虚拟语气用法总结及真题解析
英語的動詞有三種語氣形式,即陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。陳述語氣用來說明事實或就事實提出詢問,可用于陳述句、疑問句和某些感嘆句中;祈使語氣用于表示請求、命令、建議或警告等。虛擬語氣是謂語動詞的一種特殊形式,用來表達假設、主觀愿望、猜測、建議、可能或空想等非真實情況。
eg: He is honest. 他很誠實。(陳述語氣)
eg: If I have time,I will go. 假若我有時間,我就去。(陳述語氣)
eg: Don’t be late next time. 下次別遲到。(祈使語氣)
eg: Be careful. 小心。(祈使語氣)
eg: If I were you ,I would not go. 我要是你,我就不會去。(虛擬語氣)
eg: I wish I had a lot of money. 要是我有很多很多錢就好了。(虛擬語氣)
一、虛擬語氣在條件從句的用法
條件句有兩類,一類是真實條件句;一類是非真實條件句,即虛擬條件句。
(1) 如果假設的情況是有可能發生的,就是真實條件句,謂語要用陳述語氣。
eg:If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go tothe park. 如果明天不下雨,我們就會去公園。
(2) 如果假設的情況是過去或現在都不存在的,或將來不大可能發生的,則是虛擬條件句。
eg: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you aboutit.如果他昨天見到你,他會問你這件事的。(事實上他昨天沒見到你,因此也未能問你這件事。)
1、在含有虛擬條件句的復合句中,主句和從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣。虛擬條件從句和主句的使用形式列表如下:
| 時態類型 | 主句 | 虛擬條件句 | 例如 |
| 與過去現實相反 | 主語+ should/would/could/might + have + 過去分詞 | If + 主語 + had + 過去分詞 | 1. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test. 2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. |
| 與現在現實相反 | 主語+ should/would/could/might + 動詞原形 | If + 主語 + 動詞的過去式(be動詞一律用were) | 1. If I were you, I should study English. 2. I would certainly go if I had time. |
| 與將來現實相反 | 主語+ should/would/could/might + 動詞原形 | ① If+主語+動詞過去式 ② If+主語+ were to +動詞原形 ③ If+主語+should+動詞原形 | 1. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 2. If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday. |
| 規律總結:從句都往過去推一個時態,如:與現在相反的if從句就用過去式;與過去相反用過去完成時(即過去的過去) | ? | ||
注 :(1)would/should/could/might主句謂語中的should主要用于第一人稱后;would表示結果還表示過去經常常常做某事,might表示可能性,could表示能力、允許或可能性。比較:
eg:If you tried again ,you would succeed. 要是你再試一試,你就會成功的。 (would表結果)
eg:If you tried again, you might succeed. 要是你再試一試,你可能會成功的。 (might表可能)
eg:If you tried again ,you could succeed. 要是你再試一試,你就能成功了。(could表能力)
(2)在虛擬條件從句中,動詞be在正常語序中常用were。在口語中,當主語是第一、第三人稱單數時,可用was,但在if的倒裝句中,必須用were。
2、 錯綜時間條件句:有時條件從句中的動作和主句中的動作發生的時間不一致(表示錯綜時間的虛擬語氣),這時動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間加以調整。
eg:If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你當初聽了醫生的話,身體現在就好了。(從句動作指過去,主句動作指現在)
eg:If?I?were?you,I?would?have?gone?to?see?the?doctor.我要是你,我早就去看病了。(從句與現在事實相反,主句與過去事實相反)
3、 省略連詞if(省略/倒裝)。在書面語中,如果虛擬條件從句中有were,had或 should,可以把if省略,把這幾個詞放到主語之前,構成主謂倒裝。
eg:Were I in school again (= If I were in school again), I would work harder.如果我能再上一次學,我會學習得更努力。
eg:Had you asked me (= If you had asked me), I would have told you.如果你問我,我就會告訴你。
4、含蓄條件句:句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句,而是利用某他手段或方式來暗示存在虛擬條件。其虛擬的結構形式通過主句來表現。常用來表示含蓄虛擬條件的方式有:
(1)介詞或介詞短語(代替狀語從句):but for(要不是…),without(假若沒有…),with(假若有…)
eg:With you help,I could have finished the work ahead of time. 如果有你的幫助的話,我本可以提前完成這項工作。
eg:Without air and water,there would be no living things on the earth. 如果沒有空氣和水,地球上就不會存在生物。
eg:But for the rain,we should have had a pleasant journey. 如果不是因為下雨,旅途會很愉快。
eg:What would you do with a million dollars? 如果有了一百萬美元,你會做什么?
(2)If虛擬條件句的否定常用兩個句型:If it weren’t for…和If it hadn’t been for…,其意為“若不是(有)” “要不是”。如:
eg:If it hadn’t been for your assistance ,we wouldn’t have succeeded.
= But for your assistance ,we wouldn’t have succeeded.
= Without your assistance ,we wouldn’t have succeeded.
如果沒有你的幫助,我們不會成功的。
(3)用or,otherwise(否則),等類似轉折詞
eg:He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.
eg:I was ill that day. Otherwise,I would have taken part in the sports meeting.
(4)根據上下文語境來表示某種假設情況
eg:Five minutes earlier and you could have met her at the station.? 早來五分鐘的話,你就能在車站見到他了。
eg:You could have done better,but you didn’t try you best.
5、省去條件從句或主句:表示虛擬語氣的主句或從句有時可以省略,但其含義仍可以推知。
(1)省去條件從句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。(省去了"If you had wanted to",事實是:你自己沒洗衣服,因為你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:
eg:If my grandmother were with me!? 如果我的祖母與我在一起多好啊! (事實是:祖母已不在世。);
eg:If only she had not left!? 如果她沒走就好了! (事實是:她已經走了。)
二、虛擬語氣在其他從句中的用法
(一)賓語從句
1.wish后的賓語從句
wish從句后使用虛擬語氣時,動詞的形式根據所表示的時間概念而采用不同形式:過去完成時(與過去事實相反)、過去時(與現在相反)、過去將來時(與將來事實相反)。
eg:I wish I were as young as you.我希望自己像你一樣年輕。
wish與hope接賓語從句的區別在于:hope表示一般可以實現的希望,賓語從句用陳述語氣。wish表示很難或不大可能實現的希望,賓語從句用虛擬語氣。試比較:
eg:We hope they will come. (We don’t know if theycan come.)
eg:We wish they could come. (We know they are not coming.) 我們希望他們能來。
2. if only 與 I wish一樣,也用于表示與事實相反的愿望,其后所虛擬語氣的時態與 wish后所接時態的情況相同。if only 通常獨立使用,沒有主句:
eg:If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。
eg:If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是當時聽了父母的話就好了。
eg:If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!
注:only if表示"只有"??
eg:I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了,我才會醒。
3.would rather和would sooner后的賓語從句
兩個詞組都表示寧愿、寧可的意思,后面如果用賓語從句,動詞采用過去完成時(與過去事實相反)、過去時(與現在或將來事實相反)。
eg:I’d rather I hadn’t met you.我寧愿從來就沒遇見過你。
eg:I’d rather you went tomorrow (now). 我寧愿你明天(現在)去。
would rather和would sooner兩詞組除了要掌握它們后面賓語從句中虛擬語氣的用法以外,還要知道這兩個詞組后面都可以直接加動詞原形。
eg:I’d rather be a sparrow than a snail.
4. intend,hope,want,plan,mean等表示“希望、想法、意圖”,常用過去完成時態或不定式的完成式表示與過去事實相反的虛擬。
eg:I had meant to go to the party,but I had to work extra hours to prepare a speech.
eg:I intended to have helped you,but I was very busy at the time.
5.suggest等動詞后的賓語從句
表示主觀判斷、推測、建議、命令和要求的動詞通常引起虛擬的賓語從句,此類動詞后的賓語從句中采用should +do、should可以省略的虛擬語氣形式。該類動詞包括:
(1)高中詞匯:advise(勸告)、ask(要求)、decide(決定)、insist(堅持)、order(下令)、suggest(建議)等。
(2)四、六級??荚~匯:command(命令)、demand(要求)、desire(渴望)、propose(提議)、recommend(勸告)、require(要求)等。
(3)其他詞匯:consent(同意)、deserve(值得提起)、maintain(主張)、move(提議)、urge(極力主張)、 vote(提議)等。
通常我們可以用“一二三四”法巧記這其中比較常用的動詞:“一、二、三、四”法,即:一個堅持(insist),兩個命令(order,command),三個建議(suggest,propose,advise), 四個要求(demand,require, request ,ask)。
eg:I recommend that you all be diligent if you want to pass the exam.如果你們要考及格,我勸你們勤奮學習。
eg:I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立即回答我問題。
eg:I move that we accept the proposal. 我提議通過這項提案。
eg:The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 將軍指示釋放那些俘虜。
注:當suggest表示暗示,表明時,不用虛擬語氣,用陳述語氣。
eg:The smile on her face suggested that she was satisfied with ourwork.
當insist表示“堅持認為,堅持說”之意時, 不用虛擬語氣,用陳述語氣。表示“堅持要求,堅持主張”用虛擬語氣。
eg:The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
(二)主語從句
在It is +形容詞/某些動詞的過去分詞+主語從句的結構中,從句的謂語動詞須用動詞原形或 should +do的形式。這些形容詞包括:
(1)高中詞匯:decided(決定的)、important(重要的)、ordered(命令的)等。
(2)四、六級??荚~匯:advisable(合理的)、demanded(要求的)、desired(期望的)、desirable(合乎需要的)、essential(緊要的)、insistent(堅持的)、natural(自然的)、preferable(更可取的)、proposed(建議的)、 recommended(推薦的)、required(要求的)、urgent(緊迫的)、vital(極其重要的)等。
(3)其他詞匯:appropriate(適當的)、arranged(安排好的)、better(較好的)、imperative(迫切的)、possible(可能的)、probable(可能的)、resolved(決心的)、 strange(奇怪的)、suggested(建議的)等。
eg:It is highly desirable that a new mayor be appointed for this city.這座城市急需任命一位新市長。
eg:It is ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m.
eg:It’s strange that he should have acted toward his parents like that.(竟然會)
eg:It’s surprising/amazing/pleasing/that she (should) win over hermother.(居然會)
eg:It’s strange that he (should) leave without telling us.? (竟然會)
eg:It’s natural that she should make such a mistake.(不以為然的語氣,“會”)
(三)表語從句和同位語從句
有些名詞引起的表語從句或同位語從句中,謂語動詞須用動詞原形或should +do的形式。這些名詞包括:advice(忠告)、decision(決定)、demand(要求)、desire(渴望)、idea(想法)、motion(提議)、necessity(必要性)、order(命令)、plan(計劃)、preference(偏愛)、proposal(建議)、recommendation(推薦)、requirement(要求)、suggestion(建議)等。
eg:His proposal is that we turn off TV for half an hour every day.他建議我們每天少看半個小時的電視。
eg:Our suggestion is that you( should)be the first to go. 我們的建議是你應該第一個去。
注:從以上的各類從句中我們可以得到以下的推論,即當一個動詞后面的賓語從句中要使用(should)+do的虛擬語氣形式時,則可推理出用法相同的一組從句。以動詞advise為例:
- I advise that we stay and wait here.(動詞后的賓語從句)
- It is advised that we stay here.(It is +動詞的過去分詞+that引導的主語從句)
- It is advisable that we stay here.(It is +由該動詞轉換的形容詞+that引導的主語從句)
- My advice is that we stay here.(由該動詞轉換的名詞后的表語從句)
- I offered the advice that we stay here.(由該動詞轉換的名詞后的同位語從句)
- I think it advisable that we stay here.(由該動詞轉換的形容詞作賓語補足語,it為形式賓語,真正的賓語從句中使用虛擬語氣)
以上六類從句中所使用的都為(should)+do的虛擬語氣形式。
(四)狀語從句
虛擬語氣在狀語從句中,除了表示條件外,還可表示比較、目的等。
1.由as if或as though引導的狀語從句
as if/as though(仿佛、好像)引起方式狀語從句,從句中的虛擬語氣形式與wish后的賓語從句相同:過去完成時(表示與過去事實相反)、一般過去時(表示與現在事實相反)、would +do(表示與將來事實相反)。
eg:You look as if you had seen a ghost.你看起來好像撞見鬼了。
eg:He acts as if he knew me. 他顯得認識我似的。
eg:They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他們待我如陌生人。
eg:He talks as if he had been abroad. 他說起話來好像曾經出過國。
注:(1) 從句所表示的內容若為事實或可能為事實,也可用陳述語氣:
eg:It looks as if we’ll be late. 我們似乎要遲到了。
(2) 注意 It isn’t as if…的翻譯:
eg:It isn’t as if he were poor. 他不像窮的樣子(或他又不窮)。
2. 在in order that和so that引導的目的狀語從句中,謂語動詞多用may/might或can/could后加動詞原形,表示虛擬。
eg:Mr Green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hearclearly.
3.lest/in case /forfear that引導的狀語從句
lest(以防、以免)、in case(萬一、以防)、for fear that(因恐、免得)引起的狀語從句中,謂語動詞要使用(should)+do的形式。
eg:The old woman walked slowly lest she(should)slip.老太太走得很慢,以免滑倒。
3.whoever等引導的狀語從句
由連接代詞whoever(無論誰)、whatever(無論什么)、whichever(無論哪個)等和連接副詞however(無論如何)、whenever(無論何時)、wherever(無論哪里)等及 no matter+how/what/when /where /who(無論怎樣/什么/何時/哪里/誰)構成的詞組引導的讓步狀語從句,若表示說話人對現在或將來的推測,謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣,形式為動詞原形或may /might+do。
eg:Whichever be the case,my situation remainedthe same.無論是哪種情況,我的處境都一樣。
(五)定語從句
It is time(是……時候了),It is about time(差不多是……時候了),It is high timethat(該……了)句式中,后面的從句謂語動詞要用過去式或用should加動詞原形,但should不可省略。
eg:It is time that we protected our environment.
eg:It’s time I was in bed.(不用were)
eg:It is time that the children went to bed.???
eg:It is high time that the children should go to bed.
三、虛擬語氣在表示祝愿的句子中的應用
用“may + 動詞原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”,此時may須置于句首(多用于正式文體中)。
eg:May you be happy! 祝你快樂!???
eg:May good luck be yours.祝你順利。
eg:May you many years of health and happiness.祝您健康長壽美滿幸福。
四、真題講解
1.真題回放:It would be foolish to go to an interview for a job in a law firm wearing jeans and a sweater;and it would bediscourteous to visit some distinguished scholar looking as if we were going to the beach or a night club.
破解真題:這句話是由分號隔開的兩個并列句。第二個并列句中包含一個as if引導的比較狀語從句。是把go to an interview與go to the beach or a night club作一對比。
參考譯文:穿著牛仔褲和毛衣去法律部門進行求職面試是很愚蠢的行為;而且若我們去見某位著名的學者看起來卻像要去海灘或夜總會,這也是很失禮的。
2. 真題回放:However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
破解真題:這是個含有一個時間狀語從句、一個目的狀語從句的復合句。時間狀語從句由when引導;目的狀語從句由so that引導,該目的的狀語從句中謂語動詞由could后加動詞原形observe構成。
參考譯文:然而,把兩只猴子放在兩間毗連而又分離的觀察室中,以便它們能看到對方用石塊換到了什么東西,它們的行為就表現出明顯的不同。
3.真題回放:They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal right misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.
破解真題:這是個含有一個目的狀語從句的復合句。目的狀語從句由lest引導,其中的主語是animal right misinformation;謂語動詞有兩個,分別是go和acquire, go是系動詞,與后面的unchallenged構成系表結構go和acquire都是動詞原形,其實前面的should被省略了;acquire后面的a deceptive appearance of truth是它的賓語。
參考譯文:他們應該對報刊的讀者來信及時做出反應,以防止動物權利的誤導言論在毫無質疑的情況下橫行,從而獲得一幅真理的面容。
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