详解Linux2.6内核中基于platform机制的驱动模型
原文地址：詳解Linux2.6內(nèi)核中基于platform機(jī)制的驅(qū)動模型?作者：nacichan
【摘要】本文以Linux 2.6.25 內(nèi)核為例，分析了基于platform總線的驅(qū)動模型。首先介紹了Platform總線的基本概念，接著介紹了platform device和platform driver的定義和加載過程，分析了其與基類device 和driver的派生關(guān)系及在此過程中面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計思想。最后以ARM S3C2440中I2C控制器為例介紹了基于platform總線的驅(qū)動開發(fā)流程。
【關(guān)鍵字】platform_bus, platform_device, resource , platform_driver, file_operations
目錄
1??? 何謂platform bus？??? 2
2??? device和platform_device??? 3
3??? device_register和platform_device_register??? 5
4??? device_driver和platform driver??? 8
5??? driver_register 和platform_driver_register??? 10
6??? bus、device及driver三者之間的關(guān)系??? 17
7??? 哪些適用于plarform驅(qū)動？??? 18
8??? 基于platform總線的驅(qū)動開發(fā)流程??? 18
8.1??? 初始化platform_bus??? 19
8.2??? 定義platform_device??? 22
8.3??? 注冊platform_device??? 22
8.4??? 定義platform_driver??? 28
8.5??? 注冊platform_driver??? 29
8.6??? 操作設(shè)備??? 32
1??? 何謂platform bus？
Linux系統(tǒng)中許多部分對設(shè)備是如何鏈接的并不感興趣，但是他們需要知道哪些類型的設(shè)備是可以使用的。設(shè)備模型提供了一種機(jī)制來對設(shè)備進(jìn)行分類，在更高的功能層面上描述這些設(shè)備，并使得這些設(shè)備對用戶空間可見。因此從2.6內(nèi)核開始引入了設(shè)備模型。
總線是處理器和一個或多個設(shè)備之間的通道，在設(shè)備模型中, 所有的設(shè)備都通過總線相連。總線可以相互插入。設(shè)備模型展示了總線和它們所控制的設(shè)備之間的實(shí)際連接。
Platform總線是2.6 kernel中最近引入的一種虛擬總線，主要用來管理CPU的片上資源，具有更好的移植性，因此在2.6 kernel中，很多驅(qū)動都用platform改寫了。
platform_bus_type的定義如下:
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/platform.c#L609?
609struct bus_type platform_bus_type = {
?610??????? .name?????????? = "platform",
?611??????? .dev_attrs????? = platform_dev_attrs,
?612??????? .match????????? = platform_match,
?613??????? .uevent???????? = platform_uevent,
?614??????? .suspend??????? = platform_suspend,
?615??????? .suspend_late?? = platform_suspend_late,
?616??????? .resume_early?? = platform_resume_early,
?617??????? .resume???????? = platform_resume,
?618};
?619EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(platform_bus_type);
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/device.h#L55
? 55struct bus_type {
? 56??????? const char????????????? *name;
? 57??????? struct bus_attribute??? *bus_attrs;
? 58??????? struct device_attribute *dev_attrs;
? 59??????? struct driver_attribute *drv_attrs;
? 60
? 61??????? int (*match)(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv);
? 62??????? int (*uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
? 63??????? int (*probe)(struct device *dev);
? 64??????? int (*remove)(struct device *dev);
? 65??????? void (*shutdown)(struct device *dev);
? 66
? 67??????? int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
? 68??????? int (*suspend_late)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
? 69??????? int (*resume_early)(struct device *dev);
? 70??????? int (*resume)(struct device *dev);
? 71
? 72??????? struct bus_type_private *p;
? 73};
總線名稱是"platform"，其只是bus_type的一種，定義了總線的屬性，同時platform_bus_type還有相關(guān)操作方法，如掛起、中止、匹配及hotplug事件等。
總線bus是聯(lián)系driver和device的中間樞紐。Device通過所屬的bus找到driver，由match操作方法進(jìn)行匹配。
?
Bus、driver及devices的連接關(guān)系
2??? device和platform_device
Plarform device會有一個名字用于driver binding（在注冊driver的時候會查找driver的目標(biāo)設(shè)備的bus位置，這個過程稱為driver binding），另外IRQ以及地址空間等資源也要給出 。
platform_device結(jié)構(gòu)體用來描述設(shè)備的名稱、資源信息等。該結(jié)構(gòu)被定義在http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/platform_device.h#L16中，定義原型如下：
? 16struct platform_device {
? 17??????? const char????? * name; //定義平臺設(shè)備的名稱，此處設(shè)備的命名應(yīng)和相應(yīng)驅(qū)動程序命名一致
? 18??????? int???????????? id;
? 19??????? struct device?? dev;
? 20??????? u32???????????? num_resources;
? 21??????? struct resource * resource;? //定義平臺設(shè)備的資源
? 22};
在這個結(jié)構(gòu)里封裝了struct device及struct resource。可知：platform_device由device派生而來，是一種特殊的device。
下面來看一下platform_device結(jié)構(gòu)體中最重要的一個成員struct resource * resource。struct resource被定義在http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/ioport.h#L18中，定義原型如下：
? 14/*
? 15 * Resources are tree-like, allowing
? 16 * nesting etc..
? 17 */
? 18struct resource {
? 19??????? resource_size_t start;? //定義資源的起始地址
? 20??????? resource_size_t end;? //定義資源的結(jié)束地址
? 21??????? const char *name; //定義資源的名稱
? 22??????? unsigned long flags; 定義資源的類型，比如MEM，IO，IRQ，DMA類型
? 23??????? struct resource *parent, *sibling, *child;
? 24};
這個結(jié)構(gòu)表示設(shè)備所擁有的資源，即I/O端口、I/O映射內(nèi)存、中斷及DMA等。這里的地址指的是物理地址。
另外還需要注意platform_device中的device結(jié)構(gòu)，它詳細(xì)描述了設(shè)備的情況，其為所有設(shè)備的基類，定義如下：
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/device.h#L422
422struct device {
?423??????? struct klist??????????? klist_children;
?424??????? struct klist_node?????? knode_parent;?? /* node in sibling list */
?425??????? struct klist_node?????? knode_driver;
?426??????? struct klist_node?????? knode_bus;
?427??????? struct device?????????? *parent;
?428
?429??????? struct kobject kobj;
?430??????? char??? bus_id[BUS_ID_SIZE];??? /* position on parent bus */
?431??????? struct device_type????? *type;
?432??????? unsigned??????????????? is_registered:1;
?433??????? unsigned??????????????? uevent_suppress:1;
?434
?435??????? struct semaphore??????? sem;??? /* semaphore to synchronize calls to
?436???????????????????????????????????????? * its driver.
?437???????????????????????????????????????? */
?438
?439??????? struct bus_type *bus;?????????? /* type of bus device is on */
?440??????? struct device_driver *driver;?? /* which driver has allocated this
?441?????????????????????????????????????????? device */
?442??????? void??????????? *driver_data;?? /* data private to the driver */
?443??????? void??????????? *platform_data; /* Platform specific data, device
?444?????????????????????????????????????????? core doesn''t touch it */
?445??????? struct dev_pm_info????? power;
?446
?447#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
?448??????? int???????????? numa_node;????? /* NUMA node this device is close to */
?449#endif
?450??????? u64???????????? *dma_mask;????? /* dma mask (if dma''able device) */
?451??????? u64???????????? coherent_dma_mask;/* Like dma_mask, but for
?452???????????????????????????????????????????? alloc_coherent mappings as
?453???????????????????????????????????????????? not all hardware supports
?454???????????????????????????????????????????? 64 bit addresses for consistent
?455???????????????????????????????????????????? allocations such descriptors. */
?456
?457??????? struct device_dma_parameters *dma_parms;
?458
?459??????? struct list_head??????? dma_pools;????? /* dma pools (if dma''ble) */
?460
?461??????? struct dma_coherent_mem *dma_mem; /* internal for coherent mem
?462???????????????????????????????????????????? override */
?463??????? /* arch specific additions */
?464??????? struct dev_archdata???? archdata;
?465
?466??????? spinlock_t????????????? devres_lock;
?467??????? struct list_head??????? devres_head;
?468
?469??????? /* class_device migration path */
?470??????? struct list_head??????? node;
?471??????? struct class??????????? *class;
?472??????? dev_t?????????????????? devt;?? /* dev_t, creates the sysfs "dev" */
?473??????? struct attribute_group? **groups;?????? /* optional groups */
?474
?475??????? void??? (*release)(struct device *dev);
?476};
?477
3??? device_register和platform_device_register
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/core.c#L881
?870/**
?871 * device_register - register a device with the system.
?872 * @dev: pointer to the device structure
?873 *
?874 * This happens in two clean steps - initialize the device
?875 * and add it to the system. The two steps can be called
?876 * separately, but this is the easiest and most common.
?877 * I.e. you should only call the two helpers separately if
?878 * have a clearly defined need to use and refcount the device
?879 * before it is added to the hierarchy.
?880 */
?881int device_register(struct device *dev)
?882{
?883??????? device_initialize(dev);
?884??????? return device_add(dev);
?885}
初始化一個設(shè)備，然后加入到系統(tǒng)中。
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/platform.c#L325
316/**
?317 * platform_device_register - add a platform-level device
?318 * @pdev: platform device we''re adding
?319 */
?320int platform_device_register(struct platform_device *pdev)
?321{
?322??????? device_initialize(&pdev->dev);
?323??????? return platform_device_add(pdev);
?324}
?325EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(platform_device_register);
我們看到注冊一個platform device分為了兩部分，初始化這個platform_device，然后將此platform_device添加到platform總線中。輸入?yún)?shù)platform_device可以是靜態(tài)的全局設(shè)備。
另外一種機(jī)制就是動態(tài)申請platform_device_alloc一個platform_device設(shè)備，然后通過platform_device_add_resources及platform_device_add_data等添加相關(guān)資源和屬性。
無論哪一種platform_device，最終都將通過platform_device_add這冊到platform總線上。
229/**
?230 * platform_device_add - add a platform device to device hierarchy
?231 * @pdev: platform device we''re adding
?232 *
?233 * This is part 2 of platform_device_register(), though may be called
?234 * separately _iff_ pdev was allocated by platform_device_alloc().
?235 */
?236int platform_device_add(struct platform_device *pdev)
?237{
?238??????? int i, ret = 0;
?239
?240??????? if (!pdev)
?241??????????????? return -EINVAL;
?242
初始化設(shè)備的parent為platform_bus，初始化驅(qū)備的總線為platform_bus_type。
?243??????? if (!pdev->dev.parent)
?244??????????????? pdev->dev.parent = &platform_bus;
?245
?246??????? pdev->dev.bus = &platform_bus_type;
?247
/*＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋
The platform_device.dev.bus_id is the canonical name for the devices.
It''s built from two components:
* platform_device.name ... which is also used to for driver matching.
* platform_device.id ... the device instance number, or else "-1"
to indicate there''s only one.
These are concatenated, so name/id "serial"/0 indicates bus_id "serial.0", and
"serial/3" indicates bus_id "serial.3"; both would use the platform_driver
named "serial". While "my_rtc"/-1 would be bus_id "my_rtc" (no instance id)
and use the platform_driver called "my_rtc".
＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋＋*/
?248??????? if (pdev->id != -1)
?249??????????????? snprintf(pdev->dev.bus_id, BUS_ID_SIZE, "%s.%d", pdev->name,
?250???????????????????????? pdev->id);
?251??????? else
?252??????????????? strlcpy(pdev->dev.bus_id, pdev->name, BUS_ID_SIZE);
?253
設(shè)置設(shè)備struct device 的bus_id成員，留心這個地方，在以后還需要用到這個的。
?254??????? for (i = 0; i < pdev->num_resources; i++) {
?255??????????????? struct resource *p, *r = &pdev->resource[i];
?256
?257??????????????? if (r->name == NULL)
?258??????????????????????? r->name = pdev->dev.bus_id;
?259
?260??????????????? p = r->parent;
?261??????????????? if (!p) {
?262??????????????????????? if (r->flags & IORESOURCE_MEM)
?263??????????????????????????????? p = &iomem_resource;
?264??????????????????????? else if (r->flags & IORESOURCE_IO)
?265??????????????????????????????? p = &ioport_resource;
?266??????????????? }
//resources分為兩種IORESOURCE_MEM和IORESOURCE_IO
?//CPU對外設(shè)IO端口物理地址的編址方式有兩種：I/O映射方式和內(nèi)存映射方式
?267
?268??????????????? if (p && insert_resource(p, r)) {
?269??????????????????????? printk(KERN_ERR
?270?????????????????????????????? "%s: failed to claim resource %d\n",
?271?????????????????????????????? pdev->dev.bus_id, i);
?272??????????????????????? ret = -EBUSY;
?273??????????????????????? goto failed;
?274??????????????? }
?275??????? }
?276
?277??????? pr_debug("Registering platform device ''%s''. Parent at %s\n",
?278???????????????? pdev->dev.bus_id, pdev->dev.parent->bus_id);
?279
?280??????? ret = device_add(&pdev->dev);
?281??????? if (ret == 0)
?282??????????????? return ret;
?283
?284 failed:
?285??????? while (--i >= 0)
?286??????????????? if (pdev->resource[i].flags & (IORESOURCE_MEM|IORESOURCE_IO))
?287??????????????????????? release_resource(&pdev->resource[i]);
?288??????? return ret;
?289}
?290EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(platform_device_add);
由platform_device_register和platform_device_add的實(shí)現(xiàn)可知，device_register()和platform_device_register()都會首先初始化設(shè)備
區(qū)別在于第二步：其實(shí)platform_device_add()包括device_add()，不過要先注冊resources，然后將設(shè)備掛接到特定的platform總線。
4??? device_driver和platform driver
Platform device是一種device自己是不會做事情的，要有人為它做事情，那就是platform driver。platform driver遵循linux系統(tǒng)的driver model。對于device的discovery/enumerate都不是driver自己完成的而是由由系統(tǒng)的driver注冊機(jī)制完成。 driver編寫人員只要將注冊必須的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)初始化并調(diào)用注冊driver的kernel API就可以了。
接下來來看platform_driver結(jié)構(gòu)體的原型定義，在http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/platform_device.h#L48中，代碼如下：
48 struct platform_driver {
? 49??????? int (*probe)(struct platform_device *);
? 50??????? int (*remove)(struct platform_device *);
? 51??????? void (*shutdown)(struct platform_device *);
? 52??????? int (*suspend)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state);
? 53??????? int (*suspend_late)(struct platform_device *, pm_message_t state);
? 54??????? int (*resume_early)(struct platform_device *);
? 55??????? int (*resume)(struct platform_device *);
? 56??????? struct device_driver driver;
? 57};
可見，它包含了設(shè)備操作的幾個功能函數(shù)，同時包含了一個device_driver結(jié)構(gòu)，說明device_driver是platform_driver的基類。驅(qū)動程序中需要初始化這個變量。下面看一下這個變量的定義，位于http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/device.h#L121中：
?
121struct device_driver {
?122??????? const char????????????? *name;
?123??????? struct bus_type???????? *bus;
?124
?125??????? struct module?????????? *owner;
?126??????? const char????????????? *mod_name;????? /* used for built-in modules */
?127
?128??????? int (*probe) (struct device *dev);
?129??????? int (*remove) (struct device *dev);
?130??????? void (*shutdown) (struct device *dev);
?131??????? int (*suspend) (struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
?132??????? int (*resume) (struct device *dev);
?133??????? struct attribute_group **groups;
?134
?135??????? struct driver_private *p;
?136};
device_driver提供了一些操作接口，但其并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，相當(dāng)于一些虛函數(shù)，由派生類platform_driver進(jìn)行重載，無論何種類 型的driver都是基于device_driver派生而來的，具體的各種操作都是基于統(tǒng)一的基類接口的，這樣就實(shí)現(xiàn)了面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計。
需要注意這兩個變量：name和owner。其作用主要是為了和相關(guān)的platform_device關(guān)聯(lián)起來，owner的作用是說明模塊的所有者，驅(qū)動程序中一般初始化為THIS_MODULE。
device_driver結(jié)構(gòu)中也有一個name變量。platform_driver從字面上來看就知道是設(shè)備驅(qū)動。設(shè)備驅(qū)動是為誰服務(wù)的呢？當(dāng)然是設(shè)備了。內(nèi)核正是通過這個一致性來為驅(qū)動程序找到資源，即 platform_device中的resource。
5??? driver_register 和platform_driver_register
內(nèi)核提供的platform_driver結(jié)構(gòu)體的注冊函數(shù)為platform_driver_register（），其原型定義在http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/platform.c#L458文件中，具體實(shí)現(xiàn)代碼如下：
439/**
?440 * platform_driver_register
?441 * @drv: platform driver structure
?442 */
?443int platform_driver_register(struct platform_driver *drv)
?444{
?445??????? drv->driver.bus = &platform_bus_type;
?? /*設(shè)置成platform_bus_type這個很重要，因?yàn)閐river和device是通過bus聯(lián)系在一起的，具體在本例中是通過? platform_bus_type中注冊的回調(diào)例程和屬性來是實(shí)現(xiàn)的， driver與device的匹配就是通過 platform_bus_type注冊的回調(diào)例程platform_match ()來完成的。*/
?446??????? if (drv->probe)
?447??????????????? drv->driver.probe = platform_drv_probe;
?//在really_probe函數(shù)中，回調(diào)了platform_drv_probe函數(shù)
448??????? if (drv->remove)
?449??????????????? drv->driver.remove = platform_drv_remove;
?450??????? if (drv->shutdown)
?451??????????????? drv->driver.shutdown = platform_drv_shutdown;
?452??????? if (drv->suspend)
?453??????????????? drv->driver.suspend = platform_drv_suspend;
?454??????? if (drv->resume)
?455??????????????? drv->driver.resume = platform_drv_resume;
?456??????? return driver_register(&drv->driver);
?457}
?458EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(platform_driver_register);
不要被上面的platform_drv_XXX嚇倒了，它們其實(shí)很簡單，就是將struct device轉(zhuǎn)換為struct platform_device和struct platform_driver，然后調(diào)用platform_driver中的相應(yīng)接口函數(shù)。那為什么不直接調(diào)用platform_drv_XXX等接口 呢？這就是Linux內(nèi)核中面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計思想。
device_driver提供了一些操作接口，但其并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，相當(dāng)于一些虛函數(shù)，由派生類platform_driver進(jìn)行重載，無論何種類 型的driver都是基于device_driver派生而來的，device_driver中具體的各種操作都是基于統(tǒng)一的基類接口的，這樣就實(shí)現(xiàn)了面 向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計。
在文件http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/driver.c#L234中，實(shí)現(xiàn)了driver_register()函數(shù)。
209/**
?210 * driver_register - register driver with bus
?211 * @drv: driver to register
?212 *
?213 * We pass off most of the work to the bus_add_driver() call,
?214 * since most of the things we have to do deal with the bus
?215 * structures.
?216 */
?217int driver_register(struct device_driver *drv)
?218{
?219??????? int ret;
?220
//如果總線的方法和設(shè)備自己的方法同時存在，將打印告警信息，對于platform bus，其沒有probe等接口
?221??????? if ((drv->bus->probe && drv->probe) ||
?222??????????? (drv->bus->remove && drv->remove) ||
?223??????????? (drv->bus->shutdown && drv->shutdown))
?224??????????????? printk(KERN_WARNING "Driver ''%s'' needs updating - please use "
?225??????????????????????? "bus_type methods\n", drv->name);
?226??????? ret = bus_add_driver(drv);
?227??????? if (ret)
?228??????????????? return ret;
?229??????? ret = driver_add_groups(drv, drv->groups);
?230??????? if (ret)
?231??????????????? bus_remove_driver(drv);
?232??????? return ret;
?233}
?234EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(driver_register);
226??????? 其主要將驅(qū)動掛接到總線上，通過總線來驅(qū)動設(shè)備。
644/**
?645 * bus_add_driver - Add a driver to the bus.
?646 * @drv: driver.
?647 */
?648int bus_add_driver(struct device_driver *drv)
?649{
?650??????? struct bus_type *bus;
?651??????? struct driver_private *priv;
?652??????? int error = 0;
?653
?654??????? bus = bus_get(drv->bus);
?655??????? if (!bus)
?656??????????????? return -EINVAL;
?657
?658??????? pr_debug("bus: ''%s'': add driver %s\n", bus->name, drv->name);
?659
?660??????? priv = kzalloc(sizeof(*priv), GFP_KERNEL);
?661??????? if (!priv) {
?662??????????????? error = -ENOMEM;
?663??????????????? goto out_put_bus;
?664??????? }
?665??????? klist_init(&priv->klist_devices, NULL, NULL);
?666??????? priv->driver = drv;
?667??????? drv->p = priv;
?668??????? priv->kobj.kset = bus->p->drivers_kset;
?669??????? error = kobject_init_and_add(&priv->kobj, &driver_ktype, NULL,
?670???????????????????????????????????? "%s", drv->name);
?671??????? if (error)
?672??????????????? goto out_unregister;
?673
?674??????? if (drv->bus->p->drivers_autoprobe) {
?675??????????????? error = driver_attach(drv);
?676??????????????? if (error)
?677??????????????????????? goto out_unregister;
?678??????? }
?679??????? klist_add_tail(&priv->knode_bus, &bus->p->klist_drivers);
?680??????? module_add_driver(drv->owner, drv);
?681
?682??????? error = driver_create_file(drv, &driver_attr_uevent);
?683??????? if (error) {
?684??????????????? printk(KERN_ERR "%s: uevent attr (%s) failed\n",
?685??????????????????????? __FUNCTION__, drv->name);
?686??????? }
?687??????? error = driver_add_attrs(bus, drv);
?688??????? if (error) {
?689??????????????? /* How the hell do we get out of this pickle? Give up */
?690??????????????? printk(KERN_ERR "%s: driver_add_attrs(%s) failed\n",
?691??????????????????????? __FUNCTION__, drv->name);
?692??????? }
?693??????? error = add_bind_files(drv);
?694??????? if (error) {
?695??????????????? /* Ditto */
?696??????????????? printk(KERN_ERR "%s: add_bind_files(%s) failed\n",
?697??????????????????????? __FUNCTION__, drv->name);
?698??????? }
?699
?700??????? kobject_uevent(&priv->kobj, KOBJ_ADD);
?701??????? return error;
?702out_unregister:
?703??????? kobject_put(&priv->kobj);
?704out_put_bus:
?705??????? bus_put(bus);
?706??????? return error;
?707}
如果總線上的driver是自動probe的話，則將該總線上的driver和device綁定起來。
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/dd.c#L285
272/**
?273 * driver_attach - try to bind driver to devices.
?274 * @drv: driver.
?275 *
?276 * Walk the list of devices that the bus has on it and try to
?277 * match the driver with each one.? If driver_probe_device()
?278 * returns 0 and the @dev->driver is set, we''ve found a
?279 * compatible pair.
?280 */
?281int driver_attach(struct device_driver *drv)
?282{
?283??????? return bus_for_each_dev(drv->bus, NULL, drv, __driver_attach);
?284}
?285EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(driver_attach);
掃描該總線上的每一個設(shè)備，將當(dāng)前driver和總線上的設(shè)備進(jìn)行match，如果匹配成功，則將設(shè)備和driver綁定起來。
246static int __driver_attach(struct device *dev, void *data)
?247{
?248??????? struct device_driver *drv = data;
?249
?250??????? /*
?251???????? * Lock device and try to bind to it. We drop the error
?252???????? * here and always return 0, because we need to keep trying
?253???????? * to bind to devices and some drivers will return an error
?254???????? * simply if it didn''t support the device.
?255???????? *
?256???????? * driver_probe_device() will spit a warning if there
?257???????? * is an error.
?258???????? */
?259
?260??????? if (dev->parent)??????? /* Needed for USB */
?261??????????????? down(&dev->parent->sem);
?262??????? down(&dev->sem);
?263??????? if (!dev->driver)
?264??????????????? driver_probe_device(drv, dev);
?265??????? up(&dev->sem);
?266??????? if (dev->parent)
?267??????????????? up(&dev->parent->sem);
?268
?269??????? return 0;
?270}
263，如果該設(shè)備尚沒有匹配的driver，則嘗試匹配。
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/dd.c#L187
170/**
?171 * driver_probe_device - attempt to bind device & driver together
?172 * @drv: driver to bind a device to
?173 * @dev: device to try to bind to the driver
?174 *
?175 * First, we call the bus''s match function, if one present, which should
?176 * compare the device IDs the driver supports with the device IDs of the
?177 * device. Note we don''t do this ourselves because we don''t know the
?178 * format of the ID structures, nor what is to be considered a match and
?179 * what is not.
?180 *
?181 * This function returns 1 if a match is found, -ENODEV if the device is
?182 * not registered, and 0 otherwise.
?183 *
?184 * This function must be called with @dev->sem held.? When called for a
?185 * USB interface, @dev->parent->sem must be held as well.
?186 */
?187int driver_probe_device(struct device_driver *drv, struct device *dev)
?188{
?189??????? int ret = 0;
?190
?191??????? if (!device_is_registered(dev))
?192??????????????? return -ENODEV;
?193??????? if (drv->bus->match && !drv->bus->match(dev, drv))
?194??????????????? goto done;
?195
?196??????? pr_debug("bus: ''%s'': %s: matched device %s with driver %s\n",
?197???????????????? drv->bus->name, __FUNCTION__, dev->bus_id, drv->name);
?198
?199??????? ret = really_probe(dev, drv);
?200
?201done:
?202??????? return ret;
?203}
193，如果該總線上的設(shè)備需要進(jìn)行匹配，則驗(yàn)證是否匹配。對于platform總線，其匹配過程如下：
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/platform.c#L555
542/**
?543 * platform_match - bind platform device to platform driver.
?544 * @dev: device.
?545 * @drv: driver.
?546 *
?547 * Platform device IDs are assumed to be encoded like this:
?548 * "", where is a short description of the type of
?549 * device, like "pci" or "floppy", and is the enumerated
?550 * instance of the device, like ''0'' or ''42''.? Driver IDs are simply
?551 * "".? So, extract the from the platform_device structure,
?552 * and compare it against the name of the driver. Return whether they match
?553 * or not.
?554 */
?555static int platform_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
?556{
?557??????? struct platform_device *pdev;
?558
?559??????? pdev = container_of(dev, struct platform_device, dev);
?560??????? return (strncmp(pdev->name, drv->name, BUS_ID_SIZE) == 0);
?561}
560，簡單的進(jìn)行字符串匹配，這也是我們強(qiáng)調(diào)platform_device和platform_driver中的name屬性需要一致的原因。
匹配成功后，則調(diào)用probe接口。
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/dd.c#L101
? 98static atomic_t probe_count = ATOMIC_INIT(0);
? 99static DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(probe_waitqueue);
?100
?101static int really_probe(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
?102{
?103??????? int ret = 0;
?104
?105??????? atomic_inc(&probe_count);
?106??????? pr_debug("bus: ''%s'': %s: probing driver %s with device %s\n",
?107???????????????? drv->bus->name, __FUNCTION__, drv->name, dev->bus_id);
?108??????? WARN_ON(!list_empty(&dev->devres_head));
?109
?110??????? dev->driver = drv;
?111??????? if (driver_sysfs_add(dev)) {
?112??????????????? printk(KERN_ERR "%s: driver_sysfs_add(%s) failed\n",
?113??????????????????????? __FUNCTION__, dev->bus_id);
?114??????????????? goto probe_failed;
?115??????? }
?116
?117??????? if (dev->bus->probe) {
?118??????????????? ret = dev->bus->probe(dev);
?119??????????????? if (ret)
?120??????????????????????? goto probe_failed;
?121??????? } else if (drv->probe) {
?122??????????????? ret = drv->probe(dev);
?123??????????????? if (ret)
?124??????????????????????? goto probe_failed;
?125??????? }
?126
?127??????? driver_bound(dev);
?128??????? ret = 1;
?129??????? pr_debug("bus: ''%s'': %s: bound device %s to driver %s\n",
?130???????????????? drv->bus->name, __FUNCTION__, dev->bus_id, drv->name);
?131??????? goto done;
?132
?133probe_failed:
?134??????? devres_release_all(dev);
?135??????? driver_sysfs_remove(dev);
?136??????? dev->driver = NULL;
?137
?138??????? if (ret != -ENODEV && ret != -ENXIO) {
?139??????????????? /* driver matched but the probe failed */
?140??????????????? printk(KERN_WARNING
?141?????????????????????? "%s: probe of %s failed with error %d\n",
?142?????????????????????? drv->name, dev->bus_id, ret);
?143??????? }
?144??????? /*
?145???????? * Ignore errors returned by ->probe so that the next driver can try
?146???????? * its luck.
?147???????? */
?148??????? ret = 0;
?149done:
?150??????? atomic_dec(&probe_count);
?151??????? wake_up(&probe_waitqueue);
?152??????? return ret;
?153}
?154
如果bus和driver同時具備probe方法，則優(yōu)先調(diào)用總線的probe函數(shù)。否則調(diào)用device_driver的probe函數(shù)，此 probe函數(shù)是經(jīng)過各種類型的driver重載的函數(shù)，這就實(shí)現(xiàn)了利用基類的統(tǒng)一方法來實(shí)現(xiàn)不同的功能。對于platform_driver來說，其就 是：
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/platform.c#L394
394static int platform_drv_probe(struct device *_dev)
?395{
?396??????? struct platform_driver *drv = to_platform_driver(_dev->driver);
?397??????? struct platform_device *dev = to_platform_device(_dev);
?398
?399??????? return drv->probe(dev);
?400}
然后調(diào)用特定platform_driver所定義的操作方法，這個是在定義某個platform_driver時靜態(tài)指定的操作接口。
至此，platform_driver成功掛接到platform bus上了，并與特定的設(shè)備實(shí)現(xiàn)了綁定，并對設(shè)備進(jìn)行了probe處理。
6??? bus、device及driver三者之間的關(guān)系
在數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計上，總線、設(shè)備及驅(qū)動三者相互關(guān)聯(lián)。
platform device包含device，根據(jù)device可以獲得相應(yīng)的bus及driver。
設(shè)備添加到總線上后形成一個雙向循環(huán)鏈表，根據(jù)總線可以獲得其上掛接的所有device，進(jìn)而獲得了 platform device。根據(jù)device也可以獲得驅(qū)動該總線上所有設(shè)備的相關(guān)driver。
platform driver包含driver，根據(jù)driver可以獲得相應(yīng)的bus，進(jìn)而獲得bus上所有的device，進(jìn)一步獲得platform device，根據(jù)name對driver與platform device進(jìn)行匹配，匹配成功后將device與相應(yīng)的driver關(guān)聯(lián)起來，即實(shí)現(xiàn)了platform device和platform driver的關(guān)聯(lián)。
匹配成功后調(diào)用driver的probe進(jìn)而調(diào)用platform driver的probe，在probe里實(shí)現(xiàn)驅(qū)動特定的功能。
?
7??? 哪些適用于plarform驅(qū)動？
platform機(jī)制將設(shè)備本身的資源注冊進(jìn)內(nèi)核，由內(nèi)核統(tǒng)一管理，在驅(qū)動程序中使用這些資源 時通過platform device提供的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口進(jìn)行申請并使用。這樣提高了驅(qū)動和資源管理的獨(dú)立性，這樣擁有更好的可移植性。platform機(jī)制的本身使用并不復(fù)雜，由兩 部分組成：platform_device和platfrom_driver。Platform driver通過platform bus獲取platform_device。
通常情況下只要和內(nèi)核本身運(yùn)行依賴性不大的外圍設(shè)備，相對獨(dú)立的，擁有各自獨(dú)立的資源(地址總線和IRQs)，都可以用 platform_driver來管理，而timer，irq等小系統(tǒng)之內(nèi)的設(shè)備則最好不用platfrom_driver機(jī)制。
platform_device最大的特定是CPU直接尋址設(shè)備的寄存器空間，即使對于其他總線設(shè)備，設(shè)備本身的寄存器無法通過CPU總線訪問，但總線的controller仍然需要通過platform bus來管理。
總之，platfrom_driver的根本目的是為了統(tǒng)一管理系統(tǒng)的外設(shè)資源，為驅(qū)動程序提供統(tǒng)一的接口來訪問系統(tǒng)資源，將驅(qū)動和資源分離，提高程序的可移植性。
8??? 基于platform總線的驅(qū)動開發(fā)流程
基于Platform總線的驅(qū)動開發(fā)流程如下：
???? 定義初始化platform bus
???? 定義各種platform devices
???? 注冊各種platform devices
???? 定義相關(guān)platform driver
???? 注冊相關(guān)platform driver
???? 操作相關(guān)設(shè)備
?
圖 platform機(jī)制開發(fā)驅(qū)動流程
以S3C24xx平臺為例，來簡單講述下platform驅(qū)動的實(shí)現(xiàn)流程。
8.1??? 初始化platform_bus
Platform總線的初始化是在platform_bus_init()完成的，代碼如下:
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/platform.c#L621
? 26struct device platform_bus = {
? 27??????? .bus_id???????? = "platform",
? 28};
? 29EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(platform_bus);
621int __init platform_bus_init(void)
?622{
?623??????? int error;
?624
?625??????? error = device_register(&platform_bus);
?626??????? if (error)
?627??????????????? return error;
?628??????? error =? bus_register(&platform_bus_type);
?629??????? if (error)
?630??????????????? device_unregister(&platform_bus);
?631??????? return error;
?632}
該函數(shù)創(chuàng)建了一個名為 “platform”的設(shè)備，后續(xù)platform的設(shè)備都會以此為parent。在sysfs中表示為：所有platform類型的設(shè)備都會添加在 platform_bus所代表的目錄下，即 /sys/devices/platform下面。
-sh-3.1# ls /sys/devices/platform/???
Fixed MDIO bus.0???? fsl-i2c.0??????????? serial8250
fsl-ehci.0?????????? fsl-i2c.1??????????? serial8250.0
fsl-gianfar.0??????? mpc83xx_spi.0??????? uevent
fsl-gianfar.1??????? mpc83xx_wdt.0
fsl-gianfar_mdio.-5? power
-sh-3.1# ls /sys/
block/??? class/??? firmware/ kernel/?? power/????
bus/????? devices/? fs/?????? module/???
-sh-3.1# ls /sys/bus/
i2c/???????? of_platform/ pci_express/ scsi/??????? usb/?????????
mdio_bus/??? pci/???????? platform/??? spi/?????????
-sh-3.1# ls /sys/bus/i2c/
devices/?????????? drivers_autoprobe? uevent?????????????
drivers/?????????? drivers_probe???
-sh-3.1# ls /sys/bus/platform/devices/
Fixed MDIO bus.0/??? fsl-gianfar_mdio.-5/ mpc83xx_wdt.0/
fsl-ehci.0/????????? fsl-i2c.0/?????????? serial8250/
fsl-gianfar.0/?????? fsl-i2c.1/?????????? serial8250.0/
fsl-gianfar.1/?????? mpc83xx_spi.0/???????
-sh-3.1# ls /sys/bus/platform/drivers?
drivers/?????????? drivers_autoprobe? drivers_probe??????
-sh-3.1# ls /sys/bus/platform/drivers/
fsl-ehci/???????? fsl-gianfar_mdio/ mpc83xx_spi/????? serial8250/
fsl-gianfar/????? fsl-i2c/????????? mpc83xx_wdt/????
platform_bus必須在系統(tǒng)注冊任何platform driver和platform device之前初始化，那么這是如何實(shí)現(xiàn)的呢？
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/init.c
? 14/**
? 15 * driver_init - initialize driver model.
? 16 *
? 17 * Call the driver model init functions to initialize their
? 18 * subsystems. Called early from init/main.c.
? 19 */
? 20void __init driver_init(void)
? 21{
? 22??????? /* These are the core pieces */
? 23??????? devices_init();
? 24??????? buses_init();
? 25??????? classes_init();
? 26??????? firmware_init();
? 27??????? hypervisor_init();
? 28
? 29??????? /* These are also core pieces, but must come after the
? 30???????? * core core pieces.
? 31???????? */
? 32??????? platform_bus_init();
? 33??????? system_bus_init();
? 34??????? cpu_dev_init();
? 35??????? memory_dev_init();
? 36}
init/main.c
start_kernel? 》 rest_init? 》 kernel_init? 》 do_basic_setup》driver_init 》platform_bus_init
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/base/init.c#L32
724/*
?725 * Ok, the machine is now initialized. None of the devices
?726 * have been touched yet, but the CPU subsystem is up and
?727 * running, and memory and process management works.
?728 *
?729 * Now we can finally start doing some real work..
?730 */
?731static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
?732{
?733??????? /* drivers will send hotplug events */
?734??????? init_workqueues();
?735??????? usermodehelper_init();
?736??????? driver_init();
?737??????? init_irq_proc();
?738??????? do_initcalls();
?739}
platform driver和platform device的初始化是在do_initcalls中進(jìn)行的。
8.2??? 定義platform_device
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/devs.c#L276中定義了系統(tǒng)的資源，是一個高度可移植的文件，大部分板級資源都在這里集中定義。
274/* I2C */
?275
?276static struct resource s3c_i2c_resource[] = {
?277??????? [0] = {
?278??????????????? .start = S3C24XX_PA_IIC,
?279??????????????? .end?? = S3C24XX_PA_IIC + S3C24XX_SZ_IIC - 1,
?280??????????????? .flags = IORESOURCE_MEM,
?281??????? },
?282??????? [1] = {
?283??????????????? .start = IRQ_IIC,
?284??????????????? .end?? = IRQ_IIC,
?285??????????????? .flags = IORESOURCE_IRQ,
?286??????? }
?287
?288};
?289
?290struct platform_device s3c_device_i2c = {
?291??????? .name???????????? = "s3c2410-i2c",
?292??????? .id?????????????? = -1,
?293??????? .num_resources??? = ARRAY_SIZE(s3c_i2c_resource),
?294??????? .resource???????? = s3c_i2c_resource,
?295};
?296
?297EXPORT_SYMBOL(s3c_device_i2c);
設(shè)備名稱為s3c2410-i2c，“-1”只有一個i2c設(shè)備，兩個資源s3c_i2c_resource，分別為i2c控制器的寄存器空間和中斷信息。
8.3??? 注冊platform_device
定義了platform_device后，需要添加到系統(tǒng)中，就可以調(diào)用函數(shù)platform_add_devices。
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-smdk2440.c
smdk2440_devices將系統(tǒng)資源組織起來，統(tǒng)一注冊進(jìn)內(nèi)核。
151static struct platform_device *smdk2440_devices[] __initdata = {
?152??????? &s3c_device_usb,
?153??????? &s3c_device_lcd,
?154??????? &s3c_device_wdt,
?155??????? &s3c_device_i2c,
?156??????? &s3c_device_iis,
?157};
166static void __init smdk2440_machine_init(void)
?167{
?168??????? s3c24xx_fb_set_platdata(&smdk2440_fb_info);
?169
?170??????? platform_add_devices(smdk2440_devices, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk2440_devices));
?171??????? smdk_machine_init();
?172}
?173
?174MACHINE_START(S3C2440, "SMDK2440")
?175??????? /* Maintainer: Ben Dooks <ben@fluff.org> */
?176??????? .phys_io??????? = S3C2410_PA_UART,
?177??????? .io_pg_offst??? = (((u32)S3C24XX_VA_UART) >> 18) & 0xfffc,
?178??????? .boot_params??? = S3C2410_SDRAM_PA + 0x100,
?179
?180??????? .init_irq?????? = s3c24xx_init_irq,
?181??????? .map_io???????? = smdk2440_map_io,
?182??????? .init_machine?? = smdk2440_machine_init,
?183??????? .timer????????? = &s3c24xx_timer,
?184MACHINE_END
170??????? platform_add_devices(smdk2440_devices, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk2440_devices));
將 系統(tǒng)所有資源注冊進(jìn)系統(tǒng)，在此之前platform bus需要初始化成功，否則無法將platform devices掛接到platform bus上。為了保證platform drive初始化時，相關(guān)platform資源已經(jīng)注冊進(jìn)系統(tǒng)，smdk2440_machine_init需要很早執(zhí)行，而其作為平臺初始化 init_machine 時，將優(yōu)先于系統(tǒng)所有驅(qū)動的初始化。
其調(diào)用順序如下：
start_kernel》setup_arch》init_machine》arch_initcall(customize_machine)
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/arch/arm/kernel/setup.c#L788
786arch_initcall(customize_machine);
?787
?788void __init setup_arch(char **cmdline_p)
?789{
?790??????? struct tag *tags = (struct tag *)&init_tags;
?791??????? struct machine_desc *mdesc;
?792??????? char *from = default_command_line;
?793
?794??????? setup_processor();
?795??????? mdesc = setup_machine(machine_arch_type);
//根據(jù)machine id獲得移植時定義的machine desc結(jié)構(gòu)
?796??????? machine_name = mdesc->name;
?797
?798??????? if (mdesc->soft_reboot)
?799??????????????? reboot_setup("s");
?800
?801??????? if (__atags_pointer)
?802??????????????? tags = phys_to_virt(__atags_pointer);
?803??????? else if (mdesc->boot_params)
?804??????????????? tags = phys_to_virt(mdesc->boot_params);
?805
?806??????? /*
?807???????? * If we have the old style parameters, convert them to
?808???????? * a tag list.
?809???????? */
?810??????? if (tags->hdr.tag != ATAG_CORE)
?811??????????????? convert_to_tag_list(tags);
?812??????? if (tags->hdr.tag != ATAG_CORE)
?813??????????????? tags = (struct tag *)&init_tags;
?814
?815??????? if (mdesc->fixup)
?816??????????????? mdesc->fixup(mdesc, tags, &from, &meminfo);
?817
?818??????? if (tags->hdr.tag == ATAG_CORE) {
?819??????????????? if (meminfo.nr_banks != 0)
?820??????????????????????? squash_mem_tags(tags);
?821??????????????? save_atags(tags);
?822??????????????? parse_tags(tags);
?823??????? }
?824
?825??????? init_mm.start_code = (unsigned long) &_text;
?826??????? init_mm.end_code?? = (unsigned long) &_etext;
?827??????? init_mm.end_data?? = (unsigned long) &_edata;
?828??????? init_mm.brk??????? = (unsigned long) &_end;
?829
?830??????? memcpy(boot_command_line, from, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
?831??????? boot_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE-1] = ''\0'
?832??????? parse_cmdline(cmdline_p, from);
?833??????? paging_init(&meminfo, mdesc);
?834??????? request_standard_resources(&meminfo, mdesc);
?835
?836#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
?837??????? smp_init_cpus();
?838#endif
?839
?840??????? cpu_init();
?841
?842??????? /*
?843???????? * Set up various architecture-specific pointers
?844???????? */
?845??????? init_arch_irq = mdesc->init_irq;
?846??????? system_timer = mdesc->timer;
?847??????? init_machine = mdesc->init_machine;
//對init_machine指針賦值
?848
?849#ifdef CONFIG_VT
?850#if defined(CONFIG_VGA_CONSOLE)
?851??????? conswitchp = &vga_con;
?852#elif defined(CONFIG_DUMMY_CONSOLE)
?853??????? conswitchp = &dummy_con;
?854#endif
?855#endif
?856}
777static void (*init_machine)(void) __initdata;
?778
?779static int __init customize_machine(void)
?780{
?781??????? /* customizes platform devices, or adds new ones */
?782??????? if (init_machine)
?783??????????????? init_machine();
?784??????? return 0;
?785}
?786arch_initcall(customize_machine);
arch_initcall將customize_machine放在特定的段中，系統(tǒng)將在某個地方運(yùn)行所有的arch_initcall修飾的函數(shù)。
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/linux/init.h#L182
152#ifndef MODULE? //非可加載模塊，即編譯鏈接進(jìn)內(nèi)核的代碼
?153
?154#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
?155
?156/* initcalls are now grouped by functionality into separate?
?157 * subsections. Ordering inside the subsections is determined
?158 * by link order.?
?159 * For backwards compatibility, initcall() puts the call in?
?160 * the device init subsection.
?161 *
?162 * The `id'' arg to __define_initcall() is needed so that multiple initcalls
?163 * can point at the same handler without causing duplicate-symbol build errors.
?164 */
?165
?166#define __define_initcall(level,fn,id) \
?167??????? static initcall_t __initcall_##fn##id __used \
?168??????? __attribute__((__section__(".initcall" level ".init"))) = fn
?169
?170/*
?171 * A "pure" initcall has no dependencies on anything else, and purely
?172 * initializes variables that couldn''t be statically initialized.
?173 *
?174 * This only exists for built-in code, not for modules.
?175 */
?176#define pure_initcall(fn)?????????????? __define_initcall("0",fn,0)
?177
?178#define core_initcall(fn)?????????????? __define_initcall("1",fn,1)
?179#define core_initcall_sync(fn)????????? __define_initcall("1s",fn,1s)
?180#define postcore_initcall(fn)?????????? __define_initcall("2",fn,2)
?181#define postcore_initcall_sync(fn)????? __define_initcall("2s",fn,2s)
?182#define arch_initcall(fn)?????????????? __define_initcall("3",fn,3)
?183#define arch_initcall_sync(fn)????????? __define_initcall("3s",fn,3s)
?184#define subsys_initcall(fn)???????????? __define_initcall("4",fn,4)
?185#define subsys_initcall_sync(fn)??????? __define_initcall("4s",fn,4s)
?186#define fs_initcall(fn)???????????????? __define_initcall("5",fn,5)
?187#define fs_initcall_sync(fn)??????????? __define_initcall("5s",fn,5s)
?188#define rootfs_initcall(fn)???????????? __define_initcall("rootfs",fn,rootfs)
?189#define device_initcall(fn)???????????? __define_initcall("6",fn,6)
?190#define device_initcall_sync(fn)??????? __define_initcall("6s",fn,6s)
?191#define late_initcall(fn)?????????????? __define_initcall("7",fn,7)
?192#define late_initcall_sync(fn)????????? __define_initcall("7s",fn,7s)
?193
?194#define __initcall(fn) device_initcall(fn)
?195
?196#define __exitcall(fn) \
?197??????? static exitcall_t __exitcall_##fn __exit_call = fn
?198
。。。。。。。。。
?239#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
?240
?241/**
?242 * module_init() - driver initialization entry point
?243 * @x: function to be run at kernel boot time or module insertion
?244 *?
?245 * module_init() will either be called during do_initcalls() (if
?246 * builtin) or at module insertion time (if a module).? There can only
?247 * be one per module.
?248 */
?249#define module_init(x)? __initcall(x);
?250
?251/**
?252 * module_exit() - driver exit entry point
?253 * @x: function to be run when driver is removed
?254 *?
?255 * module_exit() will wrap the driver clean-up code
?256 * with cleanup_module() when used with rmmod when
?257 * the driver is a module.? If the driver is statically
?258 * compiled into the kernel, module_exit() has no effect.
?259 * There can only be one per module.
?260 */
?261#define module_exit(x)? __exitcall(x);
?262
?263#else /* MODULE */
各種xx_core_initcall被定義到了不同的分級的段中
所以arch_initcall == __initcall_fn3 它將被鏈接器放于section? .initcall3.init. 中
module_init()==__initcall(fn)==device_initcall(fn)== __initcall_fn6
各個段的優(yōu)先級由鏈接腳本定義
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h#L328
#define INITCALLS?????? \
?? *(.initcall0.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall0s.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall1.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall1s.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall2.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall2s.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall3.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall3s.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall4.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall4s.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall5.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall5s.init)????? \
?*(.initcallrootfs.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall6.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall6s.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall7.init)????? \
?? *(.initcall7s.init)
這個__initcall_start是在文件arch/xxx/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S定義的:
__initcall_start = .;
?? INITCALLS
? __initcall_end = .;
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/init/main.c#L664
664static void __init do_initcalls(void)
?665{
?666??????? initcall_t *call;
?667??????? int count = preempt_count();
?668
?669??????? for (call = __initcall_start; call < __initcall_end; call++) {
.。。。。
?682
?683??????????????? result = (*call)();
?684
。。。 }???????????????
?720??????? /* Make sure there is no pending stuff from the initcall sequence */
?721??????? flush_scheduled_work();
?722}
因此__initcall_fnx，數(shù)字越小，越先被調(diào)用，故arch_initcall優(yōu)先于module_init所修飾的函數(shù)。
arch_initcall修飾的函數(shù)的調(diào)用順序如下：
start_kernel? 》 rest_init（在setup_arch之后）? 》 kernel_init? 》 do_basic_setup》do_initcalls（在driver_init()之后） ，因?yàn)閜latform_bus_init在此之前已經(jīng)初始化完畢了，便可將設(shè)備掛接到總線上了。
8.4??? 定義platform_driver
Platform bus和設(shè)備都定義好了后，需要定義一個platform driver用來驅(qū)動此設(shè)備。
對于設(shè)備來說：
290struct platform_device s3c_device_i2c = {
?291??????? .name???????????? = "s3c2410-i2c",
?292??????? .id?????????????? = -1,
?293??????? .num_resources??? = ARRAY_SIZE(s3c_i2c_resource),
?294??????? .resource???????? = s3c_i2c_resource,
?295};
?296
?297EXPORT_SYMBOL(s3c_device_i2c);
根據(jù)platform總線上device和driver的匹配規(guī)則可知，I2C 的platform driver的名字是s3c2410-i2c。
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-s3c2410.c#L1
903/* device driver for platform bus bits */
?904
?905static struct platform_driver s3c2410_i2c_driver = {
?906??????? .probe????????? = s3c24xx_i2c_probe,
?907??????? .remove???????? = s3c24xx_i2c_remove,
?908??????? .resume???????? = s3c24xx_i2c_resume,
?909??????? .driver???????? = {
?910??????????????? .owner? = THIS_MODULE,
?911??????????????? .name?? = "s3c2410-i2c",
?912??????? },
?913};
8.5??? 注冊platform_driver
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-s3c2410.c#L1
925static int __init i2c_adap_s3c_init(void)
?926{
?927??????? int ret;
?928
?929??????? ret = platform_driver_register(&s3c2410_i2c_driver);
?930??????? if (ret == 0) {
?931??????????????? ret = platform_driver_register(&s3c2440_i2c_driver);
?932??????????????? if (ret)
?933??????????????????????? platform_driver_unregister(&s3c2410_i2c_driver);
?934??????? }
?935
?936??????? return ret;
?937}
?938
945module_init(i2c_adap_s3c_init);
?946module_exit(i2c_adap_s3c_exit);
在i2c_adap_s3c_init中注冊s3c2410_i2c_driver，那么i2c_adap_s3c_init何時執(zhí)行的呢？module_init(i2c_adap_s3c_init)表明其存放在initcall段，調(diào)用順序如下：
init/main.c
start_kernel? 》 rest_init? 》 kernel_init? 》 do_basic_setup》do_initcalls，因?yàn)閜latform_bus_init在此之前已經(jīng)初始化完畢了，且設(shè)備已經(jīng)注冊到內(nèi)核中 了，驅(qū)動將和內(nèi)核綁定，并最終調(diào)用s3c24xx_i2c_probe。
748/* s3c24xx_i2c_probe
?749 *
?750 * called by the bus driver when a suitable device is found
?751*/
?752
?753static int s3c24xx_i2c_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
?754{
?755??????? struct s3c24xx_i2c *i2c = &s3c24xx_i2c;
?756??????? struct resource *res;
?757??????? int ret;
?758
?759??????? /* find the clock and enable it */
?760
?761??????? i2c->dev = &pdev->dev;
?762??????? i2c->clk = clk_get(&pdev->dev, "i2c");
?763??????? if (IS_ERR(i2c->clk)) {
?764??????????????? dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot get clock\n");
?765??????????????? ret = -ENOENT;
?766??????????????? goto err_noclk;
?767??????? }
?768
?769??????? dev_dbg(&pdev->dev, "clock source %p\n", i2c->clk);
?770
?771??????? clk_enable(i2c->clk);
?772
?773??????? /* map the registers */
?774
?775??????? res = platform_get_resource(pdev, IORESOURCE_MEM, 0);
?776??????? if (res == NULL) {
?777??????????????? dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot find IO resource\n");
?778??????????????? ret = -ENOENT;
?779??????????????? goto err_clk;
?780??????? }
?781
?782??????? i2c->ioarea = request_mem_region(res->start, (res->end-res->start)+1,
?783???????????????????????????????????????? pdev->name);
?784
?785??????? if (i2c->ioarea == NULL) {
?786??????????????? dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot request IO\n");
?787??????????????? ret = -ENXIO;
?788??????????????? goto err_clk;
?789??????? }
?790
?791??????? i2c->regs = ioremap(res->start, (res->end-res->start)+1);
?792
?793??????? if (i2c->regs == NULL) {
?794??????????????? dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot map IO\n");
?795??????????????? ret = -ENXIO;
?796??????????????? goto err_ioarea;
?797??????? }
?798
?799??????? dev_dbg(&pdev->dev, "registers %p (%p, %p)\n", i2c->regs, i2c->ioarea, res);
?800
?801??????? /* setup info block for the i2c core */
?802
?803??????? i2c->adap.algo_data = i2c;
?804??????? i2c->adap.dev.parent = &pdev->dev;
?805
?806??????? /* initialise the i2c controller */
?807
?808??????? ret = s3c24xx_i2c_init(i2c);
?809??????? if (ret != 0)
?810??????????????? goto err_iomap;
?811
?812??????? /* find the IRQ for this unit (note, this relies on the init call to
?813???????? * ensure no current IRQs pending?
?814???????? */
?815
?816??????? res = platform_get_resource(pdev, IORESOURCE_IRQ, 0);
?817??????? if (res == NULL) {
?818??????????????? dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot find IRQ\n");
?819??????????????? ret = -ENOENT;
?820??????????????? goto err_iomap;
?821??????? }
?822
?823??????? ret = request_irq(res->start, s3c24xx_i2c_irq, IRQF_DISABLED,
?824????????????????????????? pdev->name, i2c);
?825
?826??????? if (ret != 0) {
?827??????????????? dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot claim IRQ\n");
?828??????????????? goto err_iomap;
?829??????? }
?830
?831??????? i2c->irq = res;
?832????????????????
?833??????? dev_dbg(&pdev->dev, "irq resource %p (%lu)\n", res,
?834??????????????? (unsigned long)res->start);
?835
?836??????? ret = i2c_add_adapter(&i2c->adap);
?837??????? if (ret < 0) {
?838??????????????? dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to add bus to i2c core\n");
?839??????????????? goto err_irq;
?840??????? }
?841
?842??????? platform_set_drvdata(pdev, i2c);
?843
?844??????? dev_info(&pdev->dev, "%s: S3C I2C adapter\n", i2c->adap.dev.bus_id);
?845??????? return 0;
?846
?847 err_irq:
?848??????? free_irq(i2c->irq->start, i2c);
?849
?850 err_iomap:
?851??????? iounmap(i2c->regs);
?852
?853 err_ioarea:
?854??????? release_resource(i2c->ioarea);
?855??????? kfree(i2c->ioarea);
?856
?857 err_clk:
?858??????? clk_disable(i2c->clk);
?859??????? clk_put(i2c->clk);
?860
?861 err_noclk:
?862??????? return ret;
?863}
當(dāng)進(jìn)入probe函數(shù)后，需要獲取設(shè)備的資源信息，常用獲取資源的函數(shù)主要是：
struct resource * platform_get_resource(struct platform_device *dev, unsigned int type, unsigned int num);
根據(jù)參數(shù)type所指定類型，例如IORESOURCE_MEM，來獲取指定的資源。
struct int platform_get_irq(struct platform_device *dev, unsigned int num);
獲取資源中的中斷號。
struct resource * platform_get_resource_byname(struct platform_device *dev, unsigned int type, char *name);
根據(jù)參數(shù)name所指定的名稱，來獲取指定的資源。
int platform_get_irq_byname(struct platform_device *dev, char *name);
根據(jù)參數(shù)name所指定的名稱，來獲取資源中的中斷號。
此probe函數(shù)獲取物理IO空間，通過request_mem_region和ioremap等操作物理地址轉(zhuǎn)換成內(nèi)核中的虛擬地址，初始化 I2C控制器，通過platform_get_irq或platform_get_resource得到設(shè)備的中斷號以后，就可以調(diào)用 request_irq函數(shù)來向系統(tǒng)注冊中斷，并將此I2C控制器添加到系統(tǒng)中。
8.6??? 操作設(shè)備
進(jìn)行了platform_device_register 和platform_driver_register后，驅(qū)動的相應(yīng)信息就出現(xiàn)在sys目錄的相應(yīng)文件夾下，然后，我們該如何調(diào)用設(shè)備呢？？怎么對設(shè)備進(jìn)行打開讀寫等操作呢？？？
Platform總線只是為了方便管理掛接在CPU總線上的設(shè)備，與用戶空間的交互，如讀寫還是需要利用file_operations。當(dāng)然如果此platform設(shè)備無需和用戶空間交互，則無需file_operations實(shí)例。
對于I2C總線來說，其file_operations如下：
http://lxr.linux.no/#linux+v2.6.25/drivers/i2c/i2c-core.c#L461
?478static const struct file_operations i2cdev_fops = {
?479??????? .owner????????? = THIS_MODULE,
?480??????? .llseek???????? = no_llseek,
?481??????? .read?????????? = i2cdev_read,
?482??????? .write????????? = i2cdev_write,
?483??????? .ioctl????????? = i2cdev_ioctl,
?484??????? .open?????????? = i2cdev_open,
?485??????? .release??????? = i2cdev_release,
?486};
其和platform bus的區(qū)別在于，platform bus提供機(jī)制訪問I2C 控制器本身的資源，而I2C總線提供訪問I2C 控制器上掛接的I2C設(shè)備的機(jī)制。
原文地址：http://blog.csdn.net/sailor_8318/archive/2010/01/29/5267698.aspx
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