1、CIFAR-10

首先找到CIFAR-10的網站：

https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html

官網第一頁寫著CIFAR-10的來源：

The CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 are labeled subsets of the 80 million tiny images dataset. They were collected by Alex Krizhevsky, Vinod Nair, and Geoffrey Hinton.

80 million tiny images dataset：

http://groups.csail.mit.edu/vision/TinyImages/

? ? ? 作者介紹CIFAR-10本質是從一個叫做【the 80 million tiny images dataset】（“8000萬張小圖”數據集）中精煉剝離出來的一部分，是該數據集的子集。

? ? ? ?結數據集的命名，國內網站搜不到CIFAR的含義，幾番周折我在Alex2009年的科技報告第三章中找到了原因——Canadian?Institute?for?Advanced?Research加拿大高級研究所資助了Alex的這個項目，畢竟請學生打標簽是需要pay的，

? ? ? CIFAR-10是一個更接近普適物體的彩色圖像數據集。CIFAR-10 是由Hinton 的學生Alex Krizhevsky 和Ilya Sutskever 整理的一個用于識別普適物體的小型數據集。一共包含10 個類別的RGB 彩色圖片：飛機（ airplane ）、汽車（ automobile ）、鳥類（ bird ）、貓（ cat ）、鹿（ deer ）、狗（ dog ）、蛙類（ frog ）、馬（ horse ）、船（ ship ）和卡車（ truck ）。
? ? ? ? ?每個圖片的尺寸為32 × 32 ，每個類別有6000個圖像，數據集中一共有50000 張訓練圖片和10000 張測試圖片。

下面這幅圖就是列舉了10各類，每一類展示了隨機的10張圖片：

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飛機，汽車，鳥，貓，鹿，狗，蛙，馬，羊，卡車一共10類。每類都是這樣一張肉眼幾乎看不清的小圖。這些類是完全相互排斥的。汽車和卡車之間沒有重疊。“汽車”包括轎車、suv之類的東西。“卡車”只包括大卡車。都不包括皮卡。

打開80 million tiny images dataset這個網頁，會發現一個公告：

被下架的80MTI

? ? ? 點開MIT查看這個“8000萬張小圖”數據集，會發現一封2020.06.29日的公告，大致意思是這個數據集今后徹底下架，也不允許已經下載的學術同仁傳播，這么做是因為數據集涉及到了一些“攻擊”。

? ? ? ? 攻擊是什么意思呢，這個網站在被下架之前，【the 80 million tiny images dataset】是一個大項目，所有用戶都可以點擊big map按鈕，提交自己的標簽，可以幫助這個項目的科研人員訓練讓計算機識別物體的模型。但是這個過程是不受監督的，這也就導致了所謂的惡意攻擊。

? ? ? ?順著公告最后給出的一篇arXiv預印本文章，找到了原因。這篇文章大致是對圖像數據集的“審計”問題進行了廣泛的探討。大致意思是規模巨大的圖像數據集，難免混入一些“帶有攻擊性的”樣本。具體而言作者用 the 80 Million Tiny Images dataset給了一個例子：（因為例子過于暴力沒有辦法上傳，我只能描述一下了）

在這個規模巨大的數據集中，包含了類似于bitch,nigger,molester等等暴力色情標簽，而且每個這樣的標簽下都有1000張以上的樣本圖片。因為涉嫌違規沒辦法，展示具體內容可以在論文中找到。

https://openreview.net/pdf?id=s-e2zaAlG3I

2、CIFAR-100

這個數據集和CIFAR-10類似，CIFAR-100有100個類，每個類包含600張圖片。每個類有500張訓練圖像和100張測試圖像。CIFAR-100中的100個類被分成20個超類。每個圖像都帶有一個“精細”標簽(它所屬的類)和一個“粗糙”標簽(它所屬的超類)。以下是CIFAR-100中的類列表：

其中，蘑菇不是真正的水果或蔬菜，熊也不是真正的食肉動物。就是研究人員圖一樂。

3、MNIST

MNIST是一個手寫體數字的圖片數據集，該數據集來由美國國家標準與技術研究所（National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)）發起整理，一共統計了來自250個不同的人手寫數字圖片，其中50%是高中生，50%來自人口普查局的工作人員。該數據集的收集目的是希望通過算法，實現對手寫數字的識別。

MNIST全稱是Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology database。這是一個非常龐大的手寫數字數據庫。它由幾萬字28像素×28像素的手寫數字組成，這些圖片只包含灰度值信息。我們的任務是對這些手寫數字的圖片進行分類，轉成0~9一共10類。

PS：

與MNIST 數據集中目比， CIFAR-10具有 以下不同點：
(1)、CIFAR-10 是3 通道的彩色RGB 圖像，而MNIST 是灰度圖像。
(2)、CIFAR-10 的圖片尺寸為32 × 32 ， 而MNIST 的圖片尺寸為28 × 28 ，比MNIST 稍大。
(3)、相比于手寫字符， CIFAR-10 含有的是現實世界中真實的物體，不僅噪聲很大，而且物體的比例、特征都不盡相同，這為識別帶來很大困難。直接的線性模型如Softmax 在CIFAR-10 上表現得很差。

4、SVHN

SVHN（Street View House Number）Dateset 來源于谷歌街景門牌號碼，每張圖片中包含一組 ‘0-9’ 的阿拉伯數字。原生的數據集1也就是官網的 Format 1 是一些原始的未經處理的彩色圖片，圖片如下圖所示，訓練集中包含 73257 個數字，測試集中包含 26032 個數字，另有 531131 個附加數字。

下載的數據集含有 PNG 的圖像和?digitStruct.mat??的文件，其中包含了邊框的位置信息，這個數據集每張圖片上有好幾個數字，適用于 OCR 相關方向。這里采用 Format2, Format2 將這些數字裁剪成32x32的大小，如圖所示，并且數據是 .mat 文件。

5、ImageNet

? ? ? ImageNet數據集是一個計算機視覺數據集，是由斯坦福大學的李飛飛教授帶領創建。該數據集包合 14,197,122張圖片和21,841個Synset索引。 Synset是WordNet層次結構中的一個節點，它又是 一組同義詞集合。 ImageNet數據集一直是評估圖像分類算法性能的基準。
? ? ? ?ImageNet 數據集是為了促進計算機圖像識別技術的發展而設立的一個大型圖像數據集。2016 年ImageNet 數據集中已經超過干萬張圖片，每一張圖片都被手工標定好類別。ImageNet 數據集中的圖片涵蓋了大部分生活中會看到的圖片類別。ImageNet最初是擁有超過100萬張圖像的數據集。如圖下圖所示，它包含了各種各樣的圖像，并且每張圖像都被關聯了標簽（類別名）。每年都會舉辦使用這個巨大數據集的ILSVRC圖像識別大賽。 ? ?

?官網：

http://image-net.org/

?ImageNet是一個按照WordNet層次結構（目前只有名詞）組織的圖像數據庫，其中層次結構的每個節點都由成百上千個圖像來描述。目前，我們平均每個節點有500多個圖像。

ImageNet的數據結構——層次結構及其1000個類別：

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{"0": ["n01440764", "tench"], "1": ["n01443537", "goldfish"], "2": ["n01484850", "great_white_shark"], "3": ["n01491361", "tiger_shark"], "4": ["n01494475", "hammerhead"], "5": ["n01496331", "electric_ray"], "6": ["n01498041", "stingray"], "7": ["n01514668", "cock"], "8": ["n01514859", "hen"], "9": ["n01518878", "ostrich"], "10": ["n01530575", "brambling"], "11": ["n01531178", "goldfinch"], "12": ["n01532829", "house_finch"], "13": ["n01534433", "junco"], "14": ["n01537544", "indigo_bunting"], "15": ["n01558993", "robin"], "16": ["n01560419", "bulbul"], "17": ["n01580077", "jay"], "18": ["n01582220", "magpie"], "19": ["n01592084", "chickadee"], "20": ["n01601694", "water_ouzel"], "21": ["n01608432", "kite"], "22": ["n01614925", "bald_eagle"], "23": ["n01616318", "vulture"], "24": ["n01622779", "great_grey_owl"], "25": ["n01629819", "European_fire_salamander"], "26": ["n01630670", "common_newt"], "27": ["n01631663", "eft"], "28": ["n01632458", "spotted_salamander"], "29": ["n01632777", "axolotl"], "30": ["n01641577", "bullfrog"], "31": ["n01644373", "tree_frog"], "32": ["n01644900", "tailed_frog"], "33": ["n01664065", "loggerhead"], "34": ["n01665541", "leatherback_turtle"], "35": ["n01667114", "mud_turtle"], "36": ["n01667778", "terrapin"], "37": ["n01669191", "box_turtle"], "38": ["n01675722", "banded_gecko"], "39": ["n01677366", "common_iguana"], "40": ["n01682714", "American_chameleon"], "41": ["n01685808", "whiptail"], "42": ["n01687978", "agama"], "43": ["n01688243", "frilled_lizard"], "44": ["n01689811", "alligator_lizard"], "45": ["n01692333", "Gila_monster"], "46": ["n01693334", "green_lizard"], "47": ["n01694178", "African_chameleon"], "48": ["n01695060", "Komodo_dragon"], "49": ["n01697457", "African_crocodile"], "50": ["n01698640", "American_alligator"], "51": ["n01704323", "triceratops"], "52": ["n01728572", "thunder_snake"], "53": ["n01728920", "ringneck_snake"], "54": ["n01729322", "hognose_snake"], "55": ["n01729977", "green_snake"], "56": ["n01734418", "king_snake"], "57": ["n01735189", "garter_snake"], "58": ["n01737021", "water_snake"], "59": ["n01739381", "vine_snake"], "60": ["n01740131", "night_snake"], "61": ["n01742172", "boa_constrictor"], "62": ["n01744401", "rock_python"], "63": ["n01748264", "Indian_cobra"], "64": ["n01749939", "green_mamba"], "65": ["n01751748", "sea_snake"], "66": ["n01753488", "horned_viper"], "67": ["n01755581", "diamondback"], "68": ["n01756291", "sidewinder"], "69": ["n01768244", "trilobite"], "70": ["n01770081", "harvestman"], "71": ["n01770393", "scorpion"], "72": ["n01773157", "black_and_gold_garden_spider"], "73": ["n01773549", "barn_spider"], "74": ["n01773797", "garden_spider"], "75": ["n01774384", "black_widow"], "76": ["n01774750", "tarantula"], "77": ["n01775062", "wolf_spider"], "78": ["n01776313", "tick"], "79": ["n01784675", "centipede"], "80": ["n01795545", "black_grouse"], "81": ["n01796340", "ptarmigan"], "82": ["n01797886", "ruffed_grouse"], "83": ["n01798484", "prairie_chicken"], "84": ["n01806143", "peacock"], "85": ["n01806567", "quail"], "86": ["n01807496", "partridge"], "87": ["n01817953", "African_grey"], "88": ["n01818515", "macaw"], "89": ["n01819313", "sulphur-crested_cockatoo"], "90": ["n01820546", "lorikeet"], "91": ["n01824575", "coucal"], "92": ["n01828970", "bee_eater"], "93": ["n01829413", "hornbill"], "94": ["n01833805", "hummingbird"], "95": ["n01843065", "jacamar"], "96": ["n01843383", "toucan"], "97": ["n01847000", "drake"], "98": ["n01855032", "red-breasted_merganser"], "99": ["n01855672", "goose"], "100": ["n01860187", "black_swan"], "101": ["n01871265", "tusker"], "102": ["n01872401", "echidna"], "103": ["n01873310", "platypus"], "104": ["n01877812", "wallaby"], "105": ["n01882714", "koala"], "106": ["n01883070", "wombat"], "107": ["n01910747", "jellyfish"], "108": ["n01914609", "sea_anemone"], "109": ["n01917289", "brain_coral"], "110": ["n01924916", "flatworm"], "111": ["n01930112", "nematode"], "112": ["n01943899", "conch"], "113": ["n01944390", "snail"], "114": ["n01945685", "slug"], "115": ["n01950731", "sea_slug"], "116": ["n01955084", "chiton"], "117": ["n01968897", "chambered_nautilus"], "118": ["n01978287", "Dungeness_crab"], "119": ["n01978455", "rock_crab"], "120": ["n01980166", "fiddler_crab"], "121": ["n01981276", "king_crab"], "122": ["n01983481", "American_lobster"], "123": ["n01984695", "spiny_lobster"], "124": ["n01985128", "crayfish"], "125": ["n01986214", "hermit_crab"], "126": ["n01990800", "isopod"], "127": ["n02002556", "white_stork"], "128": ["n02002724", "black_stork"], "129": ["n02006656", "spoonbill"], "130": ["n02007558", "flamingo"], "131": ["n02009229", "little_blue_heron"], "132": ["n02009912", "American_egret"], "133": ["n02011460", "bittern"], "134": ["n02012849", "crane"], "135": ["n02013706", "limpkin"], "136": ["n02017213", "European_gallinule"], "137": ["n02018207", "American_coot"], "138": ["n02018795", "bustard"], "139": ["n02025239", "ruddy_turnstone"], "140": ["n02027492", "red-backed_sandpiper"], "141": ["n02028035", "redshank"], "142": ["n02033041", "dowitcher"], "143": ["n02037110", "oystercatcher"], "144": ["n02051845", "pelican"], "145": ["n02056570", "king_penguin"], "146": ["n02058221", "albatross"], "147": ["n02066245", "grey_whale"], "148": ["n02071294", "killer_whale"], "149": ["n02074367", "dugong"], "150": ["n02077923", "sea_lion"], "151": ["n02085620", "Chihuahua"], "152": ["n02085782", "Japanese_spaniel"], "153": ["n02085936", "Maltese_dog"], "154": ["n02086079", "Pekinese"], "155": ["n02086240", "Shih-Tzu"], "156": ["n02086646", "Blenheim_spaniel"], "157": ["n02086910", "papillon"], "158": ["n02087046", "toy_terrier"], "159": ["n02087394", "Rhodesian_ridgeback"], "160": ["n02088094", "Afghan_hound"], "161": ["n02088238", "basset"], "162": ["n02088364", "beagle"], "163": ["n02088466", "bloodhound"], "164": ["n02088632", "bluetick"], "165": ["n02089078", "black-and-tan_coonhound"], "166": ["n02089867", "Walker_hound"], "167": ["n02089973", "English_foxhound"], "168": ["n02090379", "redbone"], "169": ["n02090622", "borzoi"], "170": ["n02090721", "Irish_wolfhound"], "171": ["n02091032", "Italian_greyhound"], "172": ["n02091134", "whippet"], "173": ["n02091244", "Ibizan_hound"], "174": ["n02091467", "Norwegian_elkhound"], "175": ["n02091635", "otterhound"], "176": ["n02091831", "Saluki"], "177": ["n02092002", "Scottish_deerhound"], "178": ["n02092339", "Weimaraner"], "179": ["n02093256", "Staffordshire_bullterrier"], "180": ["n02093428", "American_Staffordshire_terrier"], "181": ["n02093647", "Bedlington_terrier"], "182": ["n02093754", "Border_terrier"], "183": ["n02093859", "Kerry_blue_terrier"], "184": ["n02093991", "Irish_terrier"], "185": ["n02094114", "Norfolk_terrier"], "186": ["n02094258", "Norwich_terrier"], "187": ["n02094433", "Yorkshire_terrier"], "188": ["n02095314", "wire-haired_fox_terrier"], "189": ["n02095570", "Lakeland_terrier"], "190": ["n02095889", "Sealyham_terrier"], "191": ["n02096051", "Airedale"], "192": ["n02096177", "cairn"], "193": ["n02096294", "Australian_terrier"], "194": ["n02096437", "Dandie_Dinmont"], "195": ["n02096585", "Boston_bull"], "196": ["n02097047", "miniature_schnauzer"], "197": ["n02097130", "giant_schnauzer"], "198": ["n02097209", "standard_schnauzer"], "199": ["n02097298", "Scotch_terrier"], "200": ["n02097474", "Tibetan_terrier"], "201": ["n02097658", "silky_terrier"], "202": ["n02098105", "soft-coated_wheaten_terrier"], "203": ["n02098286", "West_Highland_white_terrier"], "204": ["n02098413", "Lhasa"], "205": ["n02099267", "flat-coated_retriever"], "206": ["n02099429", "curly-coated_retriever"], "207": ["n02099601", "golden_retriever"], "208": ["n02099712", "Labrador_retriever"], "209": ["n02099849", "Chesapeake_Bay_retriever"], "210": ["n02100236", "German_short-haired_pointer"], "211": ["n02100583", "vizsla"], "212": ["n02100735", "English_setter"], "213": ["n02100877", "Irish_setter"], "214": ["n02101006", "Gordon_setter"], "215": ["n02101388", "Brittany_spaniel"], "216": ["n02101556", "clumber"], "217": ["n02102040", "English_springer"], "218": ["n02102177", "Welsh_springer_spaniel"], "219": ["n02102318", "cocker_spaniel"], "220": ["n02102480", "Sussex_spaniel"], "221": ["n02102973", "Irish_water_spaniel"], "222": ["n02104029", "kuvasz"], "223": ["n02104365", "schipperke"], "224": ["n02105056", "groenendael"], "225": ["n02105162", "malinois"], "226": ["n02105251", "briard"], "227": ["n02105412", "kelpie"], "228": ["n02105505", "komondor"], "229": ["n02105641", "Old_English_sheepdog"], "230": ["n02105855", "Shetland_sheepdog"], "231": ["n02106030", "collie"], "232": ["n02106166", "Border_collie"], "233": ["n02106382", "Bouvier_des_Flandres"], "234": ["n02106550", "Rottweiler"], "235": ["n02106662", "German_shepherd"], "236": ["n02107142", "Doberman"], "237": ["n02107312", "miniature_pinscher"], "238": ["n02107574", "Greater_Swiss_Mountain_dog"], "239": ["n02107683", "Bernese_mountain_dog"], "240": ["n02107908", "Appenzeller"], "241": ["n02108000", "EntleBucher"], "242": ["n02108089", "boxer"], "243": ["n02108422", "bull_mastiff"], "244": ["n02108551", "Tibetan_mastiff"], "245": ["n02108915", "French_bulldog"], "246": ["n02109047", "Great_Dane"], "247": ["n02109525", "Saint_Bernard"], "248": ["n02109961", "Eskimo_dog"], "249": ["n02110063", "malamute"], "250": ["n02110185", "Siberian_husky"], "251": ["n02110341", "dalmatian"], "252": ["n02110627", "affenpinscher"], "253": ["n02110806", "basenji"], "254": ["n02110958", "pug"], "255": ["n02111129", "Leonberg"], "256": ["n02111277", "Newfoundland"], "257": ["n02111500", "Great_Pyrenees"], "258": ["n02111889", "Samoyed"], "259": ["n02112018", "Pomeranian"], "260": ["n02112137", "chow"], "261": ["n02112350", "keeshond"], "262": ["n02112706", "Brabancon_griffon"], "263": ["n02113023", "Pembroke"], "264": ["n02113186", "Cardigan"], "265": ["n02113624", "toy_poodle"], "266": ["n02113712", "miniature_poodle"], "267": ["n02113799", "standard_poodle"], "268": ["n02113978", "Mexican_hairless"], "269": ["n02114367", "timber_wolf"], "270": ["n02114548", "white_wolf"], "271": ["n02114712", "red_wolf"], "272": ["n02114855", "coyote"], "273": ["n02115641", "dingo"], "274": ["n02115913", "dhole"], "275": ["n02116738", "African_hunting_dog"], "276": ["n02117135", "hyena"], "277": ["n02119022", "red_fox"], "278": ["n02119789", "kit_fox"], "279": ["n02120079", "Arctic_fox"], "280": ["n02120505", "grey_fox"], "281": ["n02123045", "tabby"], "282": ["n02123159", "tiger_cat"], "283": ["n02123394", "Persian_cat"], "284": ["n02123597", "Siamese_cat"], "285": ["n02124075", "Egyptian_cat"], "286": ["n02125311", "cougar"], "287": ["n02127052", "lynx"], "288": ["n02128385", "leopard"], "289": ["n02128757", "snow_leopard"], "290": ["n02128925", "jaguar"], "291": ["n02129165", "lion"], "292": ["n02129604", "tiger"], "293": ["n02130308", "cheetah"], "294": ["n02132136", "brown_bear"], "295": ["n02133161", "American_black_bear"], "296": ["n02134084", "ice_bear"], "297": ["n02134418", "sloth_bear"], "298": ["n02137549", "mongoose"], "299": ["n02138441", "meerkat"], "300": ["n02165105", "tiger_beetle"], "301": ["n02165456", "ladybug"], "302": ["n02167151", "ground_beetle"], "303": ["n02168699", "long-horned_beetle"], "304": ["n02169497", "leaf_beetle"], "305": ["n02172182", "dung_beetle"], "306": ["n02174001", "rhinoceros_beetle"], "307": ["n02177972", "weevil"], "308": ["n02190166", "fly"], "309": ["n02206856", "bee"], "310": ["n02219486", "ant"], "311": ["n02226429", "grasshopper"], "312": ["n02229544", "cricket"], "313": ["n02231487", "walking_stick"], "314": ["n02233338", "cockroach"], "315": ["n02236044", "mantis"], "316": ["n02256656", "cicada"], "317": ["n02259212", "leafhopper"], "318": ["n02264363", "lacewing"], "319": ["n02268443", "dragonfly"], "320": ["n02268853", "damselfly"], "321": ["n02276258", "admiral"], "322": ["n02277742", "ringlet"], "323": ["n02279972", "monarch"], "324": ["n02280649", "cabbage_butterfly"], "325": ["n02281406", "sulphur_butterfly"], "326": ["n02281787", "lycaenid"], "327": ["n02317335", "starfish"], "328": ["n02319095", "sea_urchin"], "329": ["n02321529", "sea_cucumber"], "330": ["n02325366", "wood_rabbit"], "331": ["n02326432", "hare"], "332": ["n02328150", "Angora"], "333": ["n02342885", "hamster"], "334": ["n02346627", "porcupine"], "335": ["n02356798", "fox_squirrel"], "336": ["n02361337", "marmot"], "337": ["n02363005", "beaver"], "338": ["n02364673", "guinea_pig"], "339": ["n02389026", "sorrel"], "340": ["n02391049", "zebra"], "341": ["n02395406", "hog"], "342": ["n02396427", "wild_boar"], "343": ["n02397096", "warthog"], "344": ["n02398521", "hippopotamus"], "345": ["n02403003", "ox"], "346": ["n02408429", "water_buffalo"], "347": ["n02410509", "bison"], "348": ["n02412080", "ram"], "349": ["n02415577", "bighorn"], "350": ["n02417914", "ibex"], "351": ["n02422106", "hartebeest"], "352": ["n02422699", "impala"], "353": ["n02423022", "gazelle"], "354": ["n02437312", "Arabian_camel"], "355": ["n02437616", "llama"], "356": ["n02441942", "weasel"], "357": ["n02442845", "mink"], "358": ["n02443114", "polecat"], "359": ["n02443484", "black-footed_ferret"], "360": ["n02444819", "otter"], "361": ["n02445715", "skunk"], "362": ["n02447366", "badger"], "363": ["n02454379", "armadillo"], "364": ["n02457408", "three-toed_sloth"], "365": ["n02480495", "orangutan"], "366": ["n02480855", "gorilla"], "367": ["n02481823", "chimpanzee"], "368": ["n02483362", "gibbon"], "369": ["n02483708", "siamang"], "370": ["n02484975", "guenon"], "371": ["n02486261", "patas"], "372": ["n02486410", "baboon"], "373": ["n02487347", "macaque"], "374": ["n02488291", "langur"], "375": ["n02488702", "colobus"], "376": ["n02489166", "proboscis_monkey"], "377": ["n02490219", "marmoset"], "378": ["n02492035", "capuchin"], "379": ["n02492660", "howler_monkey"], "380": ["n02493509", "titi"], "381": ["n02493793", "spider_monkey"], "382": ["n02494079", "squirrel_monkey"], "383": ["n02497673", "Madagascar_cat"], "384": ["n02500267", "indri"], "385": ["n02504013", "Indian_elephant"], "386": ["n02504458", "African_elephant"], "387": ["n02509815", "lesser_panda"], "388": ["n02510455", "giant_panda"], "389": ["n02514041", "barracouta"], "390": ["n02526121", "eel"], "391": ["n02536864", "coho"], "392": ["n02606052", "rock_beauty"], "393": ["n02607072", "anemone_fish"], "394": ["n02640242", "sturgeon"], "395": ["n02641379", "gar"], "396": ["n02643566", "lionfish"], "397": ["n02655020", "puffer"], "398": ["n02666196", "abacus"], "399": ["n02667093", "abaya"], "400": ["n02669723", "academic_gown"], "401": ["n02672831", "accordion"], "402": ["n02676566", "acoustic_guitar"], "403": ["n02687172", "aircraft_carrier"], "404": ["n02690373", "airliner"], "405": ["n02692877", "airship"], "406": ["n02699494", "altar"], "407": ["n02701002", "ambulance"], "408": ["n02704792", "amphibian"], "409": ["n02708093", "analog_clock"], "410": ["n02727426", "apiary"], "411": ["n02730930", "apron"], "412": ["n02747177", "ashcan"], "413": ["n02749479", "assault_rifle"], "414": ["n02769748", "backpack"], "415": ["n02776631", "bakery"], "416": ["n02777292", "balance_beam"], "417": ["n02782093", "balloon"], "418": ["n02783161", "ballpoint"], "419": ["n02786058", "Band_Aid"], "420": ["n02787622", "banjo"], "421": ["n02788148", "bannister"], "422": ["n02790996", "barbell"], "423": ["n02791124", "barber_chair"], "424": ["n02791270", "barbershop"], "425": ["n02793495", "barn"], "426": ["n02794156", "barometer"], "427": ["n02795169", "barrel"], "428": ["n02797295", "barrow"], "429": ["n02799071", "baseball"], "430": ["n02802426", "basketball"], "431": ["n02804414", "bassinet"], "432": ["n02804610", "bassoon"], "433": ["n02807133", "bathing_cap"], "434": ["n02808304", "bath_towel"], "435": ["n02808440", "bathtub"], "436": ["n02814533", "beach_wagon"], "437": ["n02814860", "beacon"], "438": ["n02815834", "beaker"], "439": ["n02817516", "bearskin"], "440": ["n02823428", "beer_bottle"], "441": ["n02823750", "beer_glass"], "442": ["n02825657", "bell_cote"], "443": ["n02834397", "bib"], "444": ["n02835271", "bicycle-built-for-two"], "445": ["n02837789", "bikini"], "446": ["n02840245", "binder"], "447": ["n02841315", "binoculars"], "448": ["n02843684", "birdhouse"], "449": ["n02859443", "boathouse"], "450": ["n02860847", "bobsled"], "451": ["n02865351", "bolo_tie"], "452": ["n02869837", "bonnet"], "453": ["n02870880", "bookcase"], "454": ["n02871525", "bookshop"], "455": ["n02877765", "bottlecap"], "456": ["n02879718", "bow"], "457": ["n02883205", "bow_tie"], "458": ["n02892201", "brass"], "459": ["n02892767", "brassiere"], "460": ["n02894605", "breakwater"], "461": ["n02895154", "breastplate"], "462": ["n02906734", "broom"], "463": ["n02909870", "bucket"], "464": ["n02910353", "buckle"], "465": ["n02916936", "bulletproof_vest"], "466": ["n02917067", "bullet_train"], "467": ["n02927161", "butcher_shop"], "468": ["n02930766", "cab"], "469": ["n02939185", "caldron"], "470": ["n02948072", "candle"], "471": ["n02950826", "cannon"], "472": ["n02951358", "canoe"], "473": ["n02951585", "can_opener"], "474": ["n02963159", "cardigan"], "475": ["n02965783", "car_mirror"], "476": ["n02966193", "carousel"], "477": ["n02966687", "carpenter's_kit"], "478": ["n02971356", "carton"], "479": ["n02974003", "car_wheel"], "480": ["n02977058", "cash_machine"], "481": ["n02978881", "cassette"], "482": ["n02979186", "cassette_player"], "483": ["n02980441", "castle"], "484": ["n02981792", "catamaran"], "485": ["n02988304", "CD_player"], "486": ["n02992211", "cello"], "487": ["n02992529", "cellular_telephone"], "488": ["n02999410", "chain"], "489": ["n03000134", "chainlink_fence"], "490": ["n03000247", "chain_mail"], "491": ["n03000684", "chain_saw"], "492": ["n03014705", "chest"], "493": ["n03016953", "chiffonier"], "494": ["n03017168", "chime"], "495": ["n03018349", "china_cabinet"], "496": ["n03026506", "Christmas_stocking"], "497": ["n03028079", "church"], "498": ["n03032252", "cinema"], "499": ["n03041632", "cleaver"], "500": ["n03042490", "cliff_dwelling"], "501": ["n03045698", "cloak"], "502": ["n03047690", "clog"], "503": ["n03062245", "cocktail_shaker"], "504": ["n03063599", "coffee_mug"], "505": ["n03063689", "coffeepot"], "506": ["n03065424", "coil"], "507": ["n03075370", "combination_lock"], "508": ["n03085013", "computer_keyboard"], "509": ["n03089624", "confectionery"], "510": ["n03095699", "container_ship"], "511": ["n03100240", "convertible"], "512": ["n03109150", "corkscrew"], "513": ["n03110669", "cornet"], "514": ["n03124043", "cowboy_boot"], "515": ["n03124170", "cowboy_hat"], "516": ["n03125729", "cradle"], "517": ["n03126707", "crane"], "518": ["n03127747", "crash_helmet"], "519": ["n03127925", "crate"], "520": ["n03131574", "crib"], "521": ["n03133878", "Crock_Pot"], "522": ["n03134739", "croquet_ball"], "523": ["n03141823", "crutch"], "524": ["n03146219", "cuirass"], "525": ["n03160309", "dam"], "526": ["n03179701", "desk"], "527": ["n03180011", "desktop_computer"], "528": ["n03187595", "dial_telephone"], "529": ["n03188531", "diaper"], "530": ["n03196217", "digital_clock"], "531": ["n03197337", "digital_watch"], "532": ["n03201208", "dining_table"], "533": ["n03207743", "dishrag"], "534": ["n03207941", "dishwasher"], "535": ["n03208938", "disk_brake"], "536": ["n03216828", "dock"], "537": ["n03218198", "dogsled"], "538": ["n03220513", "dome"], "539": ["n03223299", "doormat"], "540": ["n03240683", "drilling_platform"], "541": ["n03249569", "drum"], "542": ["n03250847", "drumstick"], "543": ["n03255030", "dumbbell"], "544": ["n03259280", "Dutch_oven"], "545": ["n03271574", "electric_fan"], "546": ["n03272010", "electric_guitar"], "547": ["n03272562", "electric_locomotive"], "548": ["n03290653", "entertainment_center"], "549": ["n03291819", "envelope"], "550": ["n03297495", "espresso_maker"], "551": ["n03314780", "face_powder"], "552": ["n03325584", "feather_boa"], "553": ["n03337140", "file"], "554": ["n03344393", "fireboat"], "555": ["n03345487", "fire_engine"], "556": ["n03347037", "fire_screen"], "557": ["n03355925", "flagpole"], "558": ["n03372029", "flute"], "559": ["n03376595", "folding_chair"], "560": ["n03379051", "football_helmet"], "561": ["n03384352", "forklift"], "562": ["n03388043", "fountain"], "563": ["n03388183", "fountain_pen"], "564": ["n03388549", "four-poster"], "565": ["n03393912", "freight_car"], "566": ["n03394916", "French_horn"], "567": ["n03400231", "frying_pan"], "568": ["n03404251", "fur_coat"], "569": ["n03417042", "garbage_truck"], "570": ["n03424325", "gasmask"], "571": ["n03425413", "gas_pump"], "572": ["n03443371", "goblet"], "573": ["n03444034", "go-kart"], "574": ["n03445777", "golf_ball"], "575": ["n03445924", "golfcart"], "576": ["n03447447", "gondola"], "577": ["n03447721", "gong"], "578": ["n03450230", "gown"], "579": ["n03452741", "grand_piano"], "580": ["n03457902", "greenhouse"], "581": ["n03459775", "grille"], "582": ["n03461385", "grocery_store"], "583": ["n03467068", "guillotine"], "584": ["n03476684", "hair_slide"], "585": ["n03476991", "hair_spray"], "586": ["n03478589", "half_track"], "587": ["n03481172", "hammer"], "588": ["n03482405", "hamper"], "589": ["n03483316", "hand_blower"], "590": ["n03485407", "hand-held_computer"], "591": ["n03485794", "handkerchief"], "592": ["n03492542", "hard_disc"], "593": ["n03494278", "harmonica"], "594": ["n03495258", "harp"], "595": ["n03496892", "harvester"], "596": ["n03498962", "hatchet"], "597": ["n03527444", "holster"], "598": ["n03529860", "home_theater"], "599": ["n03530642", "honeycomb"], "600": ["n03532672", "hook"], "601": ["n03534580", "hoopskirt"], "602": ["n03535780", "horizontal_bar"], "603": ["n03538406", "horse_cart"], "604": ["n03544143", "hourglass"], "605": ["n03584254", "iPod"], "606": ["n03584829", "iron"], "607": ["n03590841", "jack-o'-lantern"], "608": ["n03594734", "jean"], "609": ["n03594945", "jeep"], "610": ["n03595614", "jersey"], "611": ["n03598930", "jigsaw_puzzle"], "612": ["n03599486", "jinrikisha"], "613": ["n03602883", "joystick"], "614": ["n03617480", "kimono"], "615": ["n03623198", "knee_pad"], "616": ["n03627232", "knot"], "617": ["n03630383", "lab_coat"], "618": ["n03633091", "ladle"], "619": ["n03637318", "lampshade"], "620": ["n03642806", "laptop"], "621": ["n03649909", "lawn_mower"], "622": ["n03657121", "lens_cap"], "623": ["n03658185", "letter_opener"], "624": ["n03661043", "library"], "625": ["n03662601", "lifeboat"], "626": ["n03666591", "lighter"], "627": ["n03670208", "limousine"], "628": ["n03673027", "liner"], "629": ["n03676483", "lipstick"], "630": ["n03680355", "Loafer"], "631": ["n03690938", "lotion"], "632": ["n03691459", "loudspeaker"], "633": ["n03692522", "loupe"], "634": ["n03697007", "lumbermill"], "635": ["n03706229", "magnetic_compass"], "636": ["n03709823", "mailbag"], "637": ["n03710193", "mailbox"], "638": ["n03710637", "maillot"], "639": ["n03710721", "maillot"], "640": ["n03717622", "manhole_cover"], "641": ["n03720891", "maraca"], "642": ["n03721384", "marimba"], "643": ["n03724870", "mask"], "644": ["n03729826", "matchstick"], "645": ["n03733131", "maypole"], "646": ["n03733281", "maze"], "647": ["n03733805", "measuring_cup"], "648": ["n03742115", "medicine_chest"], "649": ["n03743016", "megalith"], "650": ["n03759954", "microphone"], "651": ["n03761084", "microwave"], "652": ["n03763968", "military_uniform"], "653": ["n03764736", "milk_can"], "654": ["n03769881", "minibus"], "655": ["n03770439", "miniskirt"], "656": ["n03770679", "minivan"], "657": ["n03773504", "missile"], "658": ["n03775071", "mitten"], "659": ["n03775546", "mixing_bowl"], "660": ["n03776460", "mobile_home"], "661": ["n03777568", "Model_T"], "662": ["n03777754", "modem"], "663": ["n03781244", "monastery"], "664": ["n03782006", "monitor"], "665": ["n03785016", "moped"], "666": ["n03786901", "mortar"], "667": ["n03787032", "mortarboard"], "668": ["n03788195", "mosque"], "669": ["n03788365", "mosquito_net"], "670": ["n03791053", "motor_scooter"], "671": ["n03792782", "mountain_bike"], "672": ["n03792972", "mountain_tent"], "673": ["n03793489", "mouse"], "674": ["n03794056", "mousetrap"], "675": ["n03796401", "moving_van"], "676": ["n03803284", "muzzle"], "677": ["n03804744", "nail"], "678": ["n03814639", "neck_brace"], "679": ["n03814906", "necklace"], "680": ["n03825788", "nipple"], "681": ["n03832673", "notebook"], "682": ["n03837869", "obelisk"], "683": ["n03838899", "oboe"], "684": ["n03840681", "ocarina"], "685": ["n03841143", "odometer"], "686": ["n03843555", "oil_filter"], "687": ["n03854065", "organ"], "688": ["n03857828", "oscilloscope"], "689": ["n03866082", "overskirt"], "690": ["n03868242", "oxcart"], "691": ["n03868863", "oxygen_mask"], "692": ["n03871628", "packet"], "693": ["n03873416", "paddle"], "694": ["n03874293", "paddlewheel"], "695": ["n03874599", "padlock"], "696": ["n03876231", "paintbrush"], "697": ["n03877472", "pajama"], "698": ["n03877845", "palace"], "699": ["n03884397", "panpipe"], "700": ["n03887697", "paper_towel"], "701": ["n03888257", "parachute"], "702": ["n03888605", "parallel_bars"], "703": ["n03891251", "park_bench"], "704": ["n03891332", "parking_meter"], "705": ["n03895866", "passenger_car"], "706": ["n03899768", "patio"], "707": ["n03902125", "pay-phone"], "708": ["n03903868", "pedestal"], "709": ["n03908618", "pencil_box"], "710": ["n03908714", "pencil_sharpener"], "711": ["n03916031", "perfume"], "712": ["n03920288", "Petri_dish"], "713": ["n03924679", "photocopier"], "714": ["n03929660", "pick"], "715": ["n03929855", "pickelhaube"], "716": ["n03930313", "picket_fence"], "717": ["n03930630", "pickup"], "718": ["n03933933", "pier"], "719": ["n03935335", "piggy_bank"], "720": ["n03937543", "pill_bottle"], "721": ["n03938244", "pillow"], "722": ["n03942813", "ping-pong_ball"], "723": ["n03944341", "pinwheel"], "724": ["n03947888", "pirate"], "725": ["n03950228", "pitcher"], "726": ["n03954731", "plane"], "727": ["n03956157", "planetarium"], "728": ["n03958227", "plastic_bag"], "729": ["n03961711", "plate_rack"], "730": ["n03967562", "plow"], "731": ["n03970156", "plunger"], "732": ["n03976467", "Polaroid_camera"], "733": ["n03976657", "pole"], "734": ["n03977966", "police_van"], "735": ["n03980874", "poncho"], "736": ["n03982430", "pool_table"], "737": ["n03983396", "pop_bottle"], "738": ["n03991062", "pot"], "739": ["n03992509", "potter's_wheel"], "740": ["n03995372", "power_drill"], "741": ["n03998194", "prayer_rug"], "742": ["n04004767", "printer"], "743": ["n04005630", "prison"], "744": ["n04008634", "projectile"], "745": ["n04009552", "projector"], "746": ["n04019541", "puck"], "747": ["n04023962", "punching_bag"], "748": ["n04026417", "purse"], "749": ["n04033901", "quill"], "750": ["n04033995", "quilt"], "751": ["n04037443", "racer"], "752": ["n04039381", "racket"], "753": ["n04040759", "radiator"], "754": ["n04041544", "radio"], "755": ["n04044716", "radio_telescope"], "756": ["n04049303", "rain_barrel"], "757": ["n04065272", "recreational_vehicle"], "758": ["n04067472", "reel"], "759": ["n04069434", "reflex_camera"], "760": ["n04070727", "refrigerator"], "761": ["n04074963", "remote_control"], "762": ["n04081281", "restaurant"], "763": ["n04086273", "revolver"], "764": ["n04090263", "rifle"], "765": ["n04099969", "rocking_chair"], "766": ["n04111531", "rotisserie"], "767": ["n04116512", "rubber_eraser"], "768": ["n04118538", "rugby_ball"], "769": ["n04118776", "rule"], "770": ["n04120489", "running_shoe"], "771": ["n04125021", "safe"], "772": ["n04127249", "safety_pin"], "773": ["n04131690", "saltshaker"], "774": ["n04133789", "sandal"], "775": ["n04136333", "sarong"], "776": ["n04141076", "sax"], "777": ["n04141327", "scabbard"], "778": ["n04141975", "scale"], "779": ["n04146614", "school_bus"], "780": ["n04147183", "schooner"], "781": ["n04149813", "scoreboard"], "782": ["n04152593", "screen"], "783": ["n04153751", "screw"], "784": ["n04154565", "screwdriver"], "785": ["n04162706", "seat_belt"], "786": ["n04179913", "sewing_machine"], "787": ["n04192698", "shield"], "788": ["n04200800", "shoe_shop"], "789": ["n04201297", "shoji"], "790": ["n04204238", "shopping_basket"], "791": ["n04204347", "shopping_cart"], "792": ["n04208210", "shovel"], "793": ["n04209133", "shower_cap"], "794": ["n04209239", "shower_curtain"], "795": ["n04228054", "ski"], "796": ["n04229816", "ski_mask"], "797": ["n04235860", "sleeping_bag"], "798": ["n04238763", "slide_rule"], "799": ["n04239074", "sliding_door"], "800": ["n04243546", "slot"], "801": ["n04251144", "snorkel"], "802": ["n04252077", "snowmobile"], "803": ["n04252225", "snowplow"], "804": ["n04254120", "soap_dispenser"], "805": ["n04254680", "soccer_ball"], "806": ["n04254777", "sock"], "807": ["n04258138", "solar_dish"], "808": ["n04259630", "sombrero"], "809": ["n04263257", "soup_bowl"], "810": ["n04264628", "space_bar"], "811": ["n04265275", "space_heater"], "812": ["n04266014", "space_shuttle"], "813": ["n04270147", "spatula"], "814": ["n04273569", "speedboat"], "815": ["n04275548", "spider_web"], "816": ["n04277352", "spindle"], "817": ["n04285008", "sports_car"], "818": ["n04286575", "spotlight"], "819": ["n04296562", "stage"], "820": ["n04310018", "steam_locomotive"], "821": ["n04311004", "steel_arch_bridge"], "822": ["n04311174", "steel_drum"], "823": ["n04317175", "stethoscope"], "824": ["n04325704", "stole"], "825": ["n04326547", "stone_wall"], "826": ["n04328186", "stopwatch"], "827": ["n04330267", "stove"], "828": ["n04332243", "strainer"], "829": ["n04335435", "streetcar"], "830": ["n04336792", "stretcher"], "831": ["n04344873", "studio_couch"], "832": ["n04346328", "stupa"], "833": ["n04347754", "submarine"], "834": ["n04350905", "suit"], "835": ["n04355338", "sundial"], "836": ["n04355933", "sunglass"], "837": ["n04356056", "sunglasses"], "838": ["n04357314", "sunscreen"], "839": ["n04366367", "suspension_bridge"], "840": ["n04367480", "swab"], "841": ["n04370456", "sweatshirt"], "842": ["n04371430", "swimming_trunks"], "843": ["n04371774", "swing"], "844": ["n04372370", "switch"], "845": ["n04376876", "syringe"], "846": ["n04380533", "table_lamp"], "847": ["n04389033", "tank"], "848": ["n04392985", "tape_player"], "849": ["n04398044", "teapot"], "850": ["n04399382", "teddy"], "851": ["n04404412", "television"], "852": ["n04409515", "tennis_ball"], "853": ["n04417672", "thatch"], "854": ["n04418357", "theater_curtain"], "855": ["n04423845", "thimble"], "856": ["n04428191", "thresher"], "857": ["n04429376", "throne"], "858": ["n04435653", "tile_roof"], "859": ["n04442312", "toaster"], "860": ["n04443257", "tobacco_shop"], "861": ["n04447861", "toilet_seat"], "862": ["n04456115", "torch"], "863": ["n04458633", "totem_pole"], "864": ["n04461696", "tow_truck"], "865": ["n04462240", "toyshop"], "866": ["n04465501", "tractor"], "867": ["n04467665", "trailer_truck"], "868": ["n04476259", "tray"], "869": ["n04479046", "trench_coat"], "870": ["n04482393", "tricycle"], "871": ["n04483307", "trimaran"], "872": ["n04485082", "tripod"], "873": ["n04486054", "triumphal_arch"], "874": ["n04487081", "trolleybus"], "875": ["n04487394", "trombone"], "876": ["n04493381", "tub"], "877": ["n04501370", "turnstile"], "878": ["n04505470", "typewriter_keyboard"], "879": ["n04507155", "umbrella"], "880": ["n04509417", "unicycle"], "881": ["n04515003", "upright"], "882": ["n04517823", "vacuum"], "883": ["n04522168", "vase"], "884": ["n04523525", "vault"], "885": ["n04525038", "velvet"], "886": ["n04525305", "vending_machine"], "887": ["n04532106", "vestment"], "888": ["n04532670", "viaduct"], "889": ["n04536866", "violin"], "890": ["n04540053", "volleyball"], "891": ["n04542943", "waffle_iron"], "892": ["n04548280", "wall_clock"], "893": ["n04548362", "wallet"], "894": ["n04550184", "wardrobe"], "895": ["n04552348", "warplane"], "896": ["n04553703", "washbasin"], "897": ["n04554684", "washer"], "898": ["n04557648", "water_bottle"], "899": ["n04560804", "water_jug"], "900": ["n04562935", "water_tower"], "901": ["n04579145", "whiskey_jug"], "902": ["n04579432", "whistle"], "903": ["n04584207", "wig"], "904": ["n04589890", "window_screen"], "905": ["n04590129", "window_shade"], "906": ["n04591157", "Windsor_tie"], "907": ["n04591713", "wine_bottle"], "908": ["n04592741", "wing"], "909": ["n04596742", "wok"], "910": ["n04597913", "wooden_spoon"], "911": ["n04599235", "wool"], "912": ["n04604644", "worm_fence"], "913": ["n04606251", "wreck"], "914": ["n04612504", "yawl"], "915": ["n04613696", "yurt"], "916": ["n06359193", "web_site"], "917": ["n06596364", "comic_book"], "918": ["n06785654", "crossword_puzzle"], "919": ["n06794110", "street_sign"], "920": ["n06874185", "traffic_light"], "921": ["n07248320", "book_jacket"], "922": ["n07565083", "menu"], "923": ["n07579787", "plate"], "924": ["n07583066", "guacamole"], "925": ["n07584110", "consomme"], "926": ["n07590611", "hot_pot"], "927": ["n07613480", "trifle"], "928": ["n07614500", "ice_cream"], "929": ["n07615774", "ice_lolly"], "930": ["n07684084", "French_loaf"], "931": ["n07693725", "bagel"], "932": ["n07695742", "pretzel"], "933": ["n07697313", "cheeseburger"], "934": ["n07697537", "hotdog"], "935": ["n07711569", "mashed_potato"], "936": ["n07714571", "head_cabbage"], "937": ["n07714990", "broccoli"], "938": ["n07715103", "cauliflower"], "939": ["n07716358", "zucchini"], "940": ["n07716906", "spaghetti_squash"], "941": ["n07717410", "acorn_squash"], "942": ["n07717556", "butternut_squash"], "943": ["n07718472", "cucumber"], "944": ["n07718747", "artichoke"], "945": ["n07720875", "bell_pepper"], "946": ["n07730033", "cardoon"], "947": ["n07734744", "mushroom"], "948": ["n07742313", "Granny_Smith"], "949": ["n07745940", "strawberry"], "950": ["n07747607", "orange"], "951": ["n07749582", "lemon"], "952": ["n07753113", "fig"], "953": ["n07753275", "pineapple"], "954": ["n07753592", "banana"], "955": ["n07754684", "jackfruit"], "956": ["n07760859", "custard_apple"], "957": ["n07768694", "pomegranate"], "958": ["n07802026", "hay"], "959": ["n07831146", "carbonara"], "960": ["n07836838", "chocolate_sauce"], "961": ["n07860988", "dough"], "962": ["n07871810", "meat_loaf"], "963": ["n07873807", "pizza"], "964": ["n07875152", "potpie"], "965": ["n07880968", "burrito"], "966": ["n07892512", "red_wine"], "967": ["n07920052", "espresso"], "968": ["n07930864", "cup"], "969": ["n07932039", "eggnog"], "970": ["n09193705", "alp"], "971": ["n09229709", "bubble"], "972": ["n09246464", "cliff"], "973": ["n09256479", "coral_reef"], "974": ["n09288635", "geyser"], "975": ["n09332890", "lakeside"], "976": ["n09399592", "promontory"], "977": ["n09421951", "sandbar"], "978": ["n09428293", "seashore"], "979": ["n09468604", "valley"], "980": ["n09472597", "volcano"], "981": ["n09835506", "ballplayer"], "982": ["n10148035", "groom"], "983": ["n10565667", "scuba_diver"], "984": ["n11879895", "rapeseed"], "985": ["n11939491", "daisy"], "986": ["n12057211", "yellow_lady's_slipper"], "987": ["n12144580", "corn"], "988": ["n12267677", "acorn"], "989": ["n12620546", "hip"], "990": ["n12768682", "buckeye"], "991": ["n12985857", "coral_fungus"], "992": ["n12998815", "agaric"], "993": ["n13037406", "gyromitra"], "994": ["n13040303", "stinkhorn"], "995": ["n13044778", "earthstar"], "996": ["n13052670", "hen-of-the-woods"], "997": ["n13054560", "bolete"], "998": ["n13133613", "ear"], "999": ["n15075141", "toilet_tissue"]}

?（1）ImageNet數據集的意義：

• ImageNet擁有用于分類、定位和檢測任務評估的數據。?
• 與分類數據類似，定位任務有1000個類別。準確率是根據最高五項檢測結果計算出來的。?
• 所有圖像中至少有一個邊框。對200個目標的檢測問題有470000個圖像，平均每個圖像有1.1個目標。

（2）ImageNet數據集與ILSVRC競賽的關系
? ? ? ? ILSVRC使用ImageNet的一個子集，總共有大約120萬個訓練圖像，50,000個驗證圖像，以及150,000個測試圖像；1000類別標記。
? ? ? ? Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 即ILSVRC(2012~2017)比賽，是基于該數據集的1000個類別的比賽。訓練集120萬張圖片。 從2010年起， 每年ImageNet 的項目組織都會舉辦一場基于ImageNet 的大規模視覺識別競賽（ lmageNet Large Scale VisualRecognition Challenge , ILSVRC ） 。在ILSVRC 競賽中誕生了許多成功的圖像識別方法，其中很多是深度學習方法， 它們在賽后又會得到進一步發展與應用。
? ? ? 可以說， ImageNet 數據集和ILSVRC 競賽大大促進了計算機視覺技術， 乃至深度學習的發展， 在深度學習的浪潮中占有舉足輕重的地位。

（3）與CIFAR-10數據集比較：

? ? ? 相比CIFAR-10 , ImageNet 數據集圖片數量更多， 分辨率更高，含有的類別更多（高上干個圖像類別），圖片中含高更多的無關噪聲和變化，因此識別難度比CIFAR-10 高得多。

6、LSUN

LSUN數據集是類似ImageNet的大規模數據集，最早出自這篇論文：

《LSUN: Construction of a Large-Scale?Image Dataset using Deep Learning with Humans in the Loop》

其中場景標注是現在深度學習中常用的benchmark數據集。常用場景包括:bedroom,diningroom,以及廚房(kitchen)。

地址：

https://www.yf.io/p/lsun

?LSun場景分類的10個場景類別。LSUN 是一個場景理解圖像數據集，主要包含了臥室、固房、客廳、教室等場景圖像。
? ? ? 20對象類別：鏈接列表。每個類別的圖像以LMDB格式存儲，然后數據庫被壓縮。下載和解壓縮ZIP文件后，請參考LSun實用代碼來可視化和導出圖像。還提供了每個zip文件的MD5和，以便進行驗證下載。

While there has been remarkable progress in the performance of visual recognition algorithms, the state-of-the-art models tend to be exceptionally data-hungry. Large labeled training datasets, expensive and tedious to produce, are required to optimize millions of parameters in deep network models. Lagging behind the growth in model capacity, the available datasets are quickly becoming outdated in terms of size and density. To circumvent this bottleneck, we propose to amplify human effort through a partially automated labeling scheme, leveraging deep learning with humans in the loop. Starting from a large set of candidate images for each category, we iteratively sample a subset, ask people to label them, classify the others with a trained model, split the set into positives, negatives, and unlabeled based on the classification confidence, and then iterate with the unlabeled set. To assess the effectiveness of this cascading procedure and enable further progress in visual recognition research, we construct a new image dataset, LSUN. It contains around one million labeled images for each of 10 scene categories and 20 object categories. We experiment with training popular convolutional networks and find that they achieve substantial performance gains when trained on this dataset.

? ? ? ?雖然在視覺識別算法的性能上已經取得了顯著的進步，但是最先進的模型往往特別需要數據。為了在深層網絡模型中優化數百萬個參數，需要大量標注的訓練數據集，這些數據集的生產既昂貴又繁瑣。滯后于模型容量的增長，可用的數據集在尺寸和密度方面很快變得過時。為了繞過這個瓶頸，我們建議通過部分自動化的標簽方案，利用循環中的人的深層學習，來增強人的努力。從每個類別的一大組候選圖像開始，我們迭代地采樣一個子集，要求人們標記它們，用訓練好的模型對其他類別進行分類，根據分類置信度將集合劃分為正、負和未標記，然后用未標記的集合進行迭代。為了評估這種級聯過程的有效性，并使視覺識別研究取得進一步進展，我們構建了一個新的圖像數據集，LSUN。
? ? ? 它包含10個場景類別和20個對象類別中的每一個的大約一百萬個標記圖像。我們對當前流行的卷積網絡進行了實驗，發現當在這個數據集上進行訓練時，它們獲得了顯著的性能增益。

與ImageNet的大規模數據集相比，這個數據集借助深度學習自動標注圖片，相比ImageNet, 其標注更豐富，不僅有圖片中主要物體的標注，還有場景標注。

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總結

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