1．名詞及其短語（有時(shí)有逗號(hào)隔開）
A．George Bush，the present American president，was the governor of the state of Texas．
B．I want very much to read these new novels，especially the one you mentioned．

2．動(dòng)名詞短語（有逗號(hào)隔開）
A．He enjoys the exercise，swimming in winter．
B．Asking him to join us，that’s a good idea．

3．不定式短語（有時(shí)有逗號(hào)隔開）
A．There is one thing he’ll never do—tell lies．
B．The question what to do next hasn’t been considered．

4．形容詞及其短語（有逗號(hào)隔開）
A．He，short and thin，is unfit for the job．
B．All the countries，big or small，are equal．

5．介詞短語（有時(shí)有逗號(hào)隔開）
As the head of the company，he had to explain what had happened．
＝He，the head of the company，had to ex- plain what had happened．

6．名詞性從句（其前面的先行詞一般都帶有定冠詞the）。這樣的先行詞有fact，news，truth，knowledge， idea，hope，question，problem，assumption等。例如：
A．You have yet to answer my question whether you can lend me your bike．
B．They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30kilometers away．

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