*主動及被動例：

Tom repairs bikes.

Bikes are repaired by Tom.

被動語態的形式

1，主語+beV+p.p(過去分詞) by 行為者

*過去分詞，1表完成，2表被動

*be動詞(時態) + 過去分詞(被動)

The song is sung by Jolin.

I hear the song sung by Jolin.

English and French are spoken in Canada.

2，主動及被動的轉換

①主動-He praised me.

②被動-I was praised by him.

*及物動詞才有被動，但有些“不及物動詞+介詞”可視為及物動詞片語，可用于被動語態

I listen to music. 正確

Something happened(不及物)?to Mark. 錯誤

He takes care of the newcomer to the club.

The newcomer to the club is taken care of by him.

各時態的被動語態形式

1，現在式的被動語態：am/are/is + p.p

Betty keeps five newborn cats at home.

Five newborns cats are kept by Betty at home.

2，過去式的被動語態：was/were + p.p

They sold many kinds of child seats at the shop.

Many kinds of child seats were sold (by them) at the shop.

The police ran after the chief in the street.

The chief was ran after by the police in the street.

3，現在進行式的被動語態：am/are/is Ving + be?p.p -> am/are/is being p.p

Workers are building the new shopping center.

The new shopping center is being built by workers.

4，過去進行式的被動語態：was/were being p.p

Mr.Smith was printing the exam papers.

The exam papers were being printed by Mr.Smith.

5，未來式的被動語態：will VR + be p.p -> (will be p.p) / (am/are/is going to be p.p)

They will hold the school sports in October.

The school sports will be held (by them) in October.

Our class are going to discuss the problem.

The problem is going to be discussed by our class.

*其他助動詞，如：can, must, should,...等的被動語態和未來式的被動語態一樣

Every one of us should follow school rules.

School rules should be followed by every one of us.

*everyone->指人，every one of the bikes

6，現在完成式的被動語態：have/hsd been p.p

*(have/has + p.p) + (beV + p.p) = have/has been p.p

The teacher has already punished the naughty boy.

The naughty boy has already been punished by the teacher.

各句型的被動語態形式

1，Yes/No問句，即beV/aux為首的問句

Did Judy mess up my room. in a mess一團亂

My room was messed up by Judy.

Was my room messed up by Judy?

Must(有解釋的助動詞)?i take the cold medicine three times a day?

Must the cold medicine be taken by me three times a day?

2，WH問句，即疑問詞為首的問句

*WH+ beV/aux + S

What did he catch?

What was caught by him?

The lion was.

When did the boy break the window?

When the window was broken by the boy?

When was the window broken by the boy?

What language is spoken in Spain? Spanish is.

3，<Who + 動詞>的問句，By whom + beV + S + p.p...? 問句句型，一般動詞不可在主詞前

Who bought the sweater?

The sweater was bought by whom. 錯誤

Whom was the sweater bought by? By whom was the sweater bought?

4，否定句，S + (beV not p.p...)/(aux not be p.p...)

They don't(形式助動詞) collet recyclable(可回收的) paper every day.

Recyclable paper isn't collected by them every day.

We can't(有中文釋義的助動詞) see a full moon tonight.

A full moon can't be seen (by us) tonight?

特別注意的被動語態

1，by + 行為者之省略，a一般人，b未指明某人，c含糊不清的某人

Rice is grown in XX.

My uncle was killed in the war. 意外或戰爭的死亡be killed

The novel was translated into many languages.

2，不可使用by的被動語態

Mr Jackson is known to people in the town.? is known to+人(為...所知)

XX is known for its good foods. is known for+特色(以...聞名)

She is known as a successful singer. is known as+身份(以...聞名)

Those mountains are covered with snow. 覆蓋

They were caught in a shower(突如其來的雨) during the barbecue.

Shoes are made of(+物理變化) leather. 由...制成

Bread is made from(+化學變化) flour.

*表感情、情緒的被動語態也不用by

*人 + beV + (interested in感興趣)/(surprised at驚訝)/(satisfied with滿意)/(impressed with/by印象深刻)/(pleased with愉悅、愉快)/(excited about興奮)/(worried about擔心) + 事物

3，授與動詞的被動語態

The embassy gave (me a new passport)/(a new passport to me).

I was given a new passport by the embassy.

The embassy gave me a new passport.

A new passport was given me by the passport.

*授與V + (O人?+ O物) / (O物?+ 介?+?O人)，一次只拿一個受詞作變化

Mr.White told us the history story.

We were told the history story by Mr.White.

The history story was told to us by Mr.White.

*有些授與動詞，如：cook...等，不可用人做為被動的主詞

Mom cooked us vegetable soup.

Vegetable soup was cooked for us by mom.

We were cooked vegetable soap by mom. 錯誤

4，S + V + O(受詞) + C(被語) 的被動語態

They painted the board blue.

The board was painted blue by them.

We elected Jack chairperpon.

Jack was elected chairperson by us.

5，祈使句的被動語態

①原形動詞 + 受詞：Let + 受詞 + be + p.p...

(You) Open the door. != The door is opened.

Let the door be opened.

②Let +?O(人) + 原形動詞 + O(物)

Let me tell the truth.

Let the truth be told by me.

6，使役動詞的被動語態

①make/have + O + V(主動)/p.p(被動)

②let + O +?V(主動)/be p.p(被動)

③get+ O + to V(主動)/p.p(被動)

My brother had me run errands for him.

I had my hair cut yesterday.

Let it be done. at once(立刻)

Mr.Lin made me do the work.主動

Mr.Lin made the work done by me. 被動

I was made to do the work by Mr.Lin.

7，感官動詞的被動語態

*feel, see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to， + O + V(主動)/ Ving(主動)/ P.P(被動)

I saw him beat/beating the little boy.

I saw the little boy beaten by him.

He was seen(被動) to beat/beating(主動)?the little boy by me.

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