ICWAI / ICWA：印度成本與工程會計師協(xié)會/印度兒童福利法 (ICWAI / ICWA: Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India / Indian Child Welfare Act)

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1)ICWAI：印度成本與工程會計師協(xié)會 (1) ICWAI: Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India)

ICWAI is an abbreviation of the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India. It is at present time called Institutes of Cost Accountants of India (ICMAI). The institute is a qualified and accredits body which also controls the cost and management accountancy profession in India. The main purpose of this professional accountancy body is to control, support, encourage and develop the profession of cost and management accountancy in India by offering guidance through coaching and preparation through training in the field of cost and management accountancy.

ICWAI是印度成本與工程會計師協(xié)會的縮寫 。 目前稱為印度成本會計師協(xié)會( ICMAI )。 該研究所是合格的認(rèn)證機構(gòu)，還控制印度的成本和管理會計專業(yè)。 該專業(yè)會計機構(gòu)的主要目的是通過提供指導(dǎo)，并通過成本和管理會計領(lǐng)域的培訓(xùn)提供準(zhǔn)備，從而控制，支持，鼓勵和發(fā)展印度的成本和管理會計專業(yè)。

On May 28, 1959, it was founded, under the Cost and Works Accountant Act, 1959. Its head office is situated in Kolkata and its regional offices are situated in New Delhi, Chennai and Mumbai in India.

1959年5月28日，根據(jù)1959年《成本和工程會計法》成立了該公司。其總公司位于加爾各答，其地區(qū)辦事處分別位于印度的新德里，金奈和孟買。

Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Cost_Accountants_of_India

圖片來源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Cost_Accountants_of_India

ICWAI標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (ICWAI Criteria)

• A student can become a Cost Accountant after the completion of the course, ICWA.

  完成課程ICWA后，學(xué)生可以成為成本會計。

• Cost Accountant is fundamentally a cost auditor who audits the cost sheets.

  從根本上說，成本會計師是對成本表進(jìn)行審計的成本審計員。

• Cost Accountants are an enormous demand in the government sector and a variety of private sectors such as pharmaceutical, banking, finance, and education.

  成本會計在政府部門以及制藥，銀行，金融和教育等各種私營部門中都有巨大的需求。

• A C.A can also operate independently as cost accountants or as a firm in a joint venture with other cost accountants.

  CA也可以作為成本會計師或與其他成本會計師合資的公司獨立運作。

2)ICWA：《印度兒童福利法》 (2) ICWA: Indian Child Welfare Act)

ICWA is an abbreviation of the Indian Child Welfare Act. It is a Federal Law for the wellbeing and benefits interest of American Indian Children. The law administers the jurisdiction over the elimination of Native American Indian children from their families in custody, foster care, and adoption cases.

ICWA是《印度兒童福利法》的縮寫 。 這是一項針對美國印第安兒童福利和利益利益的聯(lián)邦法律。 該法律對將美國原住民印第安兒童從其監(jiān)護(hù)，寄養(yǎng)和收養(yǎng)案件中的家庭中驅(qū)逐出境進(jìn)行管轄。

In 1978, the act was passed by the U.S. Congress to establish principles for the elimination and placement of American Indian children in foster and adoptive homes.

1978年，美國國會通過了該法案，確立了消除和安置美洲印第安人兒童收養(yǎng)和收養(yǎng)家庭的原則。

Image source: https://www.srmt-nsn.gov/indian_child_welfare_act_icwa

圖片來源：https://www.srmt-nsn.gov/indian_child_welfare_act_icwa

需要ICWA (Need of ICWA)

• The need for the act came when in American history a large number of American Indian and Alaska Native Children were eliminated from their families and placed in non-native foster and adoptive homes.

  當(dāng)在美國歷史上，大量的美洲印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民兒童從他們的家庭中被淘汰，并被安置在非本國的寄養(yǎng)和收養(yǎng)家庭中時，就需要采取這項行動。

• It is assumed that around 30 percent of the native children were eliminated from their families by the public and private agencies. This made them separated from their culture and identities.

  假定大約有30％的土著兒童被公共和私人機構(gòu)從其家庭中淘汰。 這使他們與自己的文化和身份分離。

• In 1978, all this inadequately affected the lives of tribal people and this led to the enforcement of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA).

  1978年，所有這些都不足以影響部落人民的生活，這導(dǎo)致了《印度兒童福利法》(ICWA)的執(zhí)行。

• The Act establishes the minimum federal necessities for the elimination of American Indian children from their families.

  該法案為消除美洲印第安人兒童的家庭規(guī)定了最低的聯(lián)邦必需品。

翻譯自: https://www.includehelp.com/dictionary/icwai-and-icwa-full-form.aspx

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