什么是Requests

之前講解了爬蟲筆記：Urllib庫詳解發現確實有不方便的地方，比如加一個代理，cookie，發送post請求比較繁瑣。
Request庫能用幾句話實現這些。

Requests 是?Python語?編寫，基于 urllib，采?
Apache2 Licensed 開源協議的 HTTP 庫。
它? urllib 更加?便，可以節約我們?量的?作，完全滿?
HTTP 測試需求。
?句話——Python實現的簡單易?的HTTP庫
安裝

pip3 install requests
或者
pip install requests

用法講解

實例引入

import requestsresponse = requests.get(r'https://www.2345.com/?38001') print(type(response)) print(response.status_code)#狀態碼 print(type(response.text)) print(response.text)#文本 print(response.cookies)#cookies print('結束')

各種請求方式

import requests requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post') requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put') requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete') requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get') requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

基本get請求

import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print(response.text)

帶參數的get請求
（在url后拼接，需要用？號分割，用&與號進行連接）

### 帶參數GET請求 import requests response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22") print(response.text)

參數在args中

帶參數的get請求（前面用？& 比較復雜，可以用字典形式進行傳值）

import requestsdata = {'name': 'germey','age': 22 } response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data) print(response.text)

解析json

import requests import jsonresponse = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(type(response.text)) print(response.json())#response直接解析成json print(json.loads(response.text))#通過json解析庫來解析 print(type(response.json()))

獲取二進制數據
二進制數據指圖片或者視頻

import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico") print(type(response.text), type(response.content)) print(response.text) print(response.content)

圖片下載

import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico") with open('favicon.ico', 'wb') as f:f.write(response.content)f.close()

添加headers
在進行爬蟲時添加headers很有必要，如果不添加，很可能把你禁掉

import requestsheaders = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3947.100 Safari/537.36'} response = requests.get("https://blog.csdn.net/KOBEYU652453/", headers=headers) print(response.text)

基本POST請求

import requestsdata = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'} response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data) print(response.text)

帶headers

import requestsdata = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'} headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36' } response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers) print(response.json())

reponse屬性

import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com') print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)#狀態碼 print(type(response.headers), response.headers)#請求頭 print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)#cookies print(type(response.url), response.url)#網址 print(type(response.history), response.history)#訪問歷史記錄

狀態碼判斷

100: ('continue',), 101: ('switching_protocols',), 102: ('processing',), 103: ('checkpoint',), 122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'), 200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '?'), 201: ('created',), 202: ('accepted',), 203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'), 204: ('no_content',), 205: ('reset_content', 'reset'), 206: ('partial_content', 'partial'), 207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'), 208: ('already_reported',), 226: ('im_used',),# Redirection. 300: ('multiple_choices',), 301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'), 302: ('found',), 303: ('see_other', 'other'), 304: ('not_modified',), 305: ('use_proxy',), 306: ('switch_proxy',), 307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'), 308: ('permanent_redirect','resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0# Client Error. 400: ('bad_request', 'bad'), 401: ('unauthorized',), 402: ('payment_required', 'payment'), 403: ('forbidden',), 404: ('not_found', '-o-'), 405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'), 406: ('not_acceptable',), 407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'), 408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'), 409: ('conflict',), 410: ('gone',), 411: ('length_required',), 412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'), 413: ('request_entity_too_large',), 414: ('request_uri_too_large',), 415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'), 416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'), 417: ('expectation_failed',), 418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'), 421: ('misdirected_request',), 422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'), 423: ('locked',), 424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'), 425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'), 426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'), 428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'), 429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'), 431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'), 444: ('no_response', 'none'), 449: ('retry_with', 'retry'), 450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'), 451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'), 499: ('client_closed_request',),# Server Error. 500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '?'), 501: ('not_implemented',), 502: ('bad_gateway',), 503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'), 504: ('gateway_timeout',), 505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'), 506: ('variant_also_negotiates',), 507: ('insufficient_storage',), 509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'), 510: ('not_extended',), 511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'), import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com') exit() if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')

高級操作

文件上傳

import requestsfiles = {'file': open('meinv.jpg', 'rb')}#打開本地文件 response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files) print(response.text)

獲取cookie

import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com") print(response.cookies) for key, value in response.cookies.items():print(key + '=' + value)

模擬登錄

先設置cookies，再獲取cookies

import requestsrequests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')#先設置cookies ：number/123456789 response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')#拿到cookies print(response.text)

cookie 為空，因為代碼中的l兩次get為獨立請求。等于說一個瀏覽器里設置了cookie,再用另一個瀏覽器訪問。

如果要維持，必須先聲明session 對象。

import requestss = requests.Session()#打開一個會話 s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789') response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies') print(response.text)

代理設置

import requestsproxies = {"http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743","https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743", }response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code) import requestsproxies = {"http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/", } response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)

超時設置

import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout try:response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout:print('Timeout')

異常處理

import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException try:response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout:#超時print('Timeout') except ConnectionError:#網絡問題print('Connection error') except RequestException:#其他問題print('Error')

認證設置

import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuthr = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123')) print(r.status_code) import requestsr = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123')) print(r.status_code)

作者：電氣-余登武

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