Nginx 0.8.x + PHP 5.2.13（FastCGI）搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器（第6版）
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Nginx 0.8.x + PHP 5.2.13（FastCGI）搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器（第6版）
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[文章作者：張宴 本文版本：v6.3 最后修改：
2010.07.26 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明原文鏈接：
http://blog.s135.com/nginx_php_v6/]
鏈接：《 2007年9月的第1版》、《 2007年12月的第2版》、《 2008年6月的第3版》、《 2008年8月的第4版》、《 2009年5月的第5版》
Nginx ("engine x") 是一個(gè)高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服務(wù)器，也是一個(gè) IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服務(wù)器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 為俄羅斯訪問(wèn)量第二的 Rambler.ru 站點(diǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)的，它已經(jīng)在該站點(diǎn)運(yùn)行超過(guò)三年了。Igor 將源代碼以類BSD許可證的形式發(fā)布。
Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和穩(wěn)定性，使得國(guó)內(nèi)使用 Nginx 作為 Web 服務(wù)器的網(wǎng)站也越來(lái)越多，其中包括 新浪博客、 新浪播客、 網(wǎng)易新聞、 騰訊網(wǎng)、 搜狐博客等門戶網(wǎng)站頻道， 六間房、 56.com等視頻分享網(wǎng)站， Discuz!官方論壇、 水木社區(qū)等知名論壇， 盛大在線、 金山逍遙網(wǎng)等網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲網(wǎng)站， 豆瓣、 人人網(wǎng)、 YUPOO相冊(cè)、 金山愛(ài)詞霸、 迅雷在線等新興Web 2.0網(wǎng)站。
Nginx 的官方中文維基： http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxChs
在高并發(fā)連接的情況下，Nginx是Apache服務(wù)器不錯(cuò)的替代品。Nginx同時(shí)也可以作為7層負(fù)載均衡服務(wù)器來(lái)使用。根據(jù)我的測(cè)試結(jié)果， Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 可以承受3萬(wàn)以上的并發(fā)連接數(shù)，相當(dāng)于同等環(huán)境下Apache的10倍。
根據(jù)我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，4GB內(nèi)存的服務(wù)器+Apache（prefork模式）一般只能處理3000個(gè)并發(fā)連接，因?yàn)樗鼈儗⒄加?GB以上的內(nèi)存，還得為系統(tǒng)預(yù)留1GB的內(nèi)存。我曾經(jīng)就有兩臺(tái)Apache服務(wù)器，因?yàn)樵谂渲梦募性O(shè)置的MaxClients為4000，當(dāng)Apache并發(fā)連接數(shù)達(dá)到3800時(shí)，導(dǎo)致服務(wù)器內(nèi)存和Swap空間用滿而崩潰。
而這臺(tái) Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服務(wù)器在3萬(wàn)并發(fā)連接下，開(kāi)啟的10個(gè)Nginx進(jìn)程消耗150M內(nèi)存（15M*10=150M），開(kāi)啟的64個(gè)php-cgi進(jìn)程消耗1280M內(nèi)存（20M*64=1280M），加上系統(tǒng)自身消耗的內(nèi)存，總共消耗不到2GB內(nèi)存。如果服務(wù)器內(nèi)存較小，完全可以只開(kāi)啟25個(gè)php-cgi進(jìn)程，這樣php-cgi消耗的總內(nèi)存數(shù)才500M。
在3萬(wàn)并發(fā)連接下，訪問(wèn)Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服務(wù)器的PHP程序，仍然速度飛快。下圖為Nginx的狀態(tài)監(jiān)控頁(yè)面，顯示的活動(dòng)連接數(shù)為28457（關(guān)于Nginx的監(jiān)控頁(yè)配置，會(huì)在本文接下來(lái)所給出的Nginx配置文件中寫(xiě)明）：
我生產(chǎn)環(huán)境下的兩臺(tái)Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服務(wù)器，跑多個(gè)一般復(fù)雜的純PHP動(dòng)態(tài)程序，單臺(tái)Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服務(wù)器跑PHP動(dòng)態(tài)程序的處理能力已經(jīng)超過(guò)“ 700次請(qǐng)求/秒”，相當(dāng)于每天可以承受6000萬(wàn)（700*60*60*24=60480000）的訪問(wèn)量（ 更多信息見(jiàn)此），而服務(wù)器的系統(tǒng)負(fù)載也不高：
2009年9月3日下午2：30，金山游戲《劍俠情緣網(wǎng)絡(luò)版叁》臨時(shí)維護(hù)1小時(shí)（ http://kefu.xoyo.com/gonggao/jx3/2009-09-03/750438.shtml），大量玩家上官網(wǎng)，論壇、評(píng)論、客服等動(dòng)態(tài)應(yīng)用Nginx服務(wù)器集群，每臺(tái)服務(wù)器的Nginx活動(dòng)連接數(shù)達(dá)到2.8萬(wàn)，這是筆者遇到的Nginx生產(chǎn)環(huán)境最高并發(fā)值。
下面是用100個(gè)并發(fā)連接分別去壓生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中同一負(fù)載均衡器VIP下、提供相同服務(wù)的兩臺(tái)服務(wù)器，一臺(tái)為Nginx，另一臺(tái)為Apache，Nginx每秒處理的請(qǐng)求數(shù)是Apache的兩倍多，Nginx服務(wù)器的系統(tǒng)負(fù)載、CPU使用率遠(yuǎn)低于Apache：
你可以將連接數(shù)開(kāi)到10000～30000，去壓Nginx和Apache上的phpinfo.php，這是用瀏覽器訪問(wèn)Nginx上的phpinfo.php一切正常，而訪問(wèn)Apache服務(wù)器的phpinfo.php，則是該頁(yè)無(wú)法顯示。4G內(nèi)存的服務(wù)器，即使再優(yōu)化，Apache也很難在“webbench -c 30000 -t 60 http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/phpinfo.php”的壓力情況下正常訪問(wèn)，而調(diào)整參數(shù)優(yōu)化后的Nginx可以。
webbench 下載地址： http://blog.s135.com/post/288/
注意：webbench 做壓力測(cè)試時(shí)，該軟件自身也會(huì)消耗CPU和內(nèi)存資源，為了測(cè)試準(zhǔn)確，請(qǐng)將 webbench 安裝在別的服務(wù)器上。
測(cè)試結(jié)果：##### Nginx + PHP #####
引用 [root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.
Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.
Speed=102450 pages/min, 16490596 bytes/sec.
Requests: 51225 susceed, 0 failed.
top - 14:06:13 up 27 days,??2:25,??2 users,??load average: 14.57, 9.89, 6.51
Tasks: 287 total,?? 4 running, 283 sleeping,?? 0 stopped,?? 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 49.9% us,??6.7% sy,??0.0% ni, 41.4% id,??1.1% wa,??0.1% hi,??0.8% si
Mem:?? 6230016k total,??2959468k used,??3270548k free,?? 635992k buffers
Swap:??2031608k total,???? 3696k used,??2027912k free,??1231444k cached
測(cè)試結(jié)果：#####??Apache + PHP #####
引用 [root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.
Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.
Speed=42184 pages/min, 31512914 bytes/sec.
Requests: 21092 susceed, 0 failed.
top - 14:06:20 up 27 days,??2:13,??2 users,??load average: 62.15, 26.36, 13.42
Tasks: 318 total,?? 7 running, 310 sleeping,?? 0 stopped,?? 1 zombie
Cpu(s): 80.4% us, 10.6% sy,??0.0% ni,??7.9% id,??0.1% wa,??0.1% hi,??0.9% si
Mem:?? 6230016k total,??3075948k used,??3154068k free,?? 379896k buffers
Swap:??2031608k total,????12592k used,??2019016k free,??1117868k cached
為什么Nginx的性能要比Apache高得多？這得益于Nginx使用了最新的epoll（Linux 2.6內(nèi)核）和kqueue（freebsd）網(wǎng)絡(luò)I/O模型，而Apache則使用的是傳統(tǒng)的select模型。目前Linux下能夠承受高并發(fā)訪問(wèn)的Squid、Memcached都采用的是epoll網(wǎng)絡(luò)I/O模型。
處理大量的連接的讀寫(xiě)，Apache所采用的select網(wǎng)絡(luò)I/O模型非常低效。下面用一個(gè)比喻來(lái)解析Apache采用的select模型和Nginx采用的epoll模型進(jìn)行之間的區(qū)別：
假設(shè)你在大學(xué)讀書(shū)，住的宿舍樓有很多間房間，你的朋友要來(lái)找你。select版宿管大媽就會(huì)帶著你的朋友挨個(gè)房間去找，直到找到你為止。而epoll版宿管大媽會(huì)先記下每位同學(xué)的房間號(hào)，你的朋友來(lái)時(shí)，只需告訴你的朋友你住在哪個(gè)房間即可，不用親自帶著你的朋友滿大樓找人。如果來(lái)了10000個(gè)人，都要找自己住這棟樓的同學(xué)時(shí)，select版和epoll版宿管大媽，誰(shuí)的效率更高，不言自明。同理，在高并發(fā)服務(wù)器中，輪詢I/O是最耗時(shí)間的操作之一，select和epoll的性能誰(shuí)的性能更高，同樣十分明了。
安裝步驟：
（系統(tǒng)要求：Linux 2.6+ 內(nèi)核，本文中的Linux操作系統(tǒng)為CentOS 5.3，另在RedHat AS4上也安裝成功）
一、獲取相關(guān)開(kāi)源程序：
1、【適用CentOS操作系統(tǒng)】利用CentOS Linux系統(tǒng)自帶的yum命令安裝、升級(jí)所需的程序庫(kù)（RedHat等其他Linux發(fā)行版可從安裝光盤(pán)中找到這些程序庫(kù)的RPM包，進(jìn)行安裝）：
sudo -s
LANG=C
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers
2、【適用RedHat操作系統(tǒng)】RedHat等其他Linux發(fā)行版可從安裝光盤(pán)中找到這些程序庫(kù)的RPM包（事先可通過(guò)類似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在，通常是“xxx-devel”不存在，需要安裝）。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安裝，以下是RPM包下載網(wǎng)址：
?、?、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/
?、?、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/
?、?、RPM包搜索網(wǎng)站
http://rpm.pbone.net/
http://www.rpmfind.net/
?、?、RedHat AS4 系統(tǒng)環(huán)境，通常情況下缺少的支持包安裝：
?、?、i386 系統(tǒng)
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
Ⅱ、x86_64 系統(tǒng)
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
3、【適用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系統(tǒng)】下載程序源碼包：
本文中提到的所有開(kāi)源軟件為截止到 2010年07月26日的最新穩(wěn)定版。
?、?、從軟件的官方網(wǎng)站下載：
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.14.tar.gz/from/this/mirror
wget http://php-fpm.org/downloads/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz
wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/
wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0"
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0"
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0"
wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz
wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.6.1/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.3.0.tgz
?、?、從 blog.s135.com下載（比較穩(wěn)定，只允許在本站，或者在Linux/Unix下通過(guò)Wget、Curl等命令下載以下軟件）：
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/php/php-5.2.14.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mysql/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/memcache/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pdo/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/imagick-2.3.0.tgz
二、安裝PHP 5.2.14（FastCGI模式）
1、編譯安裝PHP 5.2.14所需的支持庫(kù)：
tar zxvf libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.13.1/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
./configure
make
make install
/sbin/ldconfig
cd libltdl/
./configure --enable-ltdl-install
make
make install
cd ../../
tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
cd mhash-0.9.9.9/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1
ln -s /usr/local/bin/libmcrypt-config /usr/bin/libmcrypt-config
tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
cd mcrypt-2.6.8/
/sbin/ldconfig
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
2、編譯安裝MySQL 5.5.3-m3
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.5.3-m3/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=partition,innobase,myisammrg
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cd ../
附：以下為附加步驟，如果你想在這臺(tái)服務(wù)器上運(yùn)行MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，則執(zhí)行以下幾步。如果你只是希望讓PHP支持MySQL擴(kuò)展庫(kù)，能夠連接其他服務(wù)器上的MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，那么，以下兩步無(wú)需執(zhí)行。
?、?、創(chuàng)建MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)存放目錄
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/data/
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/
chown -R mysql:mysql /data0/mysql/
?、凇⒁詍ysql用戶帳號(hào)的身份建立數(shù)據(jù)表：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/data0/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql
?、?、創(chuàng)建my.cnf配置文件：
vi /data0/mysql/3306/my.cnf
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 [client]
character-set-server = utf8
port????= 3306
socket??= /tmp/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
character-set-server = utf8
replicate-ignore-db = mysql
replicate-ignore-db = test
replicate-ignore-db = information_schema
user????= mysql
port????= 3306
socket??= /tmp/mysql.sock
basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql
datadir = /data0/mysql/3306/data
log-error = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log
pid-file = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql.pid
open_files_limit????= 10240
back_log = 600
max_connections = 5000
max_connect_errors = 6000
table_cache = 614
external-locking = FALSE
max_allowed_packet = 32M
sort_buffer_size = 1M
join_buffer_size = 1M
thread_cache_size = 300
#thread_concurrency = 8
query_cache_size = 512M
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
default-storage-engine = MyISAM
thread_stack = 192K
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
tmp_table_size = 246M
max_heap_table_size = 246M
long_query_time = 3
log-slave-updates
log-bin = /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog
binlog_cache_size = 4M
binlog_format = MIXED
max_binlog_cache_size = 8M
max_binlog_size = 1G
relay-log-index = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
relay-log-info-file = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
relay-log = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
expire_logs_days = 30
key_buffer_size = 256M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
myisam_repair_threads = 1
myisam_recover
interactive_timeout = 120
wait_timeout = 120
skip-name-resolve
#master-connect-retry = 10
slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396
#master-host???? =?? 192.168.1.2
#master-user???? =?? username
#master-password =?? password
#master-port???? =??3306
server-id = 1
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend
innodb_file_io_threads = 4
innodb_thread_concurrency = 8
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
innodb_log_file_size = 128M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_file_per_table = 0
#log-slow-queries = /data0/mysql/3306/slow.log
#long_query_time = 10
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 32M
?、?、創(chuàng)建管理MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的shell腳本：
vi /data0/mysql/3306/mysql
輸入以下內(nèi)容（這里的用戶名admin和密碼12345678接下來(lái)的步驟會(huì)創(chuàng)建）：
#!/bin/sh
mysql_port=3306
mysql_username="admin"
mysql_password="12345678"
function_start_mysql()
{
????printf "Starting MySQL...\n"
????/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null &
}
function_stop_mysql()
{
????printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"
????/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown
}
function_restart_mysql()
{
????printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"
????function_stop_mysql
????sleep 5
????function_start_mysql
}
function_kill_mysql()
{
????kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'bin/mysqld_safe' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')
????kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'libexec/mysqld' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')
}
if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then
????function_start_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then
????function_stop_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "restart" ]; then
function_restart_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "kill" ]; then
function_kill_mysql
else
????printf "Usage: /data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start|stop|restart|kill}\n"
fi
?、荨①x予shell腳本可執(zhí)行權(quán)限：
chmod +x /data0/mysql/3306/mysql
?、?、啟動(dòng)MySQL：
/data0/mysql/3306/mysql start
?、?、通過(guò)命令行登錄管理MySQL服務(wù)器（提示輸入密碼時(shí)直接回車）：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock
⑧、輸入以下SQL語(yǔ)句，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)具有root權(quán)限的用戶（admin）和密碼（12345678）：
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';
?、?、（可選）停止MySQL：
/data0/mysql/3306/mysql stop
3、編譯安裝PHP（FastCGI模式）
tar zxvf php-5.2.14.tar.gz
gzip -cd php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.14 -p1
cd php-5.2.14/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets --with-ldap --with-ldap-sasl --with-xmlrpc --enable-zip --enable-soap
make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv'
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../
4、編譯安裝PHP5擴(kuò)展模塊
tar zxvf memcache-2.2.5.tgz
cd memcache-2.2.5/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2
cd eaccelerator-0.9.6.1/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz
cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf imagick-2.3.0.tgz
cd imagick-2.3.0/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
5、修改php.ini文件
手工修改：查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"
修改為extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
并在此行后增加以下幾行，然后保存：
extension = "memcache.so"
extension = "pdo_mysql.so"
extension = "imagick.so"
再查找output_buffering = Off
修改為output_buffering = On
再查找; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
修改為cgi.fix_pathinfo=0，防止Nginx文件類型錯(cuò)誤解析漏洞。
自動(dòng)修改：若嫌手工修改麻煩，可執(zhí)行以下shell命令，自動(dòng)完成對(duì)php.ini文件的修改：
sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\nextension = "imagick.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i "s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i "s#; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP：
mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
按shift+g鍵跳到配置文件的最末尾，加上以下配置信息：
引用 [eaccelerator]
zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"
eaccelerator.shm_size="64"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"
7、創(chuàng)建www用戶和組，以及供blog.s135.com和 www.s135.com兩個(gè)虛擬主機(jī)使用的目錄：
/usr/sbin/groupadd www
/usr/sbin/useradd -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www
8、創(chuàng)建php-fpm配置文件（php-fpm是為PHP打的一個(gè)FastCGI管理補(bǔ)丁，可以平滑變更php.ini配置而無(wú)需重啟php-cgi）：
在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目錄中創(chuàng)建php-fpm.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
輸入以下內(nèi)容（如果您安裝 Nginx + PHP 用于程序調(diào)試，請(qǐng)將以下的<value name="display_errors">0</value>改為<value name="display_errors">1</value>，以便顯示PHP錯(cuò)誤信息，否則，Nginx 會(huì)報(bào)狀態(tài)為500的空白錯(cuò)誤頁(yè)）： <?xml version="1.0" ?>
<configuration>
??All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix
??<section name="global_options">
????Pid file
????<value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value>
????Error log file
????<value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value>
????Log level
????<value name="log_level">notice</value>
????When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...
????<value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value>
????... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.
????Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.
????<value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value>
????Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master
????<value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value>
????Set to 'no' to debug fpm
????<value name="daemonize">yes</value>
??</section>
??<workers>
????<section name="pool">
??????Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.
??????<value name="name">default</value>
??????Address to accept fastcgi requests on.
??????Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'
??????<value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value>
??????<value name="listen_options">
????????Set listen(2) backlog
????????<value name="backlog">-1</value>
????????Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.
????????In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.
????????Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
????????<value name="owner"></value>
????????<value name="group"></value>
????????<value name="mode">0666</value>
??????</value>
??????Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.
??????<value name="php_defines">
????????<value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value>
????????<value name="display_errors">0</value>
??????</value>
??????Unix user of processes
??????<value name="user">www</value>
??????Unix group of processes
??????<value name="group">www</value>
??????Process manager settings
??????<value name="pm">
????????Sets style of controling worker process count.
????????Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'
????????<value name="style">static</value>
????????Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.
????????Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.
????????Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi
????????Used with any pm_style.
????????<value name="max_children">128</value>
????????Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style
????????<value name="apache_like">
??????????Sets the number of server processes created on startup.
??????????Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
??????????<value name="StartServers">20</value>
??????????Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.
??????????Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
??????????<value name="MinSpareServers">5</value>
??????????Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.
??????????Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
??????????<value name="MaxSpareServers">35</value>
????????</value>
??????</value>
??????The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated
??????Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason
??????'0s' means 'off'
??????<value name="request_terminate_timeout">0s</value>
??????The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file
??????'0s' means 'off'
??????<value name="request_slowlog_timeout">0s</value>
??????The log file for slow requests
??????<value name="slowlog">logs/slow.log</value>
??????Set open file desc rlimit
??????<value name="rlimit_files">65535</value>
??????Set max core size rlimit
??????<value name="rlimit_core">0</value>
??????Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path
??????<value name="chroot"></value>
??????Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path
??????<value name="chdir"></value>
??????Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.
??????If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs
??????<value name="catch_workers_output">yes</value>
??????How much requests each process should execute before respawn.
??????Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.
??????For endless request processing please specify 0
??????Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
??????<value name="max_requests">1024</value>
??????Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.
??????Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)
??????Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.
??????<value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1</value>
??????Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH
??????All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment
??????<value name="environment">
????????<value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAME</value>
????????<value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value>
????????<value name="TMP">/tmp</value>
????????<value name="TMPDIR">/tmp</value>
????????<value name="TEMP">/tmp</value>
????????<value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPE</value>
????????<value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPE</value>
????????<value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2</value>
??????</value>
????</section>
??</workers>
</configuration> 9、啟動(dòng)php-cgi進(jìn)程，監(jiān)聽(tīng)127.0.0.1的9000端口，進(jìn)程數(shù)為128（如果服務(wù)器內(nèi)存小于3GB，可以只開(kāi)啟64個(gè)進(jìn)程），用戶為www：
ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
注：/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm還有其他參數(shù)，包括：start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate，修改php.ini后不重啟php-cgi，重新加載配置文件使用reload。
三、安裝Nginx 0.8.46
1、安裝Nginx所需的pcre庫(kù)：
tar zxvf pcre-8.10.tar.gz
cd pcre-8.10/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../
2、安裝Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.8.46/
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
make && make install
cd ../
3、創(chuàng)建Nginx日志目錄
mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs
4、創(chuàng)建Nginx配置文件
①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目錄中創(chuàng)建nginx.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 user??www www;
worker_processes 8;
error_log??/data1/logs/nginx_error.log??crit;
pid????????/usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;
#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
events
{
??use epoll;
??worker_connections 65535;
}
http
{
??include?????? mime.types;
??default_type??application/octet-stream;
??#charset??gb2312;
??????
??server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
??client_header_buffer_size 32k;
??large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
??client_max_body_size 8m;
??????
??sendfile on;
??tcp_nopush???? on;
??keepalive_timeout 60;
??tcp_nodelay on;
??fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
??fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
??fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
??fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
??fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
??fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
??fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
??gzip on;
??gzip_min_length??1k;
??gzip_buffers???? 4 16k;
??gzip_http_version 1.0;
??gzip_comp_level 2;
??gzip_types?????? text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
??gzip_vary on;
??#limit_zone??crawler??$binary_remote_addr??10m;
??server
??{
????listen?????? 80;
????server_name??blog.s135.com;
????index index.html index.htm index.php;
????root??/data0/htdocs/blog;
????#limit_conn?? crawler??20;????
????????????????????????????
????location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
????{??????
??????#fastcgi_pass??unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
??????fastcgi_pass??127.0.0.1:9000;
??????fastcgi_index index.php;
??????include fcgi.conf;
????}
????
????location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
????{
??????expires??????30d;
????}
????location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$
????{
??????expires??????1h;
????}????
????log_format??access??'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
??????????????'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
??????????????'"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
????access_log??/data1/logs/access.log??access;
??????}
??server
??{
????listen?????? 80;
????server_name??www.s135.com;
????index index.html index.htm index.php;
????root??/data0/htdocs/www;
????location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
????{??????
??????#fastcgi_pass??unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
??????fastcgi_pass??127.0.0.1:9000;
??????fastcgi_index index.php;
??????include fcgi.conf;
????}
????log_format??wwwlogs??'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
?????????????? '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
?????????????? '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
????access_log??/data1/logs/wwwlogs.log??wwwlogs;
??}
??server
??{
????listen??80;
????server_name??status.blog.s135.com;
????location / {
????stub_status on;
????access_log?? off;
????}
??}
}
?、?、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目錄中創(chuàng)建fcgi.conf文件：
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 fastcgi_param??GATEWAY_INTERFACE??CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_SOFTWARE????nginx;
fastcgi_param??QUERY_STRING?????? $query_string;
fastcgi_param??REQUEST_METHOD???? $request_method;
fastcgi_param??CONTENT_TYPE?????? $content_type;
fastcgi_param??CONTENT_LENGTH???? $content_length;
fastcgi_param??SCRIPT_FILENAME????$document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param??SCRIPT_NAME????????$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param??REQUEST_URI????????$request_uri;
fastcgi_param??DOCUMENT_URI?????? $document_uri;
fastcgi_param??DOCUMENT_ROOT??????$document_root;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_PROTOCOL????$server_protocol;
fastcgi_param??REMOTE_ADDR????????$remote_addr;
fastcgi_param??REMOTE_PORT????????$remote_port;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_ADDR????????$server_addr;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_PORT????????$server_port;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_NAME????????$server_name;
# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param??REDIRECT_STATUS????200;
5、啟動(dòng)Nginx
ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx
四、配置開(kāi)機(jī)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下內(nèi)容：
引用 ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx
五、優(yōu)化Linux內(nèi)核參數(shù)
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下內(nèi)容：
引用 # Add
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536
net.core.netdev_max_backlog =??32768
net.core.somaxconn = 32768
net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
#net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800
#net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
#net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024??65535
使配置立即生效：
/sbin/sysctl -p
六、在不停止Nginx服務(wù)的情況下平滑變更Nginx配置
1、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后，請(qǐng)執(zhí)行以下命令檢查配置文件是否正確：
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
如果屏幕顯示以下兩行信息，說(shuō)明配置文件正確：
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully
2、平滑重啟：
①、對(duì)于Nginx 0.8.x版本，現(xiàn)在平滑重啟Nginx配置非常簡(jiǎn)單，執(zhí)行以下命令即可：
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
?、凇?duì)于Nginx 0.8.x之前的版本，平滑重啟稍微麻煩一些，按照以下步驟進(jìn)行即可。輸入以下命令查看Nginx主進(jìn)程號(hào)：
ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'
屏幕顯示的即為Nginx主進(jìn)程號(hào)，例如：
6302
這時(shí)，執(zhí)行以下命令即可使修改過(guò)的Nginx配置文件生效：
kill -HUP 6302
或者無(wú)需這么麻煩，找到Nginx的Pid文件：
kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
七、編寫(xiě)每天定時(shí)切割Nginx日志的腳本
1、創(chuàng)建腳本/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 #!/bin/bash
# This script run at 00:00
# The Nginx logs path
logs_path="/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/"
mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/
mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
2、設(shè)置crontab，每天凌晨00:00切割nginx訪問(wèn)日志
crontab -e
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 00 00 * * * /bin/bash??/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
本文若有小的修改，會(huì)第一時(shí)間在以下網(wǎng)址發(fā)布：
http://blog.s135.com/nginx_php_v6/
附：文章修改歷史
● [2010年03月04日] [Version 6.0] 新建
● [2010年04月16日] [Version 6.1] Nginx版本升級(jí)到0.8.35。
● [2010年05月14日] [Version 6.2] Nginx版本升級(jí)到0.8.36。MySQL版本升級(jí)到5.5.3-m3，my.cnf配置文件中的thread_concurrency、master-connect-retry參數(shù)在新版本中不支持，已經(jīng)注釋掉。
● [2010年07月26日] [Version 6.3] Nginx版本升級(jí)到0.8.46。PHP版本升級(jí)到5.2.14。其他軟件也做了相應(yīng)的升級(jí)。開(kāi)啟php.ini中的cgi.fix_pathinfo=0，防止Nginx文件類型錯(cuò)誤解析漏洞。
（全文完） ? 《新程序員》：云原生和全面數(shù)字化實(shí)踐50位技術(shù)專家共同創(chuàng)作，文字、視頻、音頻交互閱讀
原文地址：http://blog.s135.com/nginx_php_v6/
鏈接：《 2007年9月的第1版》、《 2007年12月的第2版》、《 2008年6月的第3版》、《 2008年8月的第4版》、《 2009年5月的第5版》
Nginx ("engine x") 是一個(gè)高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服務(wù)器，也是一個(gè) IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服務(wù)器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 為俄羅斯訪問(wèn)量第二的 Rambler.ru 站點(diǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)的，它已經(jīng)在該站點(diǎn)運(yùn)行超過(guò)三年了。Igor 將源代碼以類BSD許可證的形式發(fā)布。
Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和穩(wěn)定性，使得國(guó)內(nèi)使用 Nginx 作為 Web 服務(wù)器的網(wǎng)站也越來(lái)越多，其中包括 新浪博客、 新浪播客、 網(wǎng)易新聞、 騰訊網(wǎng)、 搜狐博客等門戶網(wǎng)站頻道， 六間房、 56.com等視頻分享網(wǎng)站， Discuz!官方論壇、 水木社區(qū)等知名論壇， 盛大在線、 金山逍遙網(wǎng)等網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲網(wǎng)站， 豆瓣、 人人網(wǎng)、 YUPOO相冊(cè)、 金山愛(ài)詞霸、 迅雷在線等新興Web 2.0網(wǎng)站。
Nginx 的官方中文維基： http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxChs
在高并發(fā)連接的情況下，Nginx是Apache服務(wù)器不錯(cuò)的替代品。Nginx同時(shí)也可以作為7層負(fù)載均衡服務(wù)器來(lái)使用。根據(jù)我的測(cè)試結(jié)果， Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 可以承受3萬(wàn)以上的并發(fā)連接數(shù)，相當(dāng)于同等環(huán)境下Apache的10倍。
根據(jù)我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，4GB內(nèi)存的服務(wù)器+Apache（prefork模式）一般只能處理3000個(gè)并發(fā)連接，因?yàn)樗鼈儗⒄加?GB以上的內(nèi)存，還得為系統(tǒng)預(yù)留1GB的內(nèi)存。我曾經(jīng)就有兩臺(tái)Apache服務(wù)器，因?yàn)樵谂渲梦募性O(shè)置的MaxClients為4000，當(dāng)Apache并發(fā)連接數(shù)達(dá)到3800時(shí)，導(dǎo)致服務(wù)器內(nèi)存和Swap空間用滿而崩潰。
而這臺(tái) Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服務(wù)器在3萬(wàn)并發(fā)連接下，開(kāi)啟的10個(gè)Nginx進(jìn)程消耗150M內(nèi)存（15M*10=150M），開(kāi)啟的64個(gè)php-cgi進(jìn)程消耗1280M內(nèi)存（20M*64=1280M），加上系統(tǒng)自身消耗的內(nèi)存，總共消耗不到2GB內(nèi)存。如果服務(wù)器內(nèi)存較小，完全可以只開(kāi)啟25個(gè)php-cgi進(jìn)程，這樣php-cgi消耗的總內(nèi)存數(shù)才500M。
在3萬(wàn)并發(fā)連接下，訪問(wèn)Nginx 0.8.46 + PHP 5.2.14 (FastCGI) 服務(wù)器的PHP程序，仍然速度飛快。下圖為Nginx的狀態(tài)監(jiān)控頁(yè)面，顯示的活動(dòng)連接數(shù)為28457（關(guān)于Nginx的監(jiān)控頁(yè)配置，會(huì)在本文接下來(lái)所給出的Nginx配置文件中寫(xiě)明）：
我生產(chǎn)環(huán)境下的兩臺(tái)Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服務(wù)器，跑多個(gè)一般復(fù)雜的純PHP動(dòng)態(tài)程序，單臺(tái)Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服務(wù)器跑PHP動(dòng)態(tài)程序的處理能力已經(jīng)超過(guò)“ 700次請(qǐng)求/秒”，相當(dāng)于每天可以承受6000萬(wàn)（700*60*60*24=60480000）的訪問(wèn)量（ 更多信息見(jiàn)此），而服務(wù)器的系統(tǒng)負(fù)載也不高：
2009年9月3日下午2：30，金山游戲《劍俠情緣網(wǎng)絡(luò)版叁》臨時(shí)維護(hù)1小時(shí)（ http://kefu.xoyo.com/gonggao/jx3/2009-09-03/750438.shtml），大量玩家上官網(wǎng)，論壇、評(píng)論、客服等動(dòng)態(tài)應(yīng)用Nginx服務(wù)器集群，每臺(tái)服務(wù)器的Nginx活動(dòng)連接數(shù)達(dá)到2.8萬(wàn)，這是筆者遇到的Nginx生產(chǎn)環(huán)境最高并發(fā)值。
下面是用100個(gè)并發(fā)連接分別去壓生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中同一負(fù)載均衡器VIP下、提供相同服務(wù)的兩臺(tái)服務(wù)器，一臺(tái)為Nginx，另一臺(tái)為Apache，Nginx每秒處理的請(qǐng)求數(shù)是Apache的兩倍多，Nginx服務(wù)器的系統(tǒng)負(fù)載、CPU使用率遠(yuǎn)低于Apache：
你可以將連接數(shù)開(kāi)到10000～30000，去壓Nginx和Apache上的phpinfo.php，這是用瀏覽器訪問(wèn)Nginx上的phpinfo.php一切正常，而訪問(wèn)Apache服務(wù)器的phpinfo.php，則是該頁(yè)無(wú)法顯示。4G內(nèi)存的服務(wù)器，即使再優(yōu)化，Apache也很難在“webbench -c 30000 -t 60 http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/phpinfo.php”的壓力情況下正常訪問(wèn)，而調(diào)整參數(shù)優(yōu)化后的Nginx可以。
webbench 下載地址： http://blog.s135.com/post/288/
注意：webbench 做壓力測(cè)試時(shí)，該軟件自身也會(huì)消耗CPU和內(nèi)存資源，為了測(cè)試準(zhǔn)確，請(qǐng)將 webbench 安裝在別的服務(wù)器上。
測(cè)試結(jié)果：##### Nginx + PHP #####
引用 [root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.
Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.
Speed=102450 pages/min, 16490596 bytes/sec.
Requests: 51225 susceed, 0 failed.
top - 14:06:13 up 27 days,??2:25,??2 users,??load average: 14.57, 9.89, 6.51
Tasks: 287 total,?? 4 running, 283 sleeping,?? 0 stopped,?? 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 49.9% us,??6.7% sy,??0.0% ni, 41.4% id,??1.1% wa,??0.1% hi,??0.8% si
Mem:?? 6230016k total,??2959468k used,??3270548k free,?? 635992k buffers
Swap:??2031608k total,???? 3696k used,??2027912k free,??1231444k cached
測(cè)試結(jié)果：#####??Apache + PHP #####
引用 [root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.
Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.
Speed=42184 pages/min, 31512914 bytes/sec.
Requests: 21092 susceed, 0 failed.
top - 14:06:20 up 27 days,??2:13,??2 users,??load average: 62.15, 26.36, 13.42
Tasks: 318 total,?? 7 running, 310 sleeping,?? 0 stopped,?? 1 zombie
Cpu(s): 80.4% us, 10.6% sy,??0.0% ni,??7.9% id,??0.1% wa,??0.1% hi,??0.9% si
Mem:?? 6230016k total,??3075948k used,??3154068k free,?? 379896k buffers
Swap:??2031608k total,????12592k used,??2019016k free,??1117868k cached
為什么Nginx的性能要比Apache高得多？這得益于Nginx使用了最新的epoll（Linux 2.6內(nèi)核）和kqueue（freebsd）網(wǎng)絡(luò)I/O模型，而Apache則使用的是傳統(tǒng)的select模型。目前Linux下能夠承受高并發(fā)訪問(wèn)的Squid、Memcached都采用的是epoll網(wǎng)絡(luò)I/O模型。
處理大量的連接的讀寫(xiě)，Apache所采用的select網(wǎng)絡(luò)I/O模型非常低效。下面用一個(gè)比喻來(lái)解析Apache采用的select模型和Nginx采用的epoll模型進(jìn)行之間的區(qū)別：
假設(shè)你在大學(xué)讀書(shū)，住的宿舍樓有很多間房間，你的朋友要來(lái)找你。select版宿管大媽就會(huì)帶著你的朋友挨個(gè)房間去找，直到找到你為止。而epoll版宿管大媽會(huì)先記下每位同學(xué)的房間號(hào)，你的朋友來(lái)時(shí)，只需告訴你的朋友你住在哪個(gè)房間即可，不用親自帶著你的朋友滿大樓找人。如果來(lái)了10000個(gè)人，都要找自己住這棟樓的同學(xué)時(shí)，select版和epoll版宿管大媽，誰(shuí)的效率更高，不言自明。同理，在高并發(fā)服務(wù)器中，輪詢I/O是最耗時(shí)間的操作之一，select和epoll的性能誰(shuí)的性能更高，同樣十分明了。
安裝步驟：
（系統(tǒng)要求：Linux 2.6+ 內(nèi)核，本文中的Linux操作系統(tǒng)為CentOS 5.3，另在RedHat AS4上也安裝成功）
一、獲取相關(guān)開(kāi)源程序：
1、【適用CentOS操作系統(tǒng)】利用CentOS Linux系統(tǒng)自帶的yum命令安裝、升級(jí)所需的程序庫(kù)（RedHat等其他Linux發(fā)行版可從安裝光盤(pán)中找到這些程序庫(kù)的RPM包，進(jìn)行安裝）：
sudo -s
LANG=C
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers
2、【適用RedHat操作系統(tǒng)】RedHat等其他Linux發(fā)行版可從安裝光盤(pán)中找到這些程序庫(kù)的RPM包（事先可通過(guò)類似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在，通常是“xxx-devel”不存在，需要安裝）。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安裝，以下是RPM包下載網(wǎng)址：
?、?、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/
?、?、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/
?、?、RPM包搜索網(wǎng)站
http://rpm.pbone.net/
http://www.rpmfind.net/
?、?、RedHat AS4 系統(tǒng)環(huán)境，通常情況下缺少的支持包安裝：
?、?、i386 系統(tǒng)
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
Ⅱ、x86_64 系統(tǒng)
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
3、【適用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系統(tǒng)】下載程序源碼包：
本文中提到的所有開(kāi)源軟件為截止到 2010年07月26日的最新穩(wěn)定版。
?、?、從軟件的官方網(wǎng)站下載：
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.14.tar.gz/from/this/mirror
wget http://php-fpm.org/downloads/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz
wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/
wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0"
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0"
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
wget "http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0"
wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz
wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.6.1/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
wget http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.3.0.tgz
?、?、從 blog.s135.com下載（比較穩(wěn)定，只允許在本站，或者在Linux/Unix下通過(guò)Wget、Curl等命令下載以下軟件）：
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/nginx/nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/php/php-5.2.14.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mysql/mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/memcache/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pcre/pcre-8.10.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pdo/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/imagick-2.3.0.tgz
二、安裝PHP 5.2.14（FastCGI模式）
1、編譯安裝PHP 5.2.14所需的支持庫(kù)：
tar zxvf libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.13.1/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
./configure
make
make install
/sbin/ldconfig
cd libltdl/
./configure --enable-ltdl-install
make
make install
cd ../../
tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
cd mhash-0.9.9.9/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1
ln -s /usr/local/bin/libmcrypt-config /usr/bin/libmcrypt-config
tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
cd mcrypt-2.6.8/
/sbin/ldconfig
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
2、編譯安裝MySQL 5.5.3-m3
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.5.3-m3.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.5.3-m3/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=partition,innobase,myisammrg
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cd ../
附：以下為附加步驟，如果你想在這臺(tái)服務(wù)器上運(yùn)行MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，則執(zhí)行以下幾步。如果你只是希望讓PHP支持MySQL擴(kuò)展庫(kù)，能夠連接其他服務(wù)器上的MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，那么，以下兩步無(wú)需執(zhí)行。
?、?、創(chuàng)建MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)存放目錄
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/data/
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/
mkdir -p /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/
chown -R mysql:mysql /data0/mysql/
?、凇⒁詍ysql用戶帳號(hào)的身份建立數(shù)據(jù)表：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/data0/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql
?、?、創(chuàng)建my.cnf配置文件：
vi /data0/mysql/3306/my.cnf
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 [client]
character-set-server = utf8
port????= 3306
socket??= /tmp/mysql.sock
[mysqld]
character-set-server = utf8
replicate-ignore-db = mysql
replicate-ignore-db = test
replicate-ignore-db = information_schema
user????= mysql
port????= 3306
socket??= /tmp/mysql.sock
basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql
datadir = /data0/mysql/3306/data
log-error = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log
pid-file = /data0/mysql/3306/mysql.pid
open_files_limit????= 10240
back_log = 600
max_connections = 5000
max_connect_errors = 6000
table_cache = 614
external-locking = FALSE
max_allowed_packet = 32M
sort_buffer_size = 1M
join_buffer_size = 1M
thread_cache_size = 300
#thread_concurrency = 8
query_cache_size = 512M
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
default-storage-engine = MyISAM
thread_stack = 192K
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
tmp_table_size = 246M
max_heap_table_size = 246M
long_query_time = 3
log-slave-updates
log-bin = /data0/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog
binlog_cache_size = 4M
binlog_format = MIXED
max_binlog_cache_size = 8M
max_binlog_size = 1G
relay-log-index = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
relay-log-info-file = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
relay-log = /data0/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog
expire_logs_days = 30
key_buffer_size = 256M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
myisam_repair_threads = 1
myisam_recover
interactive_timeout = 120
wait_timeout = 120
skip-name-resolve
#master-connect-retry = 10
slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396
#master-host???? =?? 192.168.1.2
#master-user???? =?? username
#master-password =?? password
#master-port???? =??3306
server-id = 1
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 512M
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:256M:autoextend
innodb_file_io_threads = 4
innodb_thread_concurrency = 8
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
innodb_log_file_size = 128M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_file_per_table = 0
#log-slow-queries = /data0/mysql/3306/slow.log
#long_query_time = 10
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 32M
?、?、創(chuàng)建管理MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的shell腳本：
vi /data0/mysql/3306/mysql
輸入以下內(nèi)容（這里的用戶名admin和密碼12345678接下來(lái)的步驟會(huì)創(chuàng)建）：
#!/bin/sh
mysql_port=3306
mysql_username="admin"
mysql_password="12345678"
function_start_mysql()
{
????printf "Starting MySQL...\n"
????/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null &
}
function_stop_mysql()
{
????printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"
????/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown
}
function_restart_mysql()
{
????printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"
????function_stop_mysql
????sleep 5
????function_start_mysql
}
function_kill_mysql()
{
????kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'bin/mysqld_safe' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')
????kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'libexec/mysqld' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')
}
if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then
????function_start_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then
????function_stop_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "restart" ]; then
function_restart_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "kill" ]; then
function_kill_mysql
else
????printf "Usage: /data0/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start|stop|restart|kill}\n"
fi
?、荨①x予shell腳本可執(zhí)行權(quán)限：
chmod +x /data0/mysql/3306/mysql
?、?、啟動(dòng)MySQL：
/data0/mysql/3306/mysql start
?、?、通過(guò)命令行登錄管理MySQL服務(wù)器（提示輸入密碼時(shí)直接回車）：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock
⑧、輸入以下SQL語(yǔ)句，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)具有root權(quán)限的用戶（admin）和密碼（12345678）：
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';
?、?、（可選）停止MySQL：
/data0/mysql/3306/mysql stop
3、編譯安裝PHP（FastCGI模式）
tar zxvf php-5.2.14.tar.gz
gzip -cd php-5.2.14-fpm-0.5.14.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.14 -p1
cd php-5.2.14/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets --with-ldap --with-ldap-sasl --with-xmlrpc --enable-zip --enable-soap
make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv'
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../
4、編譯安裝PHP5擴(kuò)展模塊
tar zxvf memcache-2.2.5.tgz
cd memcache-2.2.5/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.6.1.tar.bz2
cd eaccelerator-0.9.6.1/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz
cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf imagick-2.3.0.tgz
cd imagick-2.3.0/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../
5、修改php.ini文件
手工修改：查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"
修改為extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
并在此行后增加以下幾行，然后保存：
extension = "memcache.so"
extension = "pdo_mysql.so"
extension = "imagick.so"
再查找output_buffering = Off
修改為output_buffering = On
再查找; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
修改為cgi.fix_pathinfo=0，防止Nginx文件類型錯(cuò)誤解析漏洞。
自動(dòng)修改：若嫌手工修改麻煩，可執(zhí)行以下shell命令，自動(dòng)完成對(duì)php.ini文件的修改：
sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\nextension = "imagick.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i "s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i "s#; cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#cgi.fix_pathinfo=0#g" /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP：
mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
按shift+g鍵跳到配置文件的最末尾，加上以下配置信息：
引用 [eaccelerator]
zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"
eaccelerator.shm_size="64"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"
7、創(chuàng)建www用戶和組，以及供blog.s135.com和 www.s135.com兩個(gè)虛擬主機(jī)使用的目錄：
/usr/sbin/groupadd www
/usr/sbin/useradd -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www
8、創(chuàng)建php-fpm配置文件（php-fpm是為PHP打的一個(gè)FastCGI管理補(bǔ)丁，可以平滑變更php.ini配置而無(wú)需重啟php-cgi）：
在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目錄中創(chuàng)建php-fpm.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
輸入以下內(nèi)容（如果您安裝 Nginx + PHP 用于程序調(diào)試，請(qǐng)將以下的<value name="display_errors">0</value>改為<value name="display_errors">1</value>，以便顯示PHP錯(cuò)誤信息，否則，Nginx 會(huì)報(bào)狀態(tài)為500的空白錯(cuò)誤頁(yè)）： <?xml version="1.0" ?>
<configuration>
??All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix
??<section name="global_options">
????Pid file
????<value name="pid_file">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid</value>
????Error log file
????<value name="error_log">/usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log</value>
????Log level
????<value name="log_level">notice</value>
????When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...
????<value name="emergency_restart_threshold">10</value>
????... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.
????Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.
????<value name="emergency_restart_interval">1m</value>
????Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master
????<value name="process_control_timeout">5s</value>
????Set to 'no' to debug fpm
????<value name="daemonize">yes</value>
??</section>
??<workers>
????<section name="pool">
??????Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.
??????<value name="name">default</value>
??????Address to accept fastcgi requests on.
??????Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'
??????<value name="listen_address">127.0.0.1:9000</value>
??????<value name="listen_options">
????????Set listen(2) backlog
????????<value name="backlog">-1</value>
????????Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.
????????In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.
????????Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
????????<value name="owner"></value>
????????<value name="group"></value>
????????<value name="mode">0666</value>
??????</value>
??????Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.
??????<value name="php_defines">
????????<value name="sendmail_path">/usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i</value>
????????<value name="display_errors">0</value>
??????</value>
??????Unix user of processes
??????<value name="user">www</value>
??????Unix group of processes
??????<value name="group">www</value>
??????Process manager settings
??????<value name="pm">
????????Sets style of controling worker process count.
????????Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'
????????<value name="style">static</value>
????????Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.
????????Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.
????????Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi
????????Used with any pm_style.
????????<value name="max_children">128</value>
????????Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style
????????<value name="apache_like">
??????????Sets the number of server processes created on startup.
??????????Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
??????????<value name="StartServers">20</value>
??????????Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.
??????????Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
??????????<value name="MinSpareServers">5</value>
??????????Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.
??????????Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
??????????<value name="MaxSpareServers">35</value>
????????</value>
??????</value>
??????The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated
??????Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason
??????'0s' means 'off'
??????<value name="request_terminate_timeout">0s</value>
??????The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file
??????'0s' means 'off'
??????<value name="request_slowlog_timeout">0s</value>
??????The log file for slow requests
??????<value name="slowlog">logs/slow.log</value>
??????Set open file desc rlimit
??????<value name="rlimit_files">65535</value>
??????Set max core size rlimit
??????<value name="rlimit_core">0</value>
??????Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path
??????<value name="chroot"></value>
??????Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path
??????<value name="chdir"></value>
??????Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.
??????If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs
??????<value name="catch_workers_output">yes</value>
??????How much requests each process should execute before respawn.
??????Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.
??????For endless request processing please specify 0
??????Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
??????<value name="max_requests">1024</value>
??????Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.
??????Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)
??????Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.
??????<value name="allowed_clients">127.0.0.1</value>
??????Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH
??????All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment
??????<value name="environment">
????????<value name="HOSTNAME">$HOSTNAME</value>
????????<value name="PATH">/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin</value>
????????<value name="TMP">/tmp</value>
????????<value name="TMPDIR">/tmp</value>
????????<value name="TEMP">/tmp</value>
????????<value name="OSTYPE">$OSTYPE</value>
????????<value name="MACHTYPE">$MACHTYPE</value>
????????<value name="MALLOC_CHECK_">2</value>
??????</value>
????</section>
??</workers>
</configuration> 9、啟動(dòng)php-cgi進(jìn)程，監(jiān)聽(tīng)127.0.0.1的9000端口，進(jìn)程數(shù)為128（如果服務(wù)器內(nèi)存小于3GB，可以只開(kāi)啟64個(gè)進(jìn)程），用戶為www：
ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
注：/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm還有其他參數(shù)，包括：start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate，修改php.ini后不重啟php-cgi，重新加載配置文件使用reload。
三、安裝Nginx 0.8.46
1、安裝Nginx所需的pcre庫(kù)：
tar zxvf pcre-8.10.tar.gz
cd pcre-8.10/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../
2、安裝Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.8.46.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.8.46/
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
make && make install
cd ../
3、創(chuàng)建Nginx日志目錄
mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs
4、創(chuàng)建Nginx配置文件
①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目錄中創(chuàng)建nginx.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 user??www www;
worker_processes 8;
error_log??/data1/logs/nginx_error.log??crit;
pid????????/usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;
#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
events
{
??use epoll;
??worker_connections 65535;
}
http
{
??include?????? mime.types;
??default_type??application/octet-stream;
??#charset??gb2312;
??????
??server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
??client_header_buffer_size 32k;
??large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
??client_max_body_size 8m;
??????
??sendfile on;
??tcp_nopush???? on;
??keepalive_timeout 60;
??tcp_nodelay on;
??fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
??fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
??fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
??fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
??fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
??fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
??fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
??gzip on;
??gzip_min_length??1k;
??gzip_buffers???? 4 16k;
??gzip_http_version 1.0;
??gzip_comp_level 2;
??gzip_types?????? text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
??gzip_vary on;
??#limit_zone??crawler??$binary_remote_addr??10m;
??server
??{
????listen?????? 80;
????server_name??blog.s135.com;
????index index.html index.htm index.php;
????root??/data0/htdocs/blog;
????#limit_conn?? crawler??20;????
????????????????????????????
????location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
????{??????
??????#fastcgi_pass??unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
??????fastcgi_pass??127.0.0.1:9000;
??????fastcgi_index index.php;
??????include fcgi.conf;
????}
????
????location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
????{
??????expires??????30d;
????}
????location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$
????{
??????expires??????1h;
????}????
????log_format??access??'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
??????????????'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
??????????????'"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
????access_log??/data1/logs/access.log??access;
??????}
??server
??{
????listen?????? 80;
????server_name??www.s135.com;
????index index.html index.htm index.php;
????root??/data0/htdocs/www;
????location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
????{??????
??????#fastcgi_pass??unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
??????fastcgi_pass??127.0.0.1:9000;
??????fastcgi_index index.php;
??????include fcgi.conf;
????}
????log_format??wwwlogs??'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
?????????????? '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
?????????????? '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
????access_log??/data1/logs/wwwlogs.log??wwwlogs;
??}
??server
??{
????listen??80;
????server_name??status.blog.s135.com;
????location / {
????stub_status on;
????access_log?? off;
????}
??}
}
?、?、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目錄中創(chuàng)建fcgi.conf文件：
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 fastcgi_param??GATEWAY_INTERFACE??CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_SOFTWARE????nginx;
fastcgi_param??QUERY_STRING?????? $query_string;
fastcgi_param??REQUEST_METHOD???? $request_method;
fastcgi_param??CONTENT_TYPE?????? $content_type;
fastcgi_param??CONTENT_LENGTH???? $content_length;
fastcgi_param??SCRIPT_FILENAME????$document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param??SCRIPT_NAME????????$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param??REQUEST_URI????????$request_uri;
fastcgi_param??DOCUMENT_URI?????? $document_uri;
fastcgi_param??DOCUMENT_ROOT??????$document_root;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_PROTOCOL????$server_protocol;
fastcgi_param??REMOTE_ADDR????????$remote_addr;
fastcgi_param??REMOTE_PORT????????$remote_port;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_ADDR????????$server_addr;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_PORT????????$server_port;
fastcgi_param??SERVER_NAME????????$server_name;
# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param??REDIRECT_STATUS????200;
5、啟動(dòng)Nginx
ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx
四、配置開(kāi)機(jī)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下內(nèi)容：
引用 ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx
五、優(yōu)化Linux內(nèi)核參數(shù)
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下內(nèi)容：
引用 # Add
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536
net.core.netdev_max_backlog =??32768
net.core.somaxconn = 32768
net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
#net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800
#net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
#net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024??65535
使配置立即生效：
/sbin/sysctl -p
六、在不停止Nginx服務(wù)的情況下平滑變更Nginx配置
1、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后，請(qǐng)執(zhí)行以下命令檢查配置文件是否正確：
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
如果屏幕顯示以下兩行信息，說(shuō)明配置文件正確：
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully
2、平滑重啟：
①、對(duì)于Nginx 0.8.x版本，現(xiàn)在平滑重啟Nginx配置非常簡(jiǎn)單，執(zhí)行以下命令即可：
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
?、凇?duì)于Nginx 0.8.x之前的版本，平滑重啟稍微麻煩一些，按照以下步驟進(jìn)行即可。輸入以下命令查看Nginx主進(jìn)程號(hào)：
ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'
屏幕顯示的即為Nginx主進(jìn)程號(hào)，例如：
6302
這時(shí)，執(zhí)行以下命令即可使修改過(guò)的Nginx配置文件生效：
kill -HUP 6302
或者無(wú)需這么麻煩，找到Nginx的Pid文件：
kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
七、編寫(xiě)每天定時(shí)切割Nginx日志的腳本
1、創(chuàng)建腳本/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 #!/bin/bash
# This script run at 00:00
# The Nginx logs path
logs_path="/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/"
mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/
mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`
2、設(shè)置crontab，每天凌晨00:00切割nginx訪問(wèn)日志
crontab -e
輸入以下內(nèi)容：
引用 00 00 * * * /bin/bash??/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
本文若有小的修改，會(huì)第一時(shí)間在以下網(wǎng)址發(fā)布：
http://blog.s135.com/nginx_php_v6/
附：文章修改歷史
● [2010年03月04日] [Version 6.0] 新建
● [2010年04月16日] [Version 6.1] Nginx版本升級(jí)到0.8.35。
● [2010年05月14日] [Version 6.2] Nginx版本升級(jí)到0.8.36。MySQL版本升級(jí)到5.5.3-m3，my.cnf配置文件中的thread_concurrency、master-connect-retry參數(shù)在新版本中不支持，已經(jīng)注釋掉。
● [2010年07月26日] [Version 6.3] Nginx版本升級(jí)到0.8.46。PHP版本升級(jí)到5.2.14。其他軟件也做了相應(yīng)的升級(jí)。開(kāi)啟php.ini中的cgi.fix_pathinfo=0，防止Nginx文件類型錯(cuò)誤解析漏洞。
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