温湿度传感器——DHT11学习总结
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温湿度传感器——DHT11学习总结
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一、DHT11的簡單介紹
DHT11是一款有已校準(zhǔn)數(shù)字信號輸出的溫濕度傳感器。
其精度濕度±5%RH， 溫度±2℃，
量程濕度20-90%RH， 溫度0~50℃——百度百科
注解：相對濕度（RH）是指單位體積空氣中，實(shí)際水蒸氣的分壓與相同溫度和體積下水飽和蒸氣壓的百分比。（實(shí)際水蒸氣的分壓/水飽和蒸汽壓）
基本組成：
電阻式感濕元件
一個(gè)NTC測溫元件
一個(gè)高性能8位單片機(jī)
參數(shù)指標(biāo)：
注解：
重復(fù)性(repeatability)：在相同條件下對同一事物進(jìn)行多次量測所得結(jié)果之間的一致性。用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示一致性程度，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差小表示一致性程度高，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差大表示一致性程度低
長期穩(wěn)定性：傳感器在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)仍保持不超過允許誤差范圍的能力。
互換性：指在統(tǒng)一規(guī)格的一批零件（或部件）中，不經(jīng)選擇、修配或調(diào)整，任取其一，都能裝在機(jī)器上達(dá)到規(guī)定的功能要求。
（在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中常采用專業(yè)化的協(xié)作生產(chǎn)，即用分散制造、集中裝配的辦法來提高生產(chǎn)率，保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和降低成本。要實(shí)行專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)保證產(chǎn)品具有互換性，必須采用互換性生產(chǎn)原則）
電氣特性
注解：typ–典型值，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值
常見應(yīng)用：
暖通空調(diào) 測試及檢測設(shè)備
汽車 數(shù)據(jù)記錄器
消費(fèi)品 自動(dòng)控制
氣象站 家電
濕度調(diào)節(jié)器 醫(yī)療
除濕器
環(huán)境條件：
（1）溫度：
氣體的相對濕度，在很大程度上依賴于溫度。因此在測量濕度時(shí)，應(yīng)盡可能保證濕度傳感器在同一溫度下工作。如果與釋放熱量的電子元件共用一個(gè)印刷線路板，在安裝時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能將DHT11遠(yuǎn)離電子元件，并安裝在熱源下方，同時(shí)保持外殼的良好通風(fēng)。為降低熱傳導(dǎo)，DHT11與印刷電路板其它部分的銅鍍層應(yīng)盡可能最小，并在兩者之間留出一道縫隙。
（2）光線：
長時(shí)間暴露在太陽光下或強(qiáng)烈的紫外線輻射中，會(huì)使性能降低
（3）極限條件工作后的恢復(fù):
置于極限工作條件下或化學(xué)蒸汽中的傳感器，通過如下處理程序，可使其恢復(fù)到校準(zhǔn)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。在50-60℃和< 10%RH的濕度條件下保持2 小時(shí)（烘干）；隨后在20-30℃和>70%RH的濕度條件下保持 5小時(shí)以上。
(4)注意事項(xiàng)：
(1)避免結(jié)露情況下使用。
(2)長期保存條件：溫度10－40℃，濕度60%以下
注解：結(jié)露就是指物體表面溫度低于附近空氣露點(diǎn)溫度時(shí)表面出現(xiàn)冷凝水的現(xiàn)象
二、DHT11與Arduino的連線
（1）引腳說明
注解：
（1）串行數(shù)據(jù)是一位一位順序傳送得數(shù)據(jù)，只用很少幾根通信線，串行傳送的速度低，但傳送的距離可以很長，因此串行適用于長距離而速度要求不高的場合。
（形象的說，把通道比作道路，能并排開幾輛車的就可以說是“并行”，只能一輛一輛開的就屬于“串行”了，很明顯，并行的速度要比串行的快得多。）
（2）單總線：它采用單根信號線，既傳輸時(shí)鐘又傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，而且數(shù)據(jù)傳輸是雙向的，具有節(jié)省I/O口線
接線圖：
與arduino的接線圖：
三、運(yùn)行程序——arduino環(huán)境
#include <dht. h> #define dataPin 8//定義八號引腳 dht DHT; void setup() {Serial. begin (9600) ; } void loop() {int readData = DHT.read22 (dataPin) ;float t = DHT.temperature; float h = DHT.humidity;Serial.print("Temperature = ");Serial.print(t) ;Serial.print(" ℃ ");Serial.print("Humidity = ");Serial.print(h);Serial.println("%") ;delay(2000) ; }代碼參考視頻：使用Arduino的DHT11和DHT22溫濕度傳感器教程[How To Mechatronics]
這個(gè)視頻講解質(zhì)量相對較高，參考下面又評論按照這個(gè)代碼做出來了，所以我認(rèn)為比較靠譜。
其他學(xué)習(xí)視頻：《單片機(jī)實(shí)踐項(xiàng)目》之DHT11溫濕度傳感器詳細(xì)講解（51單片機(jī)）
另外還有較為簡單易懂的靠譜的代碼：
#include <dht11.h> //引用dht11庫文件，使得下面可以調(diào)用相關(guān)參數(shù) #define DHT11PIN 8 //定義溫濕度針腳號為8號引腳 void setup() { //初始化設(shè)置Serial.begin(9600); //設(shè)置波特率參數(shù)pinMode(DHT11PIN,OUTPUT); }void loop(){ //循環(huán)int chk = DHT11.read(DHT11PIN); //將讀取到的值賦給chkint hum=(float)DHT11.humidity; //將濕度值賦給humSerial.print("hum:");Serial.print(hum);Serial.print("%/t");int tem=(float)DHT11.temperature; //將濕度值賦給temSerial.print(" tem:");Serial.print(tem);Serial.println("℃");delay(2000); }代碼源地址：DHT11詳細(xì)介紹
注：由于直接引用的是DHT的庫函數(shù)的原因。不需要按照下圖的時(shí)序輸入開始指令
四、DHT11工作原理
數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸與組成
傳輸
DATA 用于Arduino與DHT11之間的通訊和同步，一次傳輸40位數(shù)據(jù)，高位先出。
組成
數(shù)據(jù)格式（從前到后）：8bit濕度整數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)、8bit濕度小數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)、8bit溫度整數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)、8bit溫度小數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)+8bit校驗(yàn)位
注：校檢位作用——檢測溫濕度結(jié)果是否正確
校檢位原理：
校驗(yàn)位定義“8bit濕度整數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)+8bit濕度小數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)+8bit溫度整數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)+8bit溫度小數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)”結(jié)果末八位 =8bit校驗(yàn)位
實(shí)例：
數(shù)據(jù)解釋：
二進(jìn)制轉(zhuǎn)十進(jìn)制最后可直接轉(zhuǎn)化為濕度和溫度。如下圖：
DHT11的工作步驟
步驟一
1.DHT11 上電后，測試環(huán)境溫濕度數(shù)據(jù)
（DHT11 上電后要等待 1S 以越過不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)在此期間不能發(fā)送任何指令）
2.記錄數(shù)據(jù) ?DHT11 的 DATA 數(shù)據(jù)線由上拉電阻拉高一直保持高電平
3.此時(shí) DHT11 的DATA 引腳處于輸入狀態(tài)，時(shí)刻檢測外部信號
步驟二
主機(jī)先發(fā)送開始信號，從機(jī)會(huì)返回一個(gè)相應(yīng)信號進(jìn)行應(yīng)答，隨后信號線拉高準(zhǔn)備接收數(shù)據(jù)：
1.Arduino的 I/O 設(shè)置為輸出同時(shí)輸出低電平，且低電平保持時(shí)間不能小于 18ms
2.Arduino的 I/O設(shè)置為輸入狀態(tài)，由于上拉電阻，微處理器的 I/O 即 DHT11 的 DATA 數(shù)據(jù)線也隨之變高，等待 DHT11 作出回答信號
步驟三
第三步：開始接收數(shù)據(jù)（一次接收40位）。
1.DHT11 的 DATA 引腳檢測到外部信號有低電平時(shí)，等待外部信號低電平結(jié)束
2.延遲后 DHT11 的 DATA引腳處于輸出狀態(tài)，并且輸出 80 微秒的低電平作為應(yīng)答信號，緊接著輸出 80 微秒的高電平通知外設(shè)準(zhǔn)備接收數(shù)據(jù)
3.微處理器的 I/O 此時(shí)處于輸入狀態(tài)，檢測到 I/O 有低電平（DHT11 回應(yīng)信號）后，等待 80 微秒的高電平后的數(shù)據(jù)接收，發(fā)送信號如圖
步驟四
由 DHT11 的 DATA 引腳輸出 40 位數(shù)據(jù)，微處理器根據(jù) I/O 電平的變化接收 40 位數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)格式如下
位數(shù)據(jù)“0”的格式為： 50 微秒的低電平+ 26-28 微秒的高電平。
位數(shù)據(jù)“1”的格式為： 50 微秒的低電平+ 70微秒的高電平。
步驟五
結(jié)束：
1.DHT11 的 DATA 引腳輸出 40 位數(shù)據(jù)后，繼續(xù)輸出低電平 50 微秒后轉(zhuǎn)為輸入狀態(tài)，由于上拉電阻隨之變?yōu)楦唠娖健?br /> 2. DHT11 內(nèi)部重新檢測環(huán)境溫濕度數(shù)據(jù)，幵記錄數(shù)據(jù)，等待外部信號的到來。
工作步驟演示圖
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