1 and 6 there is a K at the beginning of the link, for runlevels 2, 3, 4 and 5, there is a S. Those two letters stands for Kill and Start. On Debian and Ubuntu, runlevels 2, 3, 4 and 5 are multi-users runlevels. Runlevel 0 is Halt. Runlevel 1 is single user mode Runlevel 6 is reboot

1. Removing A Service

If you want to totally disable apache2 service by hand, you would need to delete every single link in /etc/rcX.d/. Using update-rc.d it is as simple as:

update-rc.d -f apache2 remove

The use of -f is to force the removal of the symlinks even if there is still /etc/init.d/apache2.

Note: This command will only disable the service until next time the service is upgraded. If you want to make sure the service won't be re-enabled upon upgrade, you should also type the following:

# update-rc.d apache2 stop 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 .

2. Adding A Service

2.1. Default Priorities

Now, if you want to re-add this service to be started on boot up, you can simply use:

# update-rc.d apache2 defaults

Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/apache2 ...

/etc/rc0.d/K20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc1.d/K20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc6.d/K20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc2.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc3.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc4.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc5.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

2.2. Custom Priorities

But as you can see, the default value is 20 which is pretty different than 91 … a S20 link is started before a S91 and and K91 is kill before K20. To force apache2 to be started with priorities 91 for both Start and Kill, we need to use the following command:

# update-rc.d apache2 defaults 91

Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/apache2 ...

/etc/rc0.d/K91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc1.d/K91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc6.d/K91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc2.d/S91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc3.d/S91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc4.d/S91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc5.d/S91apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

2.3. Different Priorities For Start And Kill

Alternatively, if you want to set different priorities for Start than for Kill, let say Start with 20 and Kill with 80, you will need to run:

# update-rc.d apache2 defaults 20 80

Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/apache2 ...

/etc/rc0.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc1.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc6.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc2.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc3.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc4.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc5.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

3. Specifying Custom Runlevels

Finally, if you only want to Start and Kill on specific runlevels, like for instance starting apache with priority 20 on runlevels 2, 3, 4 and 5 and Kill with priority 80 on runlevels 0, 1 and 6:

# update-rc.d apache2 start 20 2 3 4 5 . stop 80 0 1 6 .

Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/apache2 ...

/etc/rc0.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc1.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc6.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc2.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc3.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc4.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc5.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

Or, to start with priority 20 for runlevel 2, 3 and 4 and priority 30 for runlevel 5 and kill with priority 80 for runlevel 0, 1 and 6:

# update-rc.d apache2 start 20 2 3 4 . start 30 5 . stop 80 0 1 6 .

Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/apache2 ...

/etc/rc0.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc1.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc6.d/K80apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc2.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc3.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc4.d/S20apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

/etc/rc5.d/S30apache2 -> ../init.d/apache2

我的總結(jié)

通過(guò) update-rc.d 來(lái)管理Linux下開(kāi)機(jī)自動(dòng)運(yùn)行，的確很方便，但是我在實(shí)際部署實(shí)踐中，還是遇到了一些問(wèn)題，導(dǎo)致開(kāi)機(jī)后沒(méi)有正常自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)，但是手工通過(guò)service xxx start可以啟動(dòng)。我經(jīng)過(guò)排查發(fā)現(xiàn)，原因是在Linux系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)中，在執(zhí)行/etc/init.d/中的腳本時(shí)，此時(shí)系統(tǒng)有可能沒(méi)有加載好系統(tǒng)中的PATH變量，所以需要在init.d腳本中手工指定，對(duì)于使用Ruby腳本寫(xiě)的程序，需要GEM_HOME\GEM_PATH等環(huán)境變量，我這里是用RVM來(lái)管理Ruby的，這是我使用的：

PATH="/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290/bin:/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p290/bin:/usr/local/rvm/bin:/opt/node/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games"

RUBY_VERSION="ruby-1.9.2-p290"

GEM_HOME="/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290"

GEM_PATH="/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290:/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290@global"

export PATH=$PATH

export RUBY_VERSION=$RUBY_VERSION

export GEM_HOME=$GEM_HOME

export GEM_PATH=$GEM_PATH

另外還有一些其它的變量(如果你的啟動(dòng)程序需要)，也需要手工指定，如在Ruby 1.9中，就有可能需要指定，比如說(shuō)unicorn啟動(dòng)腳本：

export LANG='en_US.UTF-8'

最后附上一個(gè)常用的init.d啟動(dòng)腳本的樣本：

/etc/init.d/ntgps

#!/bin/sh

### BEGIN INIT INFO

# Provides: gps

# Required-Start: $syslog $remote_fs $network

# Required-Stop: $syslog $remote_fs $network

# Should-Start: fam

# Should-Stop: fam

# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5

# Default-Stop: 0 1 6

# Short-Description: Start the gps.

### END INIT INFO

PATH=/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290/bin:/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290@global/bin:/usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p290/bin:/usr/local/rvm/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games

DAEMON=/www/georgia/current/lib/gps/gps.rb

NAME=ntgps

DESC="ntgps daemon"

PIDFILE=/var/run/$NAME.pid

SCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAME

DAEMON_OPTS=""

set -e

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

export LANG='en_US.UTF-8'

export PATH=$PATH

export GEM_HOME=/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290

export GEM_PATH=/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290:/usr/local/rvm/gems/ruby-1.9.2-p290@global

case "$1" in

start)

log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" $NAME

if ! start-stop-daemon --start -m --background --oknodo --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec /usr/local/rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p290/bin/ruby $DAEMON -- $DAEMON_OPTS

then

log_end_msg 1

else

log_end_msg 0

fi

;;

stop)

log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" $NAME

if kill -9 `cat $PIDFILE`

then

rm -f $PIDFILE

log_end_msg 0

else

log_end_msg 1

fi

;;

restart)

$0 stop

$0 start

;;

status)

status_of_proc -p "$PIDFILE" "$DAEMON" $NAME && exit 0 || exit $?

;;

*)

echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|restart|status}" >&2

exit 1

;;

esac

exit 0

總結(jié)

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