當(dāng)前位置：首頁 > 编程资源 > 编程问答 >内容正文

编程问答

Web框架 Bottle 、Flask 、Tornado

發(fā)布時間：2023/12/20 编程问答 28 豆豆

生活随笔收集整理的這篇文章主要介紹了 Web框架 Bottle 、Flask 、Tornado 小編覺得挺不錯的,現(xiàn)在分享給大家,幫大家做個參考.

Bottle

Flask

Tornado

Python的WEB框架

Bottle

Bottle是一個快速、簡潔、輕量級的基于WSIG的微型Web框架，此框架只由一個 .py 文件，除了Python的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫外，其不依賴任何其他模塊。

pip install bottle easy_install bottle apt-get install python-bottle wget http://bottlepy.org/bottle.py

Bottle框架大致可以分為以下部分：

路由系統(tǒng)，將不同請求交由指定函數(shù)處理
模板系統(tǒng)，將模板中的特殊語法渲染成字符串，值得一說的是Bottle的模板引擎可以任意指定：Bottle內(nèi)置模板、mako、jinja2、cheetah
公共組件，用于提供處理請求相關(guān)的信息，如：表單數(shù)據(jù)、cookies、請求頭等
服務(wù)，Bottle默認(rèn)支持多種基于WSGI的服務(wù)，如：
server_names = {'cgi': CGIServer,'flup': FlupFCGIServer,'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,'waitress': WaitressServer,'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,'paste': PasteServer,'fapws3': FapwsServer,'tornado': TornadoServer,'gae': AppEngineServer,'twisted': TwistedServer,'diesel': DieselServer,'meinheld': MeinheldServer,'gunicorn': GunicornServer,'eventlet': EventletServer,'gevent': GeventServer,'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,'rocket': RocketServer,'bjoern' : BjoernServer,'auto': AutoServer, }

框架的基本使用

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/') def index():return "Hello World"# return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)

一、路由系統(tǒng)

路由系統(tǒng)是的url對應(yīng)指定函數(shù)，當(dāng)用戶請求某個url時，就由指定函數(shù)處理當(dāng)前請求，對于Bottle的路由系統(tǒng)可以分為一下幾類：

靜態(tài)路由
動態(tài)路由
請求方法路由
二級路由

1、靜態(tài)路由

@root.route('/hello/') def index():return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")

2、動態(tài)路由

@root.route('/wiki/<pagename>') def callback(pagename):...@root.route('/object/<id:int>') def callback(id):...@root.route('/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>') def callback(name):...@root.route('/static/<path:path>') def callback(path):return static_file(path, root='static')

3、請求方法路由

@root.route('/hello/', method='POST') def index():...@root.get('/hello/') def index():...@root.post('/hello/') def index():...@root.put('/hello/') def index():...@root.delete('/hello/') def index():...

4、二級路由

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottleapp01 = Bottle()@app01.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index():return template('<b>App01</b>!') app01.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottleapp02 = Bottle()@app02.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index():return template('<b>App02</b>!') app02.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle from bottle import static_file root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/') def index():return template('<b>Root {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")from framwork_bottle import app01 from framwork_bottle import app02root.mount('app01', app01.app01) root.mount('app02', app02.app02)root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)

二、模板系統(tǒng)

模板系統(tǒng)用于將Html和自定的值兩者進(jìn)行渲染，從而得到字符串，然后將該字符串返回給客戶端。我們知道在Bottle中可以使用內(nèi)置模板系統(tǒng)、mako、jinja2、cheetah等，以內(nèi)置模板系統(tǒng)為例：

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body><h1>{{name}}</h1> </body> </html> hello_template.tpl #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/') def index():# 默認(rèn)情況下去目錄：['./', './views/']中尋找模板文件 hello_template.html# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中return template('hello_template.tpl', name='alex')root.run(host='localhost', port=8080)

1、語法

單值
單行Python代碼
Python代碼快
Python、Html混合

<h1>1、單值</h1>{{name}}<h1>2、單行Python代碼</h1>% s1 = "hello"<h1>3、Python代碼塊</h1><%# A block of python codename = name.title().strip()if name == "Alex":name="seven"%><h1>4、Python、Html混合</h1>% if True:<span>{{name}}</span>% end<ul>% for item in name:<li>{{item}}</li>% end</ul>

2、函數(shù)?

include(sub_template, **variables)

# 導(dǎo)入其他模板文件% include('header.tpl', title='Page Title') Page Content % include('footer.tpl')

rebase(name, **variables)

<html> <head><title>{{title or 'No title'}}</title> </head> <body>{{!base}} </body> </html> base.tpl # 導(dǎo)入母版% rebase('base.tpl', title='Page Title') <p>Page Content ...</p>

defined(name)

# 檢查當(dāng)前變量是否已經(jīng)被定義，已定義True，未定義False

get(name, default=None)

# 獲取某個變量的值，不存在時可設(shè)置默認(rèn)值

setdefault(name, default)

# 如果變量不存在時，為變量設(shè)置默認(rèn)值

擴展：自定義函數(shù)

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body><h1>自定義函數(shù)</h1>{{ wupeiqi() }}</body> </html> hello_template.tpl #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate root = Bottle()def custom():return '123123'@root.route('/hello/') def index():# 默認(rèn)情況下去目錄：['./', './views/']中尋找模板文件 hello_template.html# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中return template('hello_template.html', name='alex', wupeiqi=custom)root.run(host='localhost', port=8080) main.py

注：變量或函數(shù)前添加【 ! 】，則會關(guān)閉轉(zhuǎn)義的功能

三、公共組件

由于Web框架就是用來【接收用戶請求】-> 【處理用戶請求】-> 【響應(yīng)相關(guān)內(nèi)容】，對于具體如何處理用戶請求，開發(fā)人員根據(jù)用戶請求來進(jìn)行處理，而對于接收用戶請求和相應(yīng)相關(guān)的內(nèi)容均交給框架本身來處理，其處理完成之后將產(chǎn)出交給開發(fā)人員和用戶。

【接收用戶請求】

當(dāng)框架接收到用戶請求之后，將請求信息封裝在Bottle的request中，以供開發(fā)人員使用

【響應(yīng)相關(guān)內(nèi)容】

當(dāng)開發(fā)人員的代碼處理完用戶請求之后，會將其執(zhí)行內(nèi)容相應(yīng)給用戶，相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容會封裝在Bottle的response中，然后再由框架將內(nèi)容返回給用戶

所以，公共組件本質(zhì)其實就是為開發(fā)人員提供接口，使其能夠獲取用戶信息并配置響應(yīng)內(nèi)容。

1、request

Bottle中的request其實是一個LocalReqeust對象，其中封裝了用戶請求的相關(guān)信息：

request.headers請求頭信息request.queryget請求信息request.formspost請求信息request.files上傳文件信息request.paramsget和post請求信息request.GETget請求信息request.POSTpost和上傳信息request.cookiescookie信息request.environ環(huán)境相關(guān)相關(guān)

2、response

Bottle中的request其實是一個LocalResponse對象，其中框架即將返回給用戶的相關(guān)信息：

responseresponse.status_line狀態(tài)行response.status_code狀態(tài)碼response.headers響應(yīng)頭response.charset編碼response.set_cookie在瀏覽器上設(shè)置cookieresponse.delete_cookie在瀏覽器上刪除cookie

實例：

from bottle import route, request@route('/login') def login():return '''<form action="/login" method="post">Username: <input name="username" type="text" />Password: <input name="password" type="password" /><input value="Login" type="submit" /></form>'''@route('/login', method='POST') def do_login():username = request.forms.get('username')password = request.forms.get('password')if check_login(username, password):return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>"else:return "<p>Login failed.</p>" 基本Form請求 <form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">Category: <input type="text" name="category" />Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" /><input type="submit" value="Start upload" /> </form>@route('/upload', method='POST') def do_upload():category = request.forms.get('category')upload = request.files.get('upload')name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename)if ext not in ('.png','.jpg','.jpeg'):return 'File extension not allowed.'save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category)upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automaticallyreturn 'OK' 上傳文件?

四、服務(wù)

對于Bottle框架其本身未實現(xiàn)類似于Tornado自己基于socket實現(xiàn)Web服務(wù)，所以必須依賴WSGI，默認(rèn)Bottle已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)并且支持的WSGI有：

server_names = {'cgi': CGIServer,'flup': FlupFCGIServer,'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,'waitress': WaitressServer,'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,'paste': PasteServer,'fapws3': FapwsServer,'tornado': TornadoServer,'gae': AppEngineServer,'twisted': TwistedServer,'diesel': DieselServer,'meinheld': MeinheldServer,'gunicorn': GunicornServer,'eventlet': EventletServer,'gevent': GeventServer,'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer,'rocket': RocketServer,'bjoern' : BjoernServer,'auto': AutoServer, } WSGI

使用時，只需在主app執(zhí)行run方法時指定參數(shù)即可：

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import Bottle root = Bottle()@root.route('/hello/') def index():return "Hello World" # 默認(rèn)server ＝'wsgiref' root.run(host='localhost', port=8080, server='wsgiref')

默認(rèn)server＝"wsgiref"，即：使用Python內(nèi)置模塊wsgiref，如果想要使用其他時，則需要首先安裝相關(guān)類庫，然后才能使用。如：

# 如果使用Tornado的服務(wù)，則需要首先安裝tornado才能使用class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):""" The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover# 導(dǎo)入Tornado相關(guān)模塊import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloopcontainer = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() bottle.py源碼

PS：以上WSGI中提供了19種，如果想要使期支持其他服務(wù)，則需要擴展Bottle源碼來自定義一個ServerAdapter

更多參見：http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html

Flask?

Flask是一個基于Python開發(fā)并且依賴jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服務(wù)的一個微型框架，對于Werkzeug本質(zhì)是Socket服務(wù)端，其用于接收http請求并對請求進(jìn)行預(yù)處理，然后觸發(fā)Flask框架，開發(fā)人員基于Flask框架提供的功能對請求進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的處理，并返回給用戶，如果要返回給用戶復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容時，需要借助jinja2模板來實現(xiàn)對模板的處理，即：將模板和數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行渲染，將渲染后的字符串返回給用戶瀏覽器。

“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整個 Web 應(yīng)用塞進(jìn)單個 Python 文件（雖然確實可以），也不意味著 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味著 Flask 旨在保持核心簡單而易于擴展。Flask 不會替你做出太多決策——比如使用何種數(shù)據(jù)庫。而那些 Flask 所選擇的——比如使用何種模板引擎——則很容易替換。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此，Flask 可以與您珠聯(lián)璧合。

默認(rèn)情況下，Flask 不包含數(shù)據(jù)庫抽象層、表單驗證，或是其它任何已有多種庫可以勝任的功能。然而，Flask 支持用擴展來給應(yīng)用添加這些功能，如同是 Flask 本身實現(xiàn)的一樣。眾多的擴展提供了數(shù)據(jù)庫集成、表單驗證、上傳處理、各種各樣的開放認(rèn)證技術(shù)等功能。Flask 也許是“微小”的，但它已準(zhǔn)備好在需求繁雜的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中投入使用。

安裝

pip install Flask #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response@Request.application def hello(request):return Response('Hello World!')if __name__ == '__main__':from werkzeug.serving import run_simplerun_simple('localhost', 4000, hello) werkzeug

一、第一次

from flask import Flask app = Flask(__name__)@app.route("/") def hello():return "Hello World!"if __name__ == "__main__":app.run()

二、路由系統(tǒng)

@app.route('/user/<username>')
@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
@app.route('/post/<path:path>')
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])

常用路由系統(tǒng)有以上五種，所有的路由系統(tǒng)都是基于一下對應(yīng)關(guān)系來處理：

DEFAULT_CONVERTERS = {'default': UnicodeConverter,'string': UnicodeConverter,'any': AnyConverter,'path': PathConverter,'int': IntegerConverter,'float': FloatConverter,'uuid': UUIDConverter, }

注：對于Flask默認(rèn)不支持直接寫正則表達(dá)式的路由，不過可以通過自定義來實現(xiàn)，見：https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259

三、模板

1、模板的使用

Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，所以其語法和Django無差別

2、自定義模板方法

Flask中自定義模板方法的方式和Bottle相似，創(chuàng)建一個函數(shù)并通過參數(shù)的形式傳入render_template，如：

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body><h1>自定義函數(shù)</h1>{{ww()|safe}}</body> </html> index.html #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask,render_template app = Flask(__name__)def wupeiqi():return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login():return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi)app.run()

四、公共組件

1、請求

對于Http請求，Flask會講請求信息封裝在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest)，提供的如下常用方法和字段以供使用：

request.methodrequest.argsrequest.formrequest.valuesrequest.filesrequest.cookiesrequest.headersrequest.pathrequest.full_pathrequest.script_rootrequest.urlrequest.base_urlrequest.url_rootrequest.host_urlrequest.host @app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def login():error = Noneif request.method == 'POST':if valid_login(request.form['username'],request.form['password']):return log_the_user_in(request.form['username'])else:error = 'Invalid username/password'# the code below is executed if the request method# was GET or the credentials were invalidreturn render_template('login.html', error=error) 表單處理Demo from flask import request from werkzeug import secure_filename@app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def upload_file():if request.method == 'POST':f = request.files['the_file']f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))... 上傳文件Demo from flask import request@app.route('/setcookie/') def index():username = request.cookies.get('username')# use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a# KeyError if the cookie is missing.from flask import make_response@app.route('/getcookie') def index():resp = make_response(render_template(...))resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username')return resp Cookie操作

2、響應(yīng)

當(dāng)用戶請求被開發(fā)人員的邏輯處理完成之后，會將結(jié)果發(fā)送給用戶瀏覽器，那么就需要對請求做出相應(yīng)的響應(yīng)。

a.字符串

@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():return "index"

b.模板引擎

from flask import Flask,render_template,request app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():return render_template("index.html")app.run()

c.重定向

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask, redirect, url_for app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():# return redirect('/login/')return redirect(url_for('login'))@app.route('/login/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login():return "LOGIN"app.run()

d.錯誤頁面

from flask import Flask, abort, render_template app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/e1/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():abort(404, 'Nothing') app.run() 指定URL，簡單錯誤 from flask import Flask, abort, render_template app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():return "OK"@app.errorhandler(404) def page_not_found(error):return render_template('page_not_found.html'), 404app.run()

e.設(shè)置相應(yīng)信息

使用make_response可以對相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行操作

from flask import Flask, abort, render_template,make_response app = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/index/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index():response = make_response(render_template('index.html'))# response是flask.wrappers.Response類型# response.delete_cookie# response.set_cookie# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'return responseapp.run()

3、Session

除請求對象之外，還有一個 session 對象。它允許你在不同請求間存儲特定用戶的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基礎(chǔ)上實現(xiàn)的，并且對 Cookies 進(jìn)行密鑰簽名要使用會話，你需要設(shè)置一個密鑰。

設(shè)置：session['username'] ＝ 'xxx'
刪除：session.pop('username', None)

from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, requestapp = Flask(__name__)@app.route('/') def index():if 'username' in session:return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])return 'You are not logged in'@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login():if request.method == 'POST':session['username'] = request.form['username']return redirect(url_for('index'))return '''<form action="" method="post"><p><input type=text name=username><p><input type=submit value=Login></form>'''@app.route('/logout') def logout():# remove the username from the session if it's theresession.pop('username', None)return redirect(url_for('index'))# set the secret key. keep this really secret: app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'

4.message

message是一個基于Session實現(xiàn)的用于保存數(shù)據(jù)的集合，其特點是：使用一次就刪除

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body>{% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %}{% if messages %}<ul class=flashes>{% for message in messages %}<li>{{ message }}</li>{% endfor %}</ul>{% endif %}{% endwith %} </body> </html> index.html from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, requestapp = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'some_secret'@app.route('/') def index1():return render_template('index.html')@app.route('/set') def index2():v = request.args.get('p')flash(v)return 'ok'if __name__ == "__main__":app.run()

5.中間件

from flask import Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, requestapp = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'some_secret'@app.route('/') def index1():return render_template('index.html')@app.route('/set') def index2():v = request.args.get('p')flash(v)return 'ok'class MiddleWare:def __init__(self,wsgi_app):self.wsgi_app = wsgi_appdef __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):return self.wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs)if __name__ == "__main__":app.wsgi_app = MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)app.run(port=9999)

Flask還有眾多其他功能，更多參見：
? ? http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/
? ??http://flask.pocoo.org/

Tornado

Tornado?是?FriendFeed?使用的可擴展的非阻塞式 web 服務(wù)器及其相關(guān)工具的開源版本。這個 Web 框架看起來有些像web.py?或者?Google 的 webapp，不過為了能有效利用非阻塞式服務(wù)器環(huán)境，這個 Web 框架還包含了一些相關(guān)的有用工具和優(yōu)化。

Tornado 和現(xiàn)在的主流 Web 服務(wù)器框架（包括大多數(shù) Python 的框架）有著明顯的區(qū)別：它是非阻塞式服務(wù)器，而且速度相當(dāng)快。得利于其非阻塞的方式和對?epoll?的運用，Tornado 每秒可以處理數(shù)以千計的連接，這意味著對于實時 Web 服務(wù)來說，Tornado 是一個理想的 Web 框架。我們開發(fā)這個 Web 服務(wù)器的主要目的就是為了處理 FriendFeed 的實時功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的應(yīng)用里每一個活動用戶都會保持著一個服務(wù)器連接。（關(guān)于如何擴容服務(wù)器，以處理數(shù)以千計的客戶端的連接的問題，請參閱?C10K problem。）

pip install tornado 源碼安裝https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz

一、快速上手

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("Hello, world") ＃返回字符串
　　　　　self.render(s0.html，參數(shù))　　#返回文件application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ])if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

第一步：執(zhí)行腳本，監(jiān)聽 8888 端口

第二步：瀏覽器客戶端訪問 /index ?--> ?http://127.0.0.1:8888/index

第三步：服務(wù)器接受請求，并交由對應(yīng)的類處理該請求

第四步：類接受到請求之后，根據(jù)請求方式（post / get / delete ...）的不同調(diào)用并執(zhí)行相應(yīng)的方法

第五步：方法返回值的字符串內(nèi)容發(fā)送瀏覽器

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado import httpclient from tornado.web import asynchronous from tornado import genimport uimodules as md import uimethods as mtclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):@asynchronous@gen.coroutinedef get(self):print 'start get 'http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback)self.write('end')def callback(self, response):print response.bodysettings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','ui_methods': mt,'ui_modules': md, }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8009)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() 異步非阻塞實例

'template_path': 'template', 設(shè)置模版路徑（html）
'static_path': 'static',（設(shè)置靜態(tài)文件路徑，js，css）
'static_url_prefix': '/static/',

二、路由系統(tǒng)

路由系統(tǒng)其實就是 url 和類的對應(yīng)關(guān)系，這里不同于其他框架，其他很多框架均是 url 對應(yīng) 函數(shù)，Tornado中每個url對應(yīng)的是一個類。

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("Hello, world")class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self, story_id):self.write("You requested the story " + story_id)class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.write("buy.wupeiqi.com/index")application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler), ])application.add_handlers('buy.wupeiqi.com$', [(r'/index',BuyHandler), ])if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

三、模板

Tornao中的模板語言和django中類似，模板引擎將模板文件載入內(nèi)存，然后將數(shù)據(jù)嵌入其中，最終獲取到一個完整的字符串，再將字符串返回給請求者。

Tornado 的模板支持“控制語句”和“表達(dá)語句”，控制語句是使用?{%?和?%}?包起來的例如?{% if len(items) > 2 %}。表達(dá)語句是使用?{{?和?}}?包起來的，例如?{{ items[0] }}。

控制語句和對應(yīng)的 Python 語句的格式基本完全相同。我們支持?if、for、while?和?try，這些語句邏輯結(jié)束的位置需要用?{% end %}?做標(biāo)記。還通過?extends?和?block?語句實現(xiàn)了模板繼承。這些在?template?模塊?的代碼文檔中有著詳細(xì)的描述。

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><title>老男孩</title><link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" />{% block CSS %}{% end %} </head> <body><div class="pg-header"></div>{% block RenderBody %}{% end %}<script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-1.8.2.min.js")}}"></script>{% block JavaScript %}{% end %} </body> </html> layout.html {% extends 'layout.html'%} {% block CSS %}<link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> {% end %}{% block RenderBody %}<h1>Index</h1><ul>{% for item in li %}<li>{{item}}</li>{% end %}</ul>{% end %}{% block JavaScript %}{% end %} index.html #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('home/index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template', }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

在模板中默認(rèn)提供了一些函數(shù)、字段、類以供模板使用：

escape:?tornado.escape.xhtml_escape?的別名
xhtml_escape:?tornado.escape.xhtml_escape?的別名
url_escape:?tornado.escape.url_escape?的別名
json_encode:?tornado.escape.json_encode?的別名
squeeze:?tornado.escape.squeeze?的別名
linkify:?tornado.escape.linkify?的別名
datetime: Python 的?datetime?模組
handler: 當(dāng)前的?RequestHandler?對象
request:?handler.request?的別名
current_user:?handler.current_user?的別名
locale:?handler.locale?的別名
_:?handler.locale.translate?的別名
static_url: for?handler.static_url?的別名
xsrf_form_html:?handler.xsrf_form_html?的別名

Tornado默認(rèn)提供的這些功能其實本質(zhì)上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule，我們也可以自定義從而實現(xiàn)類似于Django的simple_tag的功能：
1、定義

# uimethods.pydef tab(self):return 'UIMethod' uimethods.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from tornado.web import UIModule from tornado import escapeclass custom(UIModule):def render(self, *args, **kwargs):return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>')#return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>wupeiqi</h1>') uimodules.py

2、注冊

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from tornado.escape import linkify import uimodules as md import uimethods as mtclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','ui_methods': mt,'ui_modules': md, }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8009)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() main.py

3、使用

四、實用功能

1、靜態(tài)文件

對于靜態(tài)文件，可以配置靜態(tài)文件的目錄和前段使用時的前綴，并且Tornaodo還支持靜態(tài)文件緩存。

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('home/index.html')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/', }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(80)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() main.py <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title><link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body><h1>hello</h1> </body> </html> index.html

備注：靜態(tài)文件緩存的實現(xiàn)

def get_content_version(cls, abspath):"""Returns a version string for the resource at the given path.This class method may be overridden by subclasses. Thedefault implementation is a hash of the file's contents... versionadded:: 3.1"""data = cls.get_content(abspath)hasher = hashlib.md5()if isinstance(data, bytes):hasher.update(data)else:for chunk in data:hasher.update(chunk)return hasher.hexdigest() 靜態(tài)文件緩存源碼

2、csrf

Tornado中的夸張請求偽造和Django中的相似，跨站偽造請求(Cross-site request forgery)

settings = {"xsrf_cookies": True, } application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings) 配置 <form action="/new_message" method="post">{{ xsrf_form_html() }}<input type="text" name="message"/><input type="submit" value="Post"/> </form> 普通表單使用 function getCookie(name) {var r = document.cookie.match("\\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\\b");return r ? r[1] : undefined; }jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) {args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf");$.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST",success: function(response) {callback(eval("(" + response + ")"));}}); }; Ajax使用

注：Ajax使用時，本質(zhì)上就是去獲取本地的cookie，攜帶cookie再來發(fā)送請求

3、cookie

Tornado中可以對cookie進(jìn)行操作，并且還可以對cookie進(jìn)行簽名以放置偽造。

a、基本操作

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"):self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")else:self.write("Your cookie was set!") Code

b、簽名

Cookie 很容易被惡意的客戶端偽造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存當(dāng)前登陸用戶的 id 之類的信息，你需要對 cookie 作簽名以防止偽造。Tornado 通過 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了這種功能。要使用這些方法，你需要在創(chuàng)建應(yīng)用時提供一個密鑰，名字為 cookie_secret。你可以把它作為一個關(guān)鍵詞參數(shù)傳入應(yīng)用的設(shè)置中：

class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"):self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue")self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!")else:self.write("Your cookie was set!")application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/", MainHandler), ], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=") Code def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts):hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1)for part in parts:hash.update(utf8(part))return utf8(hash.hexdigest())def _create_signature_v2(secret, s):hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256)hash.update(utf8(s))return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) 內(nèi)部算法 def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None,key_version=None):if version is None:version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSIONif clock is None:clock = time.timetimestamp = utf8(str(int(clock())))value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value))if version == 1:signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp)value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature])return valueelif version == 2:# The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of# length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a# signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in# decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an# HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including# the final pipe.# # The fields are:# - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix)# - key version (integer, default is 0)# - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch)# - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric)# - value (base64-encoded)# - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix)def format_field(s):return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s)to_sign = b"|".join([b"2",format_field(str(key_version or 0)),format_field(timestamp),format_field(name),format_field(value),b''])if isinstance(secret, dict):assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used'assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support'secret = secret[key_version]signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign)return to_sign + signatureelse:raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version) 內(nèi)部算法-加密 def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):parts = utf8(value).split(b"|")if len(parts) != 3:return Nonesignature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1])if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature):gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value)return Nonetimestamp = int(parts[1])if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value)return Noneif timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400:# _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the# parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing# digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the# signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp# here instead of modifying _cookie_signature.gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r",value)return Noneif parts[1].startswith(b"0"):gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value)return Nonetry:return base64.b64decode(parts[0])except Exception:return Nonedef _decode_fields_v2(value):def _consume_field(s):length, _, rest = s.partition(b':')n = int(length)field_value = rest[:n]# In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must# use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2.if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|':raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field")rest = rest[n + 1:]return field_value, restrest = value[2:] # remove version numberkey_version, rest = _consume_field(rest)timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest)name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest)value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest)return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sigdef _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock):try:key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value)except ValueError:return Nonesigned_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)]if isinstance(secret, dict):try:secret = secret[key_version]except KeyError:return Noneexpected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string)if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig):return Noneif name_field != utf8(name):return Nonetimestamp = int(timestamp)if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400:# The signature has expired.return Nonetry:return base64.b64decode(value_field)except Exception:return Nonedef get_signature_key_version(value):value = utf8(value)version = _get_version(value)if version < 2:return Nonetry:key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value)except ValueError:return Nonereturn key_version 內(nèi)部算法-解密

簽名Cookie的本質(zhì)是：

寫cookie過程：

將值進(jìn)行base64加密
對除值以外的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行簽名，哈希算法（無法逆向解析）
拼接簽名 + 加密值

讀cookie過程：

讀取簽名 + 加密值
對簽名進(jìn)行驗證
base64解密，獲取值內(nèi)容

注：許多API驗證機制和安全cookie的實現(xiàn)機制相同。

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None)if login_user:self.write(login_user)else:self.redirect('/login')class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.current_user()self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊')self.redirect('/')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() Demo-基于cookie進(jìn)行用戶驗證 #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get_current_user(self):return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user")class MainHandler(BaseHandler):@tornado.web.authenticateddef get(self):login_user = self.current_userself.write(login_user)class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.current_user()self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', '武沛齊')self.redirect('/')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() Demo-Toando內(nèi)部提供基于cookie進(jìn)行用戶驗證

4、Ajax上傳文件

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title> </head> <body><input type="file" id="img" /><input type="button" onclick="UploadFile();" /><script>function UploadFile(){var fileObj = document.getElementById("img").files[0];var form = new FormData();form.append("k1", "v1");form.append("fff", fileObj);var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();xhr.open("post", '/index', true);xhr.send(form);}</script> </body> </html> Html #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.webclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):file_metas = self.request.files["fff"]# print(file_metas)for meta in file_metas:file_name = meta['filename']with open(file_name,'wb') as up:up.write(meta['body'])settings = {'template_path': 'template', }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8000)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() Python var fileObj = $("#img")[0].files[0]; var form = new FormData(); form.append("k1", "v1"); form.append("fff", fileObj);$.ajax({type:'POST',url: '/index',data: form,processData: false, // tell jQuery not to process the datacontentType: false, // tell jQuery not to set contentTypesuccess: function(arg){console.log(arg);} }) jQuery Ajax Upload

五、擴展功能

1、自定義Session

a.知識儲備

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-class Foo(object):def __getitem__(self, key):print '__getitem__',keydef __setitem__(self, key, value):print '__setitem__',key,valuedef __delitem__(self, key):print '__delitem__',keyobj = Foo() result = obj['k1'] #obj['k2'] = 'wupeiqi' #del obj['k1']

b.session實現(xiàn)機制

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from hashlib import sha1 import os, timesession_container = {}create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()class Session(object):session_id = "__sessionId__"def __init__(self, request):session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)if not session_value:self._id = create_session_id()else:self._id = session_valuerequest.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)def __getitem__(self, key):return session_container[self._id][key]def __setitem__(self, key, value):if session_container.has_key(self._id):session_container[self._id][key] = valueelse:session_container[self._id] = {key: value}def __delitem__(self, key):del session_container[self._id][key]class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def initialize(self):# my_session['k1']訪問 __getitem__ 方法self.my_session = Session(self)class MainHandler(BaseHandler):def get(self):print self.my_session['c_user']print self.my_session['c_card']self.write('index')class LoginHandler(BaseHandler):def get(self):self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''})def post(self, *args, **kwargs):username = self.get_argument('name')password = self.get_argument('pwd')if username == 'wupeiqi' and password == '123':self.my_session['c_user'] = 'wupeiqi'self.my_session['c_card'] = '12312312309823012'self.redirect('/index')else:self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用戶名或密碼錯誤'})settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler),(r"/login", LoginHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

c. Session框架

#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8import sys import math from bisect import bisectif sys.version_info >= (2, 5):import hashlibmd5_constructor = hashlib.md5 else:import md5md5_constructor = md5.newclass HashRing(object):"""一致性哈希"""def __init__(self,nodes):'''初始化nodes : 初始化的節(jié)點，其中包含節(jié)點已經(jīng)節(jié)點對應(yīng)的權(quán)重默認(rèn)每一個節(jié)點有32個虛擬節(jié)點對于權(quán)重，通過多創(chuàng)建虛擬節(jié)點來實現(xiàn)如：nodes = [{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1},]'''self.ring = dict()self._sorted_keys = []self.total_weight = 0self.__generate_circle(nodes)def __generate_circle(self,nodes):for node_info in nodes:self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1)for node_info in nodes:weight = node_info.get('weight',1)node = node_info.get('host',None)virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight)for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):raise Exception('該節(jié)點已經(jīng)存在.')self.ring[key] = nodeself._sorted_keys.append(key)def add_node(self,node):''' 新建節(jié)點node : 要添加的節(jié)點，格式為：{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}，其中第一個元素表示節(jié)點，第二個元素表示該節(jié)點的權(quán)重。'''node = node.get('host',None)if not node:raise Exception('節(jié)點的地址不能為空.')weight = node.get('weight',1)self.total_weight += weightnodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight)for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)):key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) )if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key):raise Exception('該節(jié)點已經(jīng)存在.')self.ring[key] = nodeself._sorted_keys.append(key)def remove_node(self,node):''' 移除節(jié)點node : 要移除的節(jié)點 '127.0.0.1:8000''''for key,value in self.ring.items():if value == node:del self.ring[key]self._sorted_keys.remove(key)def get_node(self,string_key):'''獲取 string_key 所在的節(jié)點'''pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key)if pos is None:return Nonereturn self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':')def get_node_pos(self,string_key):'''獲取 string_key 所在的節(jié)點的索引'''if not self.ring:return Nonekey = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key)nodes = self._sorted_keyspos = bisect(nodes, key)return posdef gen_key_thirty_two(self, key):m = md5_constructor()m.update(key)return long(m.hexdigest(), 16)def gen_key_sixteen(self,key):b_key = self.__hash_digest(key)return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x)def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn):return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] )def __hash_digest(self, key):m = md5_constructor()m.update(key)return map(ord, m.digest())""" nodes = [{'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2},{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ]ring = HashRing(nodes) result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087') print result""" 一致性哈希 from hashlib import sha1 import os, timecreate_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest()class Session(object):session_id = "__sessionId__"def __init__(self, request):session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id)if not session_value:self._id = create_session_id()else:self._id = session_valuerequest.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id)def __getitem__(self, key):# 根據(jù) self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其對應(yīng)的服務(wù)器IP# 找到相對應(yīng)的redis服務(wù)器，如： r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)# 使用python redis api 鏈接# 獲取數(shù)據(jù)，即：# return self._redis.hget(self._id, name)def __setitem__(self, key, value):# 根據(jù) self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其對應(yīng)的服務(wù)器IP# 使用python redis api 鏈接# 設(shè)置session# self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value)def __delitem__(self, key):# 根據(jù) self._id 找到相對應(yīng)的redis服務(wù)器# 使用python redis api 鏈接# 刪除，即：return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name) Session

2、自定義模型版定

模型綁定有兩個主要功能：

自動生成html表單
用戶輸入驗證

在之前學(xué)習(xí)的Django中為程序員提供了非常便捷的模型綁定功能，但是在Tornado中，一切需要自己動手！！！

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"><meta charset="UTF-8"><title></title><link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body><h1>hello</h1><form action="/index" method="post"><p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p><p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p><p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p><p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p><input type="submit" /></form> </body> </html> html #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web from hashlib import sha1 import os, time import reclass MainForm(object):def __init__(self):self.host = "(.*)"self.ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"self.port = '(\d+)'self.phone = '^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$'def check_valid(self, request):form_dict = self.__dict__for key, regular in form_dict.items():post_value = request.get_argument(key)# 讓提交的數(shù)據(jù) 和定義的正則表達(dá)式進(jìn)行匹配ret = re.match(regular, post_value)print key,ret,post_valueclass MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):obj = MainForm()result = obj.check_valid(self)self.write('ok')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

由于請求的驗證時，需要考慮是否可以為空以及正則表達(dá)式的復(fù)用，所以：

#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import reclass Field(object):def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required):self.id_valid = Falseself.value = Noneself.error = Noneself.name = Noneself.error_msg = error_msg_dictself.required = requireddef match(self, name, value):self.name = nameif not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value)if ret:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = ret.group()else:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % nameclass IPField(Field):REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能為空', 'valid': 'IP格式錯誤'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)class IntegerField(Field):REGULAR = "^\d+$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {'required': '數(shù)字不能為空', 'valid': '數(shù)字格式錯誤'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)class CheckBoxField(Field):def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能為空', 'valid': 'IP格式錯誤'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)def match(self, name, value):self.name = nameif not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:if isinstance(name, list):self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % nameclass FileField(Field):REGULAR = "^(\w+\.pdf)|(\w+\.mp3)|(\w+\.py)$"def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True):error_msg = {} # {'required': '數(shù)字不能為空', 'valid': '數(shù)字格式錯誤'}if error_msg_dict:error_msg.update(error_msg_dict)super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required)def match(self, name, value):self.name = nameself.value = []if not self.required:self.id_valid = Trueself.value = valueelse:if not value:if self.error_msg.get('required', None):self.error = self.error_msg['required']else:self.error = "%s is required" % nameelse:m = re.compile(self.REGULAR)if isinstance(value, list):for file_name in value:r = m.match(file_name)if r:self.value.append(r.group())self.id_valid = Trueelse:self.id_valid = Falseif self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % namebreakelse:if self.error_msg.get('valid', None):self.error = self.error_msg['valid']else:self.error = "%s is invalid" % namedef save(self, request, upload_path=""):file_metas = request.files[self.name]for meta in file_metas:file_name = meta['filename']with open(file_name,'wb') as up:up.write(meta['body'])class Form(object):def __init__(self):self.value_dict = {}self.error_dict = {}self.valid_status = Truedef validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""):self.initialize()self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key)def initialize(self):passdef __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key):"""驗證用戶表單請求的數(shù)據(jù):param form_obj: Form對象（Form派生類的對象）:param request: Http請求上下文（用于從請求中獲取用戶提交的值）:param depth: 對Form內(nèi)容的深度的支持:param pre_key: Html中name屬性值的前綴（多層Form時，內(nèi)部遞歸時設(shè)置，無需理會）:return: 是否驗證通過，True：驗證成功；False：驗證失敗"""depth -= 1if depth < 0:return Noneform_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items():print key,field_objif isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field):if isinstance(field_obj, Form):# 獲取以key開頭的所有的值，以參數(shù)的形式傳至self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key)continueif pre_key:key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key)if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField):post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None)elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField):post_value = []file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None)for file_item in file_list:post_value.append(file_item['filename'])else:post_value = request.get_argument(key, None)print post_value# 讓提交的數(shù)據(jù) 和定義的正則表達(dá)式進(jìn)行匹配 field_obj.match(key, post_value)if field_obj.id_valid:self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.valueelse:self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.errorself.valid_status = Falseclass ListForm(object):def __init__(self, form_type):self.form_type = form_typeself.valid_status = Trueself.value_dict = {}self.error_dict = {}def validate(self, request):name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys()index = 0flag = Falsewhile True:pre_key = "[%d]" % indexfor name in name_list:if name.startswith(pre_key):flag = Truebreakif flag:form_obj = self.form_type()form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index)if form_obj.valid_status:self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dictelse:self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dictself.valid_status = Falseelse:breakindex += 1flag = Falseclass MainForm(Form):def __init__(self):# self.ip = IPField(required=True)# self.port = IntegerField(required=True)# self.new_ip = IPField(required=True)# self.second = SecondForm()self.fff = FileField(required=True)super(MainForm, self).__init__()# # class SecondForm(Form): # # def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # # super(SecondForm, self).__init__()class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):def get(self):self.render('index.html')def post(self, *args, **kwargs):# for i in dir(self.request):# print i# print self.request.arguments# print self.request.files# print self.request.query# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()# print name_list# list_form = ListForm(MainForm)# list_form.validate(self)# # print list_form.valid_status# print list_form.value_dict# print list_form.error_dict# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)# # print "驗證結(jié)果：", obj.valid_status# print "符合驗證結(jié)果：", obj.value_dict# print "錯誤信息:"# for key, item in obj.error_dict.items():# print key,item# print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor'))# print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor'))# print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff')# print self.request.files# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)# print obj.valid_status# print obj.value_dict# print obj.error_dict# print self.request,type(self.request)# obj.fff.save(self.request)# from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest# name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys()# print name_list# print self.request.files,type(self.request.files)# print len(self.request.files.get('fff'))# obj = MainForm()# obj.validate(self)# print obj.valid_status# print obj.value_dict# print obj.error_dict# obj.fff.save(self.request)self.write('ok')settings = {'template_path': 'template','static_path': 'static','static_url_prefix': '/static/','cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh','login_url': '/login' }application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings)if __name__ == "__main__":application.listen(8888)tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() Form驗證框架

轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/maskice/p/6533362.html

總結(jié)

以上是生活随笔為你收集整理的Web框架 Bottle 、Flask 、Tornado的全部內(nèi)容，希望文章能夠幫你解決所遇到的問題。

如果覺得生活随笔網(wǎng)站內(nèi)容還不錯，歡迎將生活随笔推薦給好友。

上一篇： Windows下使用nas服务器——映射
下一篇： java saas 开源框架_(转载)适