学位英语考试复习
英文六大基本句型
一、主系表
How are you ? — I am fine .
由以上句子可以看出，主系表句型的結(jié)構(gòu)就是：主語+系動詞（be)+表語。主語一般由名詞（代詞）構(gòu)成；表語由介詞短語、名詞、形容詞構(gòu)成。要徹底掌握這句話，應(yīng)該注意兩點(diǎn)：其一，要明白系動詞be是連接主語和表語的橋梁，寫出的句子不能少了be;其二，要明白主語和表語的詞性，隨著學(xué)習(xí)的深入，以后它變出不定式、動名詞、分詞等。表語：1、介詞+名詞（介詞短語）2、形容詞 3、名詞
二、主謂賓
由以上句子可以看出，主謂賓句型的結(jié)構(gòu)就是：主語+謂語動詞（do)+賓語。主語一般由名詞（代詞）構(gòu)成；賓語由名詞構(gòu)成。要徹底掌握這句話，應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)：其一，要明白動詞do是連接主語和賓語的橋梁，寫出的句子不能少了do；其二，要明白主語和賓語的詞性，隨著學(xué)習(xí)的深入，以后它變出不定式、動名詞、分詞等。
三、主謂
由以上句子可以看出，主謂句型的結(jié)構(gòu)就是：主語+謂語動詞(do)。這個句子一般沒有賓語，因?yàn)?#61;=動詞do是不及物動詞，不能帶賓語。==如果非要帶賓語，要在不及物動詞的后面加介詞，比如第3句，第4句的apologize to , listen to .要徹底掌握這句話，應(yīng)注意：動詞do是不能帶賓語的，這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞，這些動詞常見的有：appear, apologize, arrive , come , die , disappear , exist , fall , happen , rise ,等等，如果要帶賓語，必須加介詞，英語中的一些動詞詞組就是這么來的。
四、主謂賓補(bǔ)
由以上句子可以看出，主謂賓補(bǔ)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)就是：主謂+謂語動詞（do)+賓語+補(bǔ)語。相當(dāng)于主謂賓，這個句子多出了一個補(bǔ)語，這是因?yàn)橛行┰捁馐侵髦^賓無法完整表達(dá)句子的意思。要徹底掌握這句話，應(yīng)注意：補(bǔ)語的形式，它可以是形容詞，名詞，介詞短語充當(dāng)。
五、主謂賓賓
這種句型中做間接賓語的常常指“人”，直接賓語常常指“物”。如：
Her father bought her a bicycle .
The old man is telling the children sotries .
Her father bought a bicycle for her .
The old man is telling stories to the children
由以上句子可以看出，主謂賓賓句型的結(jié)構(gòu)就是：主謂+謂語動詞（do)+間接賓語+直接賓語。也可以變成：主語+謂語動詞（do)+直接賓語+介詞（to 或者 for)+間接賓語。要徹底站掌握這句話，應(yīng)注意：帶雙賓語的動詞。
六、謂主狀
There is a teacher in the classroom .
In the classroom , a teacher is there . -->倒裝–> In the classroom , there is a teacher .
最常見的就是初中學(xué)習(xí)過的there be句型， 是一種表達(dá)存在的句子。這個句子非常容易被忽視，由于學(xué)生慣用的中文表達(dá)方式，一提到“教室里有一個老師”，會直接翻譯出“the classroom has a teacher ”,這一點(diǎn)要特別注意。 只要表達(dá)一種==“時間、空間存在某種事物”就必須要想到there be 句型==。
定語、狀語的位置與作用
一、定語是限定名詞，只要有名詞出現(xiàn)的地方，就可以用定語進(jìn)行修飾。但英文的定語和中文不同，中文的定語要放在所修飾的名詞前面，比如“美麗的老師”、“紅色的鮮花”、“來自日本的老師”。而英語的定語既可以放在名詞之前，也可以放在名詞之后。如果形容詞作定語，則放在名詞之前，比如beautiful teacher , the red flower ; 介詞短語放在所修飾的名詞的后面，如：the man from Japan , the teacher in the classroom
二、狀語是限定動詞的，它經(jīng)常由副詞或者介詞短語充當(dāng)。中文的狀語一般要放在動詞之前，比如：他努力學(xué)習(xí)，他清晨學(xué)習(xí)。而英文的狀語要放在動詞之后。比如：He work hard . He studies in the morning .
翻譯要訣：無論句子有多長，首先按照以上六大句型進(jìn)行分類，判斷你要翻譯的句子所屬概念，一 一對應(yīng)6大句型。把主干先翻譯出來，再把作為定語和狀語的修飾成分填入相應(yīng)位置。
一個從美國來的老師在樹旁邊那座大樓的第三層靠近窗戶的教室的電腦旁邊。
A teacher from America is besides the computer in the classroom near windows on the third floor in the building besides the tree .
他那慈祥的父親昨天下午在商場的五樓愉快地給他買了一輛來自日本的嶄新的自行車。
The kind father bought him a bike from Japan (a bike from Japan for/to him) happily on the fifth floor in the mall yesterday afternoon.
在美麗的冰山的一個角落里有大量從四面八方來的黃金。
There are many golds from all of the world in the corner in the beautiful frozen mountain.
從日本來的老師發(fā)現(xiàn)那個美麗的女孩是一個誠實(shí)的學(xué)生。
The teacher from Japan finds the beautiful girl an honest student . [主謂賓補(bǔ)]
這里大約有500個學(xué)生瘋狂地讀英語
About 500 students read English crazily here.
這個人沒有錢，他有病。
The man is not rich. He is ill .
來自美國的英文老師們在從村教孩子們英語
The English teachers from America teach children English in the village .
那只美麗的鳥在蘋果樹旁邊的墻上高興地唱歌
The beautiful bird is singing happily on the wall near apple tree .
工廠里的工人們每天都很忙碌。
The workers in the factory are busy every day .
接著就是第一次世界大戰(zhàn)。
There followed the first world war .
突然刮起一陣狂風(fēng)
There sprung up a wind.
他的頭腦中閃過英雄戰(zhàn)士的形象。
There flashed image of the heoic in his mind .
他多年以前在美國為了生活拼命掙錢。
He made money madly for living in America many years ago .
寂靜的村莊里安靜地住著一位老人。
There lives an old man in the clam village quitely .
很多石頭在兩山之間的峽谷里
Many stones are in the valley between two hills .
靠近窗戶玻璃旁邊的樹上的那只藍(lán)色的小鳥是從南方來的。
The blue little bird in the tree besides the glasses near windows is from the South .
那個美麗的女孩認(rèn)為這個從美國來的男孩很善良
The beautiful girl considers the boy from America kind .
他在公共汽車上總是讓位給老人。
He gives his seat to the old man in the bus .(He gives the old man his seat .)
關(guān)好門，鎖好窗
Close the door well, lock the windows well .
深深的峽谷里橫七豎八地躺著許多戰(zhàn)士
There lie many fighters in the deep valley mixed and disorderly .
他昨天為了還債（Repayment）在商場的二樓偷了100塊錢
He stole 100 yuan on the second floor in the mall for repayment yesterday .
他的面部留下了歲月的痕跡。
There left traces of times on his face .
明天將出現(xiàn)奇跡。
There will come miracle tomorrow .
他爬上了學(xué)校大樓二層窗戶旁邊的樹枝。
He climbed branch besides the windows on the second floor in the building in the school .
曾經(jīng)有一段時間。
There was times in the past .
英文六大基本句型的擴(kuò)展
（1）主系表
（2）主謂賓
（3）主謂
（4）主謂賓補(bǔ)
（5）主謂賓賓
Her father bought her a bicycle .
The old man is telling the children sotries .
Her father bought a bicycle for her .
The old man is telling stories to the children
（6）謂主狀
通過以上六大句型的分析，我們可以得到一個基本的結(jié)論：區(qū)別主系表的標(biāo)志主要是系動詞be,而主謂賓，主謂，主謂賓補(bǔ)，主謂賓賓都有共同的特點(diǎn)，即動詞謂語do；第六個句型是there be 或者there do , 下面我們來研究這些句型的變長：
（1）主系表句子的擴(kuò)展：
The girl is a beautiful teacher — 這個女孩子是個漂亮的老師
The girl is a Chinese teacher — 這個女孩子是一個中文老師
注意：定語修飾名詞，通常由形容詞充當(dāng)，形容詞放在名詞前面。
The girl is in the classroom — The girl is in the beauiful classroom 形容詞做定語
The girl is in the classroom — The girl is in the classroom on the second floor . 這個女孩在二樓的教室里。
The girl is in the classroom on the second floor in the school . 這個女孩在學(xué)校的二樓教室里。
The girl is in the classroom on the second floor in the school in GZ . 這個女孩在廣州市的學(xué)校的二樓的教室里。
The girl is in the classroom on the second floor in the school in GZ in GD . 這個女孩在廣東省廣州市的學(xué)校的二樓的教室里。
注意：英語中除了形容詞做定語以外，介詞短語也可以做定語，它和形容詞做定語放在所修飾的名詞前面不同，介詞短語放在所修飾的名詞的后面。
The girl is a teacher from America — 這個女孩是一個來自美國的老師。
The girl is a teacher come from America (錯誤，一句話不能同時出現(xiàn)動詞、系動詞，而且come from 是動詞短語，不是介詞短語，不能做定語)
The gril come from America is a teacher (錯誤，一句話不能同時出現(xiàn)動詞，系動詞)
主謂賓狀句型：主語+動詞（謂語）+賓語+狀語（副詞）+狀語（介詞短語）
孩子們種樹 — Children plant tree (什么東西干什么，有動詞做標(biāo)志)
聰明的孩子們種樹 — The clever children plant tree .
來自美國的孩子們種樹 — Children from America plant tree .
孩子們努力地種樹 — Children plant tree carefully 努力地 — 修飾動詞“種”
我努力地游泳 — I swim hard — hard 修飾 swim
注意：狀語修飾動詞，放在所修飾動詞的后面，通常有副詞或介詞短語充當(dāng)。
The children plant tree hard on Sunday — on Sunday 修飾種（介詞短語做狀語）
孩子們星期天努力地種樹
The children plant tree hard in the garden on Sunday — in garden 修飾動詞
孩子們星期天在花園努力種樹
狀語前置：一般來說，主謂賓句型里，可以把作為介詞短語的狀語前置。如：The student read English in the morning --> In the morning , the student read English . — 孩子們早晨讀英語
（3）There be 句型：謂主狀
There is a teacher in the classroom . = In the classroom , there is a teacher .
正式文體中，某些表示存在、發(fā)生、出現(xiàn)、坐落等意義的不及物動詞 也可以與there 連用， 如：appear, seem , come , remain , exist , live , stand , lie , arise , enter , follow , occur , rise , grow , happen , belong , arrive , fly , flash , sail , pass, run , spring up , emerge等。如：
There exist (are) many ancient temples in the country .
那個國家有很多古老的寺廟。
There lies (is) a small village in the mountain .
山里有個小村子。
Once upon a time , there lived (was) an old queer man in the city .
從前，城里住著個怪老頭。
There struck me a sudden idea .
突然我有了一個主意。
There be(do) 句型的變長：
教室里有一個美麗的老師 — There is a beautiful teacher in the classroom .
教室里有一個來自美國的老師 — There is a teacher from America in the classroom .
城市里的學(xué)校里有一個來自美國的老師 — There is a teacher from America in the school in the city .
There lies a small village in the mountain quietly . — 山里安靜地坐落著一個小村子。
主意：與主系表句型一樣，存在There be 句型里， 形容詞做定語，介詞短語也可以做定語，形容詞做定語放在所修飾的名詞前面，介詞短語放在所修飾的名詞后面。
總結(jié)：1. 首先，把英文的六大句型寫完整；2.再加定語和狀語；3，定語修飾名詞， 由形容詞和介詞短語充當(dāng)，形容詞放在名詞的前面，介詞短語放在名詞的后面；4.狀語修飾動詞，由副詞和介詞短語充當(dāng)，放在所修飾的動詞的后面，但是一定要注意：基本句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)要先寫完整才能加狀語。
名詞性從句
賓語從句
The American ecnomic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy .
在英語語法上，習(xí)慣上我們所稱的名詞性從句指的是賓語從句，主語從句和表語從句的統(tǒng)稱。因此，了解名詞性從句首先應(yīng)該從賓語從句入手。
賓語從句：我們在前面學(xué)過主系表和主謂賓的句型，在主謂賓這個句子里出現(xiàn)了賓語，因此賓語從句是相對主謂賓的句型而說的。因此一個句子里，要出現(xiàn)賓語，則必須要求有謂語，沒有謂語，就沒有所謂的賓語。
賓語從句定義：==在主謂賓句型的賓語的位置上把作為名詞的賓語擴(kuò)展成一個be句型或者do句型。==可以用下列公式進(jìn)行表示：主語+謂語+從句。如：
（1）The girl is in the classroom (主：主系表句型，沒有賓語，自然不存在所謂的賓語從句)
（2）He knows the news
? 主 謂 賓
（3）He knows that the girl is a Chinese .
? 主 謂
? 主 系 表
（4）He knows that I love you .
? 主 謂
? 主 謂 賓
（5）He knows that the boy found a pen on the floor .
? 主 謂
? 主 謂 賓 補(bǔ)
（6）He knows that you give me a cup of tea .
? 主 謂
? 主 謂 賓 賓
（7）He knows that there was (lived) a man in the city .
? 主 謂
? 謂 主 狀
（8）He knows that he read his book .
? 主 謂 賓
（9）He knows that he read that the story describes the news .
? 主 謂
? 主 謂 賓
（10）He knows that he read that the story describes that the news depicts the scenery .
? 主 謂
? 主 謂
? 主 謂 賓
學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該從以下三個方面掌握：
第一：選好連接詞，并記住連詞永遠(yuǎn)放在從句的開頭。
（1）連詞that: 只起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中或非正式文體中常被省略。例如：
He knew (that) president Bush would visit China next week .
? 主 謂 賓 狀
I am glad (that) you can swim in the pool .
（2）連詞whether 或 if：他們起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，做“是否”解。
例如：
? Jhon doesn’t know whether he can pass the exam for the university (or not)
（3）連接代詞which (whichever), who (whoever) . whom (whomever) . whose (whosever), what (whatever)在從句中的意義：
? 定 賓 主 謂
? 定 賓 主 謂
? 賓 主 謂
I don’t know who love him ?
? 賓 主 謂
（4）連接副詞 when(whenever), where(wherever), why, how(however)分別做時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式狀語：
（5）掌握how many, how much , how long , how often , how soon 的意義：
? I don’t know how much money you have ? How mush = how mush money
? I don’t know how many books you have ?
? I don’t know how often you go to swim ? — twice a week
? I don’t know how soon you can finish your homework ? — one hour later
? I don’t know how long the city is from the country ?
第二：牢記賓語從句的語序是肯定句語序，事實(shí)上，所有的從句（包括賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句都是肯定句）例如：
Can you tell me when did you go to school ? (錯誤 ，因?yàn)閺木洳荒苁且蓡柧?#xff0c;應(yīng)該把did去掉)
Can you tell me when you went to school ?
Did you understand why is he so angry ? (錯誤，因?yàn)閺木洳荒苁且蓡柧?#xff0c;應(yīng)該把is放到he后面)
Did you understand why he is so angry ?
Do you know what time will the train arrived at the city ? (錯誤，因?yàn)閺木洳荒苁且蓡柧?#xff0c;應(yīng)該把will去掉)
Do you know what time the train will arrived at the city ?
第三：注意從句否定意義的轉(zhuǎn)移：
在think , believe, suppose, expect 等動詞所帶的賓語中，如果從句謂語是否定的，一般要將否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移至主句謂語上去，而將從句賓語變?yōu)榭隙ㄐ问健?/p>
如：我期望明天不會下雨 I expect that it won’t rain tomorrow .–> I don’t expect that it will rain tomorrow .
賓語從句公式：主語+謂語+從句be或do。
同樣的道理，如果主系表的表語的位置上把表語變成一個be或者do句型，則為表語從句；公式為：主語+系動詞+從句be或do
如：The problem is difficult
? The problem is what you want .
舉一反三，在主語的位置上把主語擴(kuò)展為一個be或do句型，則為主語從句，其公式為：從句be或do+系動詞+表語， 或者：從句be或do+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ)/賓賓
如：The problem is difficult
That he learns English is difficult
It is difficult that he learns English .
主語從句 系 表
再如：He attracts the children .
? That he learns English attracts the children .
? 主語從句 謂 賓
? It attracts the children that he learns English .
賓語從句總結(jié)
賓語從句定義：==在主謂賓句型的賓語的位置上把作為名詞的賓語擴(kuò)展成一個be句型或者do句型。==可以用下列公式進(jìn)行表示：主語+謂語+從句。
賓語從句的連詞：
(1) that — 不作任何語法成分，沒有任何意思， 可以省略
(2) whether(or not)或 if; — 不作任何語法成分，但有實(shí)際意思（是否），所以在從句中不能省略
(3) which(whichever), — 做定語（哪一個），修飾物
who(whoever), — 做主語或賓語，修飾人
whom(whomever), — 做賓語，修飾人
whose(whosever), — 做定語，修飾人
what(whatever) — 做主語或賓語，修飾物
(4) when(whenever), — 做時間狀語
where(wherever), — 做地點(diǎn)狀語
why, — 做原因狀語
how(however) — 做方式狀語
(5) how many , — 做定語，修飾可數(shù)名詞
how much , — 做定語，修飾不可數(shù)名詞
how long , — 多長，用來表達(dá)距離或時間
how often , — 表達(dá)頻率，多經(jīng)常
how soon — 多快
賓語從句的形式：
主謂賓句型的賓語從句：作為名詞的賓語擴(kuò)展成一個be句型或者do句型。
He knows the news .
He knows that the teacher is in classroom .
主謂賓賓—do(vt)句型的賓語從句，把直接賓語變?yōu)橐粋€be或do句型。
He tells me the news .
He tells me that she is a teacher .
He tells the news to me .
He tells that she is a teacher to me .
主謂賓補(bǔ)句型的賓語從句需要it來做形式賓語
I find Chinese important .
主 謂 賓 補(bǔ)
I find that we make a quick decision about this matter important .
主 謂 賓語從句 補(bǔ)
I find it important that we make a quick decision about this matter .
主 謂 形式賓語 補(bǔ) 賓語從句
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我認(rèn)為每天多喝開水是有必要的。
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together .
我沒去聚會感覺非常遺憾。
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries .
我每天寫日記成了習(xí)慣
賓語從句的省略形式：
某些形容詞后面可以帶賓語從句，其形式為sb+be+形容詞+that賓語從句：
這一類形容詞通常是表示人物的心理，情感等狀態(tài)的形容詞如：
sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised
a. I am glad (that) you helped me .
b. I am sure (that) you can pass the exam .
分析：上面句子中介詞后面所跟成分都做介詞賓語。我們完全可以將他們換成that+陳述句：
從語法上講，以上的結(jié)構(gòu)都是正確的。但是，由于這樣表達(dá)過于啰嗦，所以我們可以將其簡化，省去介詞，由于它們是賓語從句，所以連同 that 也可以省略掉，因此，這是一種省略形式的賓語從句。
表語從句
同樣的道理，如果在主系表句型表語的位置上把表語變成一個be句型或者do句型，則稱為表語從句。
（1）The question is difficult — The question is how we make money .
? 主 系 表 主 系 表語從句
（2）------------------------------------------ The question is that she is a thief .
? 主 系 表語從句
（3）----------------------------The question is that there is a thief in the room .
? 主 系 表語從句
（4）事實(shí)是因?yàn)槊總€人都要生活 — The fact is because everyone must live .
小結(jié)：表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞與賓語從句一樣，規(guī)律與賓語從句一樣，只不過稱呼不同而已，因此掌握賓語從句以后，表語從句無需特別學(xué)習(xí)。但要注意一下幾點(diǎn)：
不可以用if, 而用whether 連接表語從句（as if 例外）。
False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us .
Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us …
that在表語從句中不可以省略掉。
注意比較That is because … 句型與 that is why … 句型
"That is because …"與"That is why …"之間的不同在于"That is because …"指原因或理由，"That is why …"則指由于各種原因所造成的后果。例如：
He did not see the film last night .
That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework .
He had seen the film before .
That is why he did not see it last night .
(第一句話說明原因，第二句話說明結(jié)果)
當(dāng)主語是reason , fact, idea等抽象名詞時，表語從句的連接詞應(yīng)該用that .
（1）The reason is that he didn’t go to school .
（2）The traditional view is ____________ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so .
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
答案：D
解析：view是抽象名詞
（3）You are saying that everyone should be equal , and this is __________________ I disagree .
A. why B. where C. what D. how
答案：B
解析：從句中 I 是主語，disagree 是謂語，并且disagree是不及物動詞，所以從句不缺賓語，故不能選C，故選where做狀語。
主語從句
主語從句：如果將主謂賓或主系表的主語擴(kuò)展成為一個句子，稱為主語從句：
（1）The question is difficult ---- That she makes money is difficult .
? 主語 系 表 主語從句 系 表
–> It is difficult that she makes money .
? 形式主語 系 表 真正的主語
it = that she makes money 主語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：it is … that …
（2）The cat is a fact — That there is a cat in the room is a fact .
–> It is a fact that there is a cat in the room .
? 形式主語 系 表 真正的主語
（3）He knows the news — That he knows the news surprises me
–> It surprises me that he knows the news .
小結(jié)：主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞與賓語從句一樣，規(guī)律與賓語從句一樣，只不過稱呼不同而已，因此掌握賓語從句以后，主語從句無需特別學(xué)習(xí)。但要注意兩點(diǎn)：
主語從句有形式主語 it
引導(dǎo)詞 if 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句，只能用whether … (or not)
If 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句—他明天是否上學(xué)還不知道 If he will go to school is unclear —> It is unclear if he will go to school (錯誤)
Whether he will go to school is unclear —> It is unclear whether he will go to school (正確)
以下幾點(diǎn)需要注意：It 做形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較
It做形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連詞沒有變化。
而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可以用連詞that 。 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film . 【主語從句】
It was the football team and I that(who) helped the old man . 【強(qiáng)調(diào)句】
解析：把It is … that 去掉，看是否能構(gòu)成六大基本句型的句子，如果不能則是主語從句，如果可以則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，比如第一句去掉 It is … that 后變?yōu)?#xff1a;A pity you don’t go to see the film . 很明顯不是一個完整的句子，所以原句是主語從句。第二句去掉 It is … that 后變?yōu)?The foolball team and I helped the old man . 這是一個完整的句子，主謂賓句型，所以原句是強(qiáng)調(diào)句，順便解釋一下為什么 and I 用的是 I ，而不是me, 因?yàn)槿サ?It is … that 后可以看出 foolball team and I 做主語，而me是作賓語的，所以用 I 不用 me.
（1）主系表的主語從句形式it + 系 + 表 + 從句
It is a fact that … 事實(shí)是 …
It is natural that … 很自然 …
（2）主謂賓的主語從句形式：it + 謂語（及物動詞）+ 賓語 + 從句
（3）主謂的主語從句形式： it + 謂語（不及物動詞）+ 從句
It seems that … 似乎…
It happened that … 碰巧…
（4）主謂賓賓的主語從句形式：it + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語 + 從句
（5）主謂賓補(bǔ)的主語從句形式：it + 謂語 + 賓語 + 補(bǔ)語 + 從句
在英語語法上，習(xí)慣上我們所稱的名詞性從句指的是賓語從句，主語從句和表語從句的統(tǒng)稱。
名詞性從句練習(xí)
一、判斷下列各句哪句是名詞性從句，并指出是什么從句。
China is no longer what it used to be .
答：名詞性從句-表語從句
解析： no longer what it used to be 是一句話。
That the earth tums around the sun is known to all .
答：名詞性從句-主語從句
It was snowing when he arrived at the station .
答：狀語從句
How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.
答：名詞性從句 - 主語從句
That they had won the game soon spread over the whole school .
答：名詞性從句-主語從句
It was the football team and I who helped the old man .
答：強(qiáng)調(diào)句
That is where Lu Xun used to live .
答：名詞性從句 - 表語從句
He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about .
答：不是名詞性從句
解析：這是一個從句套從句， as if 在這里引導(dǎo)的句子做狀語從句，what引導(dǎo)的句子做賓語從句。所以從大的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來說，該句不屬于名詞性從句。
Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school ?
答：不是名詞性從句
I wonder why she refused my invitation .
答：名詞性從句 - 賓語從句
二、選擇填空
Do you see ______________ I mean ?
A. that B. / C. how D. what
答：D
解析：you是主語,see是謂語，缺賓語，所以這是一個賓語從句。從句 I 是主語，mean 是謂語，缺賓語，故選D。
Let me see _____________ .
A. that can I repair the radio B. whether I can repair the radio
C. I can repair the radio D. I whether can repair the radio
答：B
Could you advise me ________?
A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first
C. that book I should read first D. which book I should read first
答：D
She walked up to _____________ .
A. where did I stand B. where I stood
C. I stood there D. where I stood there
答：B
解析：stood 是不及物動詞，D中的there 和 where 都是修飾stood做狀語，沖突了，故選B
We’ll give you __________.
A. that do you need B. what do you need
C. whatever you need D. whether do you need
答：C
He was never satisfied with _____________.
A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved
C. she had achieved D. that she achieved
答：A
__________ they will come here hasn’t been decided yet .
A. What B. That C. When D. Where
答：C
解析：該句為主語從句，從句不缺成分，B雖然在語法上說得通，但是在內(nèi)容上說不通，故選C做狀語。
It is strange ____________ she has left without saying a word .
A. that B. what C. why D. how
答：A
_____________ Mr Zhang said is quite right .
A. That B. When C. What D. Whether
答：C
It doesn’t matter ____________ he’s come back or not .
A. if B. whether C. that D. when
答：B
_________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights .
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
答：C
解析：C - 無論誰
____________ the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is known to all .
A. Whether B. If C. Whenever D. That
答：D
Things were not __________ they seemed to be .
A. when B. why C. that D. what
答：D
解析：該句是一個表語從句，并且表語從句的seemed to be中的be是系動詞，所以從句卻表語，what 可以做主語/賓語/表語，故選D
The question is ____________
A. whether is it worth doing B. that if it is worth doing
C. whether it is worth doing D. if it is worth doing
答：C
That’s ___________ .
A. how she did it B. that how did she do it
C. how did she do it D. what she did it
答：A
Great changes have taken place in that school . It is no longer ____________ it was 20 years ago .
A.when B. that C. what D. which
答：C
解析：該句是表語從句，并且從句缺表語，故選C。20 years ago 是時間狀語。
I don’t know ______________ he will come tomorrow __________________ he comes , I’ll tell you .
A. if , Whether B. whether , Whether C. if , That D. if , if
答：D
解析：第一個空是賓語從句，第二個空是狀語從句（還未學(xué)）。
I don’t doubt __________ he will come tomorrow .
A. Whether B. what C. that D. if
答：C
解析：doubt在肯定句中用 whether/if , 否定句是that .
_____________ makes his shop different is that it offers more personal services .
A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever
答：A
I think _____________ necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
A. that B. this C. what D. it
答：D
—Could you do me a favor ?
—It depends on _____________ it is .
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
答：C
These shoes look very good . I wonder _______________ .
A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost
C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost
答：C
The small children don’t know ____________ .
A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockings
C. where is their stockings D. what in their stockings
答：B
解析：C中的where不能做主語，故錯誤。D缺少謂語，故錯誤。故選B。注意，B不是疑問句，而是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)
Mary wrote an article on ______________ the team had failed to win the game .
A. why B. what C. who D. that
答：A
The way he did it was different ___________ we were used to .
A. in which B. in what C. from what D. from which
答：C
解析：be different from - 介詞并與 - 和什么不同，后面從句 be used to 也是短語，從句缺賓語，所以用what ,故選C。
Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and _____________________ it is rough or smooth .
A. / B. whether C. how D. what
答：B
Do you know where _____________ now ?
A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he live
答：A
It was the teacher ________________ taugh me English .
A. as B. when C. this D. who
答：D
_______________ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger , more prosperous economy .
A. As B. That C. This D. It
答：D
I’d like to work with ___________ is honest and easy to get on with .
A.who B. whoever C. whomever D. no matter who
答：B
解析：介詞賓語
三、翻譯
那個在角落的女孩是否能上學(xué)取決(depend on) 于學(xué)費(fèi)(tuition)
It depends on the tuition whether the girl in the corner can go to school .
我懷疑(doubt)他明天是否去上學(xué)
I doubt if/whether he will go to school tomorrow .
我期望明天不會下雨
I don’t expect (tha) it will rain tomorrow .
你買什么，我就買什么
what you buy is what I buy .
我在市場上要買的東西就是一輛車
It is a car what I will buy in the market .
樓窗戶旁邊的樹上站著一只鳥是一個事實(shí)（fact）.
It is a fact that there is a bird in the tree besides the windows .
這個問題就是我們到哪里去拿這么多的樹木
The question is where we go to take so many wood .
我認(rèn)為一朵美麗的鮮花不會死
I don’t think (that) a beautiful flower will die .
正是在道路上發(fā)生了一場戰(zhàn)爭。
It was on the road that a war broke out .
定語從句
英文的定語有兩種，一種是形容詞，放在所修飾名詞之前，一種是介詞短語，放在所修飾名詞之后，而定語從句就是相對介詞短語來說的，把作為介詞短語的定語擴(kuò)展成為一個句子be, do
? 主語 定語 系 表語
? The lady who(that) is in the corner is attractive .
? 定語從句
站在角落的那個女士很迷人。
The beautiful cat in the corner is attractive .
? 定 主語 定語 系 表
The beautiful cat which(that) is in the corner is attractive .
在角落的那只貓很迷人。
連詞做主語或賓語：who — 主語或者賓語，修飾人
? which — 主語或者賓語，修飾物
? that — 主語或者賓語，修飾人或物
? whom — 賓語，修飾人
關(guān)系代詞做介詞賓語
She is the girl who/(whom/that) I talk with .
She is the girl with whom I talk . — 做with的賓語，用whom，不能用that
It is the cat which(that) I looked for .
It is the cat for which I looked . — 做for的賓語，用which，不能用that
解析：當(dāng)介詞提前的時候，只能用嚴(yán)格意義上的賓語，所以介詞賓語提前的時候，指人只能用whom，不能用who/that ， 指物的時候只能用which，不能用that .
Malaria , the world’s most widespread parasitic(寄生蟲引起的) disease , kills as many as three million people every year — almost all of whom are under five , very poor , and African .
解析：很多人在這里可看到of whom 后面的are，就會把whom填成who做主語，那這樣就是錯的。of 后面只能用賓格形式。
關(guān)系代詞做定語（whose），修飾人或物
This is the student , whose scorce is zero .
這就是那個學(xué)生，他的分?jǐn)?shù)是零分
? I like the house , it’s windows faces the sea (錯誤)
? I like the house , whose windows faces the sea (正確)
? 我喜歡這座房子，它的窗戶面向大海。
? I am a teacher , whose father is a farmer .
? 我的(定語) 父親
? 我是一個老師，我的父親是一個農(nóng)民。
注意：比較名詞性從句與定語從句的連詞：that, which , whose
I know that she is a teacher .
I know that the girl is singing 我知道那個女孩在唱歌。 — 賓語從句
I know the girl that is singing 我知道那個唱歌的女孩。 — 定語從句
He tells the old man that she is a teacher . — 賓語從句
解析：因?yàn)槎ㄕZ從句是修飾名詞的，所以這里有很多人會誤解這句是定語從句，以為從句是修飾the old man ，但是不是的，這句其實(shí)是賓語從句，因?yàn)閠ell是雙賓語動詞，所以 the old man 是間接賓語，從句代替的是直接賓語，故為賓語從句。
The cat which is in the corner is attractive . — 定語從句
I know which book you buy — which 做定語 — 賓語從句
I am a teacher , whose father is a farmer . — 定語從句
I know whose book you buy — whose 做定語 — 賓語從句
注意：以下幾種情況只能用that
當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級形式修飾的時候
He is the tallest man that I saw .
當(dāng)先行詞本身是不定代詞如 all, something , anything , nothing , somebody , anybody, nobody , 的時候，He tells me all that he knows .
當(dāng)先行詞被only, no , little , very 或者序數(shù)詞（the first, second … ）修飾的時候， She is the first girl that I love .
當(dāng)先行詞本身是抽象名詞的時候，比如way, idea, view等。Can you tell me the way that lead to the mountain ? — 你能告訴我通往大山的路嗎？
關(guān)系代詞做狀語 when , where , why
When = 介詞+which
It snowed in 1995, in 1995, I went to university . — 錯誤，一句話有2個謂語又沒有連詞。
It snowed in 1995 in which I went to university . — which 等同于1995，in which 做狀語
It snowed in 1995 which I went to university — 錯誤， which 做主語或賓語
It snowed in 1995 when I went to university .
I remember the day, on the day , I married her . — 錯誤，一句話有2個謂語又沒有連詞。
I remember the day , on which I married her .
I remember the day when I married her . — when 做時間狀語
Where = 介詞+which
Last year , I visited the village , in the village, I spent my childhood . — 錯誤
Last year, I visisted the village in which I spent my childhood .
Last year, I visited the village where I spent my childhood — where 地點(diǎn)狀語
Last year, I visited China , in China , there are many population . — 錯誤
Last year, I visited China , where there are many population .
Why = for + which
I know the reason, for the reason, the boss married her . — 錯誤
I know the reason for which the boss married her .
I know the reason why the boss married her — why 原因狀語
非限制性定語從句：who, whose , which , as
I will go to see my wife who lives in Japan.
我要去看那個住在日本的妻子。（錯誤）
解析：這句話翻譯過來有歧義，給人感覺有很多個妻子，可能還有法國的，美國的妻子，所以才會出現(xiàn)非限制性定語從句，就是不想把前面的名詞限制的太死，限制的太死翻譯的時候要翻譯在名詞的前面，會出現(xiàn)歧義。
I will go to see my wife , who lives in Japan .
我要去看我的妻子，我的妻子住在日本。
I am a teacher , whose father is a farmer .
My father gave him a lot of money, which makes me angry .
注意：Which 在非限制性定語從句代表前面的整句話。
The moon, which moves around the earth is beautiful .
月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)，它很漂亮。
注意：Which 也可以代表前面的名詞
As you know, he didn’t go to school yesterday
He didn’t go to school yesterday , as you know .
注意：在非限制性定語從句里不能用that
as與which的區(qū)別：
（1）引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時，在such, as , the same 后只能用as, 其他情況用which 。 如：
（2）引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，有時兩者可互換。如：
當(dāng)從句位于主句前面時，只用as。如：
As is known to everybody , the moon travels round the earth once every month . 月球每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一周，這是每個人都清楚的。
The moon travels round the earth once every month, which is known to everybody .
I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠(yuǎn)。
這你是知道的。
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句應(yīng)與主句在意義上和諧一致，which無此限制：
He went abroad , as [which] was expected . 他出國了，這是大家預(yù)料到的。
he went abroad , which was unexpected . 他出國了，這讓大家感到很意外。（不用as）
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，先行詞通常不能是主句中某個具體的詞，而應(yīng)是整個句子、整個短語或某個短語推斷出來的概念， 而which則無此限制。
如：The river , which flows through London, is called the Theames .
這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。（不用as）
當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句做主語時，其謂語通常應(yīng)是連系動詞，而不宜是其他動詞，而which則無此限制：
She has married again, as [which] seemed natural .
她又結(jié)婚了，這似乎很正常。
She has married again , which delighted us . 她又結(jié)婚了，這使我們很高興。
定語從句練習(xí)
一、選擇填空
The man __________ visited our school yesterday is from London .
A. who B. which C. whom D. when
答：A
That is one of those books that ______________ worth reading .
A. is B. are C. has D. have
答：B
解析：that 代替的是books先行詞，而不是one of those books .故選B。
Because of my poor memory , all _____________ you told me has been forgotten .
A. that B. which C. what D. as
答：A
Do you remember those day _______________ we spent along the seashore very happily ?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
答：C
解析：從句中we是主語，spent是謂語，along the seashore是介詞短語，所以缺賓語，故選C。
Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _______________ he lost last week .
A. which B. that C. whom D. as
答：D
Those ____________ want to go please sign their names here .
A. whom B. which C. who D. when
答：C
This is the only book _____________ I can find .
A. That B. which C. it D. with which
答：A
Who is the woman ___________ is sweeping the flloor over there ?
A. who B. / C. that D. when
答：C
解析：語法上A和C都可以，但是開頭已經(jīng)有了Who,所以再填who讀起來很別扭，故選C
The man ___________ you talked just now is a worker .
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who
答：C
The man ___________ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour .
A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which
答：A
The doctor ___________ is leaving for Africa next month .
A. the nurse is talking to hom B. whom the nurse is talking
C. (who) the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking
答：C
The man ________________ around our school is from America .
A. which you showed B. you showed him
C. you showed D. where you showed
答：C
解析：在定語從句里面，當(dāng)that做賓語的時候可以省略
He talked about a hero __________ no one had ever heard .
A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who
答：A
解析：heard是不及物動詞，后面應(yīng)該+介詞接賓語，heard of 聽說，heard from 收到某人的來信。故選A
In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____________ were asked in French .
A. where B. who C. in which D. which
答：D
解析：were asked 是被動語句，所以缺主語，故選D
He is absent , _____________ is often the case .
A. what B. which C. who D. as
答：D
解析：這題在語法上來說B和D都可以選。老師給的答案是B，但我詢問很多網(wǎng)友之后都選D，理由是 as is often the case 為固定搭配。但我在網(wǎng)上查詢之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)也有which is of often the case的用法，所以只能說as is often the case 用的頻率更高，故最好的答案選D。
Finally, the thief handed over everything ____________ he had stolen to the police .
A. that B. which C. whatever D. all
答：A
The foreign guests , __________ were government officals , were warmly welcomed at the airport .
A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those
答：C
This is the very letter ____________ came last night .
A. who B. which C. that D. as
答：C
I know only a little about this matter, you may ask ____________ knows better than I .
A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one
答：A
解析：從句中的you 為主語，ask為謂語，后面的句子為賓語從句。賓語從句中knows為謂語，缺主語，故選A。
This is the school _____________ we visited three days ago .
A. where B. / C. when D. what
答：B
解析：從句we為主語，visited為謂語，缺賓語。what是在名詞性從句的時候充當(dāng)賓語。that在定語從句做賓語時可以省略，故選B。
This is the factory ___________ we worked a year ago .
A. where B. that C. which D. on which
答：A
解析：從句中的work是不及物動詞，故不缺賓語。并且D中的 on which ，不能說 on the factory ,而應(yīng)該是 in the factory , 故D錯。故選A，做地點(diǎn)狀語。
Nearby were two canoes ___________________ they had come to the island .
A. which B. in which C. that D. /
答：B
Jack is please with ____________ you have given him and all ________________________ you have told him .
A. that , what B. what , that C. which , what D. that , which
答：B
Do you work near the building _____________ colour is yellow ?
A. that B. which C. its D. whose
答：D
In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person ____________________ she could turn for help .
A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom
答：C
We should read such books __________________ will make us better and wiser .
A. when B. as C. whose D. that
答：B
It is the first time ______________________ I have come to your city .
A. that B. which C. what D. when
答：D
解析：因?yàn)閺木洳蝗背煞?#xff0c;主謂賓完整，而that做主語或賓語，所以即使有序數(shù)詞that修飾time，也不選that。而是選when做時間狀語。
How many students are there in your class______________ homes are in the couuntry ?
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
答：A
Alice received an invitation from her boss , ______________________ came as a surprise .
A. it B.which C. that D. he
答：B
解析：這里可以填which或as，但是這里只有which，所以選which。非限制性定語從句不能用that。
The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage _____________ already seven other people .
A. when there were B. which there were
C. that there were D. where there were
答：C
I live in the house ___________ windows face south .
A. which B. whose C. where D. in that
答：B
— What game is popular with them ?
The _________ most is tennis .
A. game they like it B. game they like
C. best game they like D. best game they like it
答：B
解析：B選項(xiàng)that做賓語可以省略，即原句 game that they like . A和D選項(xiàng)沒有連詞，C和D選項(xiàng)的best和most意義相同，故選B。
I shall never forget those years _____________ I lived in the country with the farmers , __________________ has a great effect on my life .
A. that , which B. when , which C. which , that D. when , who
答：B
The room ____________ Mr White lives is not very large .
A. that B. which C. where D. when
答：C
Don’t forget the day __________ you were received into the Youth League .
A. when B. that C. at which D. where
答：A
I’ve finished writing the novel , ____________ is to be published next month .
A. that B. what C. which D. when
答：C
He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle , __________________ was unexpected .
A. which B. as C. that D. it
答：A
________________ we is known to all , English is not very difficult to learn .
A. What B. As C. That D. Which
答：B
The old man had three sons , all of ______________ died during World War II .
A. whose B. that C. whom D. who
答：C
I have bought two pens , _____________ write well .
A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which
答：C
解析：老師這題答案選B。首先,A、D只能用于三者或三者以上.其次,如果選B的話后邊的write應(yīng)該用三單形式,因?yàn)閚either表示“哪一個也不”。所以這題我懷疑老師的答案是錯的。
Do you know the reason _____________ she has changed her mind ?
A. why B. which C. for that D. of which
答：A
He failed in the exam , ______________ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough .
A. which B. what C. it D. that
答：A
_______________ was expected , he succeeded in the exam .
A. It B. Which C. As D. That
答：C
He studied hard and later became a well-known writer , ____________ his father expected .
A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what
答：D
二、翻譯
去年我們尋找的那個女孩已經(jīng)很漂亮了，這是一個事實(shí)。
The girl whom we found last year has been very beautiful , which is a fact .
他到中國去讀書，哪里有悠久的歷史，這一點(diǎn)他事先并不知道。
He went to China to study , where there is a long history , which he had not known in advanced.
曾經(jīng)有一段時間，他在北京大學(xué)讀歷史，在那里發(fā)生了很多有趣的故事。
There was times when he learned history in Beijing university , where a lot of interesting story occured .
我昨天買了一座房子，面朝大海，那是我向往已久的地方。
I bought a house , whose windows face the sea , to which I have been looking forward .
我不會忘記和你結(jié)婚的那一天，那一天是我生命中的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。
I will never forget the day when I married you , which was my critical point in my life .
正如他從歷史課本了解到的一樣，這就是偉人死亡的原因。
As he knows from the historical textbook , it is the reason why the great man died .
狀語從句
狀語從句：一個句子修飾另一個句子的動詞
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時間狀語從句連詞： when, while, as soon as , until, till , now that , as , before , after , since , every time , next time , each time , the day , the year , the moment , once , whenever , no sooner … than , hardly … when , immediately , directly
條件狀語從句連詞： if, unless , as long as (只要), so long as (只要), suppose (that) (假如，假定), provide (that) (假如，如果), in case (如果，萬一), even if (即使，盡管，就算), on condition that (條件是), granted that (假定，就算), whether (不管)
目的狀語從句連詞： in order that (為了), so that (因此，以便), so , in case (以免，免得，以備，以防), lest (免得，以免), for fear that (生怕，以免)
1、連接詞“for fear that”可以用來引導(dǎo)虛擬語氣。
其形式通常為：“for fear that +主語+ should +動詞原形”。
2、句中的should可以省去：
例題一：I will not make a noise for fear that I (should) disturb you.
我不會做聲的，以免打擾你。
例題二：He walked fast for fear that he（ should） be late.
他快走,以免遲到；
例題三：He worked hard for fear that he（ might ）be fired by the boss.
他拼命地干活惟恐被老板解雇.
結(jié)果狀語從句： so … that , so that , such … that , such that , otherwise , or else , else , that
注意： that可以單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，如： What was the matter withh the fellow that he looked so happy ? 那人怎么回事，看起來這樣高興？
原因狀語從句連詞： because , as(由于，因?yàn)?, since (既然), seeing (that) (由于), considering (that) (由于，考慮到)
讓步狀語從句連詞： Although (雖然) , though (盡管，雖然) , even if (即使，盡管，縱然，就算) , even though (盡管), as (盡管，雖然) , wherever (無論什么地方),whoever (無論誰), however (不管怎樣), whatever (無論什么), no matter what (不管…), no matter how (不管怎樣), whether (不管)
方式狀語從句連詞： as , as if (好像，似乎), as though (好像) , the way (…的方式), the same way (同樣的方式) , however(無論怎樣) , like
地點(diǎn)狀語從句連詞：where , wherever , anywhere , everywhere
比較狀語從句連詞： than , as … as (和…一樣), not as … as (和…不一樣)
長難句
斷句方法，最基本的特征，1：連詞，2：分詞
主系表 2. 主謂賓 3. 主謂 4. 主謂賓賓 5. 主謂賓補(bǔ) 6. there be(do) + 名詞 + 介詞短語（表達(dá)時間的副詞）
We might use some kind of test to aid the selection process ,/ but we usually pick a candidate/ who interviews well , has good qualifications and an impressive work record .
He wants to transform his sport / the way other great athletes like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods have .
解析：同位語從句
Michael won the 200-meter butterfly with a new world mark , / and also turned in record times in the 100-meter butterfly and 200-meter individual medley (混合泳) — /doing so on the same day , / which was a first in swimming history .
解析：第一個and連接句子，第二個and連接單詞
The station is for workers , / and it puts an additional burden on the crew to have people up here / that are not doing science or conducting experiments / that are productive .
Space Adventures Chief Eric Anderson said / he could not disclose / what Shuttleworth was paying for the trip , / but added / that a Russian official had been quoted as saying the price was no worse than Tito’s fare , / which was widely reported to be $20 million .
It’s not uncommon for McGrady , / who signed with Oriando in 2002 , to shoot 200 jumpers after practice , grab a healthy bite to eat and go to work out with the Log Angeles Lakers’ Shaquillc O’Neal , / who owns a home in Orlando .
To test the structure , the engineers ,/ sponsored by the U . K . Department of International Development , took it to the Earthquake Engineering and Vibration Research Centre in Bangalore , / which has a state-of-the-art earthquake simulator (模擬裝置) 。
解析：the engineers 是主語 ， sponsored 是過去分詞，前面省略了 who were
It is the yakking itself ---- or more precisely , the continuous conversation with someone / who isn’t present — that makes
Today those same executives and joumalists / who feared computers wouldn’t be found without having their portable computers on their laps .
There are usually a number of conveniences available for those / living in university residence halls .
解析：living 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，前面省略了 who are , who修飾 those
Only by asking the right questions can you confirm the suitability of the candidate or put pressure on those / who are being less than completely honest .
You driving performance / while talking on a cell phone is weakened at levels comparable to , or worse than , driving with a blood alcohol level of 0.08 , / which is the legal limit in most states of America .
There are many publich notices on trains and buses / giving out the warning / that smoking is linked to lung cancer and other lung and heart diseases .
The warning against alcohol consumption is of a different kind . It goes out especially to women who are pregnant and anyone , operating a car or electrical machinery .
But recent studies suggest / that it isn’t the dialing’ or the arm waving(揮舞，招手) / that makes driving / while talking on a cell phone dangerous .
They are responsible for their own lives , / needing to learn to manager their time and find a job , / while attending school .
British and Indian engineers are developing earthquake-proot housing / using a cheap , universal material : bamboo .
Given the cost involved , this was not as odd as it now seems .
解析: 原句其實(shí)是這樣：It was given the cost which involved , …
Also anyone / operating a machine / runs the risk of an accident / which could be fatal(致命的) .
National Aviation and Space Adminstration (NASA) and its partners in the International Space Station have agreed in principle to let a 28-year-old South African become the second paying tourist on the orbiting(環(huán)繞，圍繞) tourist , the U.S. space angency said on Tuesday .
閱讀理解技巧
閱讀技巧
閱讀理解論說文的中心思想
文章寫作結(jié)構(gòu)：總（論點(diǎn)）— 分（舉例子）— 總（呼應(yīng)論點(diǎn)）
? 舉例子 — 引出論點(diǎn) — 分析說明 — 總結(jié)
基本讀法：串線，讀論點(diǎn)與論證。
段落寫作結(jié)構(gòu)：總 — 分；分（for example, for instance, such as） — 總
文章中心思想：
第一句。如果第一句是否定句或者疑問句，則看第二句；如果有連續(xù)的排比否定句或連續(xù)的疑問句，則要看對否定句的肯定句或?qū)σ蓡柧涞目隙ù饛?fù)。考生應(yīng)注意，所謂的否定并不是指形式的否定。比如：我不是一個學(xué)生。我是一名老師。因此，除了not以外，考生還應(yīng)注意一些隱性否定詞，比如：false, ignore, neglect, too … to …, few, little, hardly, scarely, seldomly, fail, error, mistake, incorrect, unture, reluctant(不情愿的，勉強(qiáng)的), refuse, reject, difficulty, doubtful, suspect(懷疑), lie.
要注意雙重否定是為肯定。
（北京市2005年學(xué)位英語真題）When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in anew or upsetting situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do .
According to this passage, intelligence is _________________ .
A. the ability to study well .
B. the ability to do well in school.
C. the ability to deal with life.
D. the ability to get high scores on some tests.
答：C
如果第一段的任何一句出現(xiàn)，But, Neverthless, However(however,), Yet, Unfortunately, Fortunately, So, Today, Now(now), Nowadays(現(xiàn)在), This day, These(these) days, new等表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折意思的詞，此為中心句。同理，如果第二段的第一句或者第三段的第一句有類似詞，一般為中心，要注意看結(jié)論的呼應(yīng)。有時引號，冒號也是體現(xiàn)中心的標(biāo)志。
（2007年廣東省高考）How should one invest a sum of money in these days of inflation (通貨膨脹)? Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value, however high the interest rate . Only a brave man, or a very rich one, dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market. Today it seems that one of the best ways to protect your savings, and even increasee your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past. Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks, which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques.
According to the passage, collecting antique clocks _______________________ .
A. can hardly keep the value of your savings
B. will cost much of your savings.
C. may increase your wealth.
D. needs your bravery.
（2008年廣東省學(xué)位英語）Is new technology damaging our ability to communicate ? Fingers flying, we can blog(寫博客文章), email, and enter chat rooms. But, as we type our millions of words, something is being lost. As our virtual skills increase, I wonder if our ability to communicate using speech is on the decline.
The author believes that if the phone had been invented after the computer, people would ____ .
A. be eager to learn how to use the phone.
B. be glad to have both means of communcation.
C. still prefer typing words on the computer.
D. show little interest in the phone.
記敘文，或者講故事，文章的中心思想通常在最后一段的最后一句，當(dāng)然，文章的格式不是千篇一律的。有些記敘文的中心會放在第一段的第二句。第一句是引子；有些文章的中心放在第一段的第一句，第一段是引子。所以記敘文或者講故事的文章要注意看三個地方，第一段第二句，第二段第一句，最后一段最后一句。
如何讀文章與選答案？— 當(dāng)你拿到一篇文章的時候，應(yīng)該按照一些順序進(jìn)行操作：
區(qū)分文章體裁（讀第一句，第二句）
抓中心句和結(jié)論句
如果中心句不明確，可以先不用考慮中心句。這時只要看文章后面的5個問題的題干，也可以抓中心詞。（中心句和結(jié)論句重復(fù)最多的單詞或者5個問題的題干重復(fù)最多的單詞）
不讀文章，直接讀問題，對問題進(jìn)行分類，看問題考的是什么。
解題的四大原則
ABCD出現(xiàn)以下單詞的一般為正確答案。
?
? I know a man who was asked to be the new dean(院長) of the college of business of a large university . When he first arrived , he studied the situation the college faced and felt that what it needed most was money. He recognized that he had a unique capacity to raise money, and he developed a real sense of vision about fund-raising as his primary function.
? This crated a problem in the college because past deans had focused mainly on meeting day-to-day faculty need . This new dean was never there. He was running around the country trying to raise money for research. Butt he was not attending to the day-to-day things as the previous dean had. The faculty, who were used to working with the person at the top, had to work through his administrative assistant.
? The faculty became so upset with his absence that they sent a delegation to the president of the university to demand a new dean or a fundamental change in his leadership style. The president, who knew what the dean was doing, said: “relax, he was a good administrative assistant. Give him some more time.”
? Within a short time. The money started pouring in and the faculty began to recognize the vision. It wasn’t long until every time they saw the dean, they would say “get out of here! We don’t want to see you. Go out and bring in more funds. Your administrative assistant runs this office better than anyone else.”
? This man admitted to me later that the mistake he made was not doing enough team building, enough explaining, enough educating about what he was trying to accomplish. From him, I learn a powerful lession. We need to constantly be asking ourselves, “what is neede out there, and what is my unique strength?”
The new dean thought that the most important thing for him to do was to ____________ .
A. gain a sense of vision
B. set up a primary goal
C. win the trust of the faculty
D. raise money
The new dean was diffierent from the past deans in that _______________ .
A. he was less responsible
B. he didn’t attend to daily things
C. he had an adminstrative assistant
D. he didn’t like to talk with others
we can learn from the passage that the faculty ____________
A. was not well paid for their work
B. didn’t understand the new dean’s ideas at first
C. had a conflict with the president of the university
D. didn’t want to work with the administrative assistant
答：B
The faculty would ask the new dean to get out because they ____________ .
A. were upset by his deadership style
B. wanted to get rid of him
C. were unhappy with his explanation
D. wanted him to bring back more money
What was the mistake the new dean realized he had made ?
A. he was absent all the year around
B. he was insensitive to the faculty’s need
C. he didn’t communicate well with the faculty
D. he didn’t work hard tto accomplish his goal
There is a measurable relation between how much a person learns and his attitude toward the subject to be learned. When faced with a difficult learning task, one path to success is to concentrate on the positive aspects of the subject matter. If a student has a boring teacher, one solution is to look for the positive aspects of completing the course, regardless of how boring the teacher happens to he. To accomplish this might require a private tutor or some independent reading, but with the right attitude, success is possible.
Over-achievers- students who do better than their test scores show --usually have a positive interest toward learning. They may learn some things more slowly, and they may make their efforts, but, to compensate, they are often better at applying what they have learned. As long as they do not have emotional problems, they are successful.
Under-achievers – those who function below their ability shown by test scores – often tend to allow a few negative factors to affect them. Because of their negative attitudes, they sometimes become mffairdly critical of teachers.They allow themselves to get bored when it is not necessary. In short, their attitudes often cause them to learn less than over-achievers.
If you learn to replace a negative attitude toward learning with something more positive you are on the road to achieving almost any goal you desire.For example, if you realize a personal computer with a word processor would improve your pefformmme, but have an attitude that keeps telling you that a computer is difficult to operate, you tend to make all kinds of excuses. In short,you resist making full use of a terrific tool, simply because your negative attitude prevent you from learning.
一，But, however, Today … 冒號，雙引號
二、任務(wù)介紹：第一段第二句
三、第一段第一句，第一段最后一句，第二段第一句
判斷？— 讀5個題干，讀結(jié)論句。
如何讀句子？
賓語從句（同位語從句）that之后是重點(diǎn)理解；
（2009年廣東省高考）I had in my hand a sheet of paper with handwritten instructions on it for some sort of editorial task. It occurred at first that I did not recognize the handwriting, and then I realized whose it must be. I finally became aware of the fact that been working with this colleague for at least a year, maybe two, and yet I did not recognize her handwriting at that point.
Why was the author surprised at not recognizing his colleague’s handwriting?
A. He had worked with his colleague long enough.
B. His colleague’s handwriting was so beautiful.
C. His colleague’s handwriting was so terrible.
D. He still had a lot of work to do.
答：A
定語從句優(yōu)先理解主句，尤其是who引導(dǎo)的從句一般為干擾；
（2004年廣州中考）In 1770, Wolfgand Kempelen (1734-1084) built a wooden robot called Turk that was able to play chess (SUR). It played very well and even beat some of the top chess players of the time ! Later it was found that lurk was not real. Inside the box machine was a chess player.
Turk ___________ .
A. was able to play chess very well
B. was only a dream of Wolfgand Kempelen
C. was made of wood
D. was really Wolfgund Kempelen himself
答：C
狀語從句優(yōu)先理解主句，如有轉(zhuǎn)折，but, however, yet, 應(yīng)理解這些詞的后面。
Although people clearly admire the long legs of Brazilian model Ana Hickmann or Dolly Parton’s breasts, in general humans like averages.
Which of the following can best describe the main idea of Paragraph 1 ?
A. The way to define the face of a criminal.
B. Most people admire the long legs of Ana Hickmann or Dolly Parton’s breasts.
C. Darwin’s cousin F. Ualton was the first person who began to define faces.
D. The relation between the fact of the villian and the faces of averages.
(2008年廣東省高考) The issue here is not the accuracy of Tolstoy’s description-- it seems not that far off from historical accounts but his choice of facts: other things that could be said of the man are not said.
Tolstoy’s description of Napoleon in War and Peace is ___________ .
A. far from the historical facts
B. based on the Russian history
C. based on his selection of facts
D. not related to historical details
答：C
并列句應(yīng)用重點(diǎn)理解后面的句子
（北京市2005年學(xué)位英語真題）Trees are useful to man in three very important ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts(干旱) and floods.
What is the most important function of trees?
A. Providing fuel. B. Offering shade.
C.Preventing natural disaster. D. Providing wood.
句子中有雙引號引起的詞是為重點(diǎn)，破折號，冒號等后面的解釋是為重點(diǎn)
（2007年廣東省高考）Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” help you create his life of good feelings.
Which of the following can be the best title of this passage.
A. How to Live Truthfully B. Importance of Peacefulness
C. Ways of Gaining Self-respect D. Happiness through Honorable Actions
答：D
閱讀理解六大題型解題方法
文章主旨題（無論什么題材，主旨題留到最后做，可以通過其他幾道題來推論），一般提問詞有title, mainly, focus, concern about, subject, show, tell us, about, theme, learn from 等。
答案出處：
文章推論（看結(jié)論句），提問詞有infer, imply, conclude, intention, opinion, views, to, purpose, intend to等。
答案出處：
作者態(tài)度：attitude, tone
答案出處：
（1）支持，樂觀，贊同 （2）客觀，中立，公正 （3）反對，批評，懷疑，因此，等價選項(xiàng)都不選
在明顯相反的兩項(xiàng)選擇。
有些選項(xiàng)一定不是答案，比如：
indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)；biased(有偏見的)；puzzled(迷惑不解的)
以下表態(tài)度的單詞要記一記：
concern(關(guān)心的)，objective(客觀的), subjective(主觀的), ridiculous(荒唐的), positive(肯定的)，support(支持的), negative(否定的), agreeing(贊成的), opposite(反對的), doubtful(懷疑的)， critical(批評的), favorable(支持的)， friendly(友好的)，unfriendly(不友好的)，optimistic(樂觀的)，pessimistic(悲觀的)
詞義解釋
答案出處：
對錯排除：which of the following statement about XX is true ?(incorrect, false, except, not true, untrue)
答案出處：先看ABCD誰符合中心思想，符合中心思想即為正確，再回到原文定位答案。
查細(xì)節(jié)：關(guān)鍵詞定位回歸。
a) ABCD重復(fù)3到4個相同的詞就是關(guān)鍵詞
What might be the most suitable title for the text ?
A. Two Important Tests on Airplanes
B. The Importance of Flying Safely.
C. The Danger of Testing Airplanes.
D. How Airplanes are Made and Tested.
b) 找大寫，數(shù)字，地名，人名，特征明顯的單詞
注意賓語從句that --> 從句；定語從句who, 一般刪掉重聚；but, however, yet, 答案一般在后面，有雙引號，破折號，冒號的一般為答案。
各種從句考點(diǎn)
考試大綱要求：領(lǐng)會式掌握4250個單詞和500個常用詞組。
我們的備考思路：聽20個小時的語法課，把語法徹底掌握；基礎(chǔ)不好的，聽30個小時以上的語法課。
從句；非謂語動詞；分詞；虛擬語氣（時態(tài)），倒裝
Call the university operator , __________ you will find the phone number of Professor Smith .
A. so B. and C. when D. before
解析：要記考點(diǎn)：1. when 考點(diǎn)只有一個“主將從現(xiàn)”，2. before的考點(diǎn)只有一個：it is long times before + 從句；so 考點(diǎn)是一些固定搭配。
賓語從句的四種形式
主語+謂語（及物動詞do）+ 從句
He knows that the teacher is in classroom .
主語+謂語（帶雙賓語的動詞do）+ 賓語（人）+ 從句
He tells me that she is a teacher
主語+謂語（及物動詞do）+ it(形式賓語) + 補(bǔ)語+從句
I find Chinese important .
主 謂 賓 補(bǔ)
I find that we make a quick decision about this matter important .
主 謂 賓語從句 補(bǔ)
主語+系動詞（be）+ 表語 + （介詞）+ that從句
sure, certain , glad , please , happy , sorry , afraid , satisfied , surprised
I am sure about your exam .
I am sure (that) you can pass the exam .
賓語從句的連詞：
（1）that (2) whether (or not) 或 if ; （3）which (whichever), who (whoever), whom (whomever), whose (whosever) , what (whatever); (4) when (whenever) , where (wherever), why , how (however);
(5) how many , how much , how long (現(xiàn)在完成時), how often (twice a week), how soon (one hour later)
主語：doubt 肯定句后接whether , 否定句（few, little, rarely, hardly, scarely , seldom , neither … nor …）或疑問句that ; 如果否定詞前面加 a 那就是肯定了，如 a few , a little
I doubt whether he will come tommorrow .
I sedlomly doubt that he will come .
表語從句
主語+系動詞be+從句
主語：that 不能省略， if不引導(dǎo)表語從句，如果主語是抽象性名稱概念，則用that引導(dǎo)，不用別的詞。比如：the (reason, fact , idea) is that
The reason is _that he didn’t go to school .
It (this/that) is because (why)
主語從句
（1）it + be + 表語 + that從句
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film .
(2) it + do + (賓語/賓賓/賓補(bǔ)) + that 從句
注意：that 不能省略，if不引導(dǎo)主語從句
強(qiáng)調(diào)句
（1）it + be + 表語（如果是人） + that / (who, whom) + 句子
It was the football team and I that (who) helped the old man .
同位語從句
抽象性名詞之后（news , idea , concept , fact , promise , question , doubt , thought , hope , message , suggestion , words (消息)，decision , possibility ）+ that 從句
We must remember the fact that goats sually live in mountainous country .
感嘆句：what , how
What a beautiful weather it is !
How beautiful the weather is !
解析：What 只能修飾名詞weather，How是副詞，修飾形容詞。What句中的beautiful是修飾weather的。
定語從句：which , that , who , whom , where , when , why , as , whose
注意：連詞在定語從句做賓語的時候可以省略
名詞之后+從句
She is the girl who / (whom/that) I talk with .
I like the house , whose windows face the sea .
(1) that 做主語或賓語，修飾人或物。— 先行詞前面有最高級修飾的時候；先行詞本身是不定代詞的時候，或者有very , little , no , only ; 先行詞本身是抽象名詞的時候（idea, way , fact）
(2) 介詞賓語，介詞提前只能用whom , which , 如 she is the girl for whom I look
(3) 非限制性定語從句，用which 或 who , as , 做主語或賓語。
(4) whose, 做定語，表示人或物，如：I like the house , whose windows face the sea .
(5) 狀語：when=介詞（in , on ）+ which , where=介詞（in , on）+ which . why = for + which
狀語從句
(1) 時間狀語從句：
— while 有2個考點(diǎn)，要么后面用進(jìn)行態(tài)；
I was writing the homework while my father was listening to the radio .
要么表示前后對比，翻譯成“雖然”， “但是”，往往表達(dá)一種不滿。The soliders face the powder , while the beauty powder the faces .
(2) 表示“前后對比”的詞：while , whereas , by(in) contrast ,on one hand , on the other hand , in comparison , conversely
表示前后“相反的詞”，on the contrary , instead (of) 相反，in fact (事實(shí)上)， rather than (而不是)
(3) as 的用法
as 表示一邊 … 一邊… (時間狀語)
as做“盡管”的意思，要倒裝（讓步狀語）
主系表句型：倒表語
Child as he was , he knew what was the right thing to do .
= Though he was a small child , he know what was the right thing to do .
Try hard as as he will , he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily .
= Though he tries hard , he never seems …
as … as … not so … as … (比較狀語)
so as to , as to (目的狀語)
such as (定語從句)
so long as , as long as (條件狀語)
Just as we sweep our rooms , so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds . (方式狀語)
(4) before 考點(diǎn) — it is long times before + 從句
(5) until 考點(diǎn) — not … until
(6) since 考點(diǎn) — 現(xiàn)在完成時
I have been in Beijing since you left
I have been in Beijing for 6 years .
(7) as soon as , the moment , the instant , the minute , immediately , directly ,
等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，這些連詞都表示 “…就…”
(8) hardly (scarcely , rarely ) … when / no sooner … that 相當(dāng)于 as soon as 之意。主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely 和 no sooner 位于句首時，主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序。例如：
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work . 太陽剛從地平線升起，他就起床勞動去了。
(9) by the time 考點(diǎn)：主句的謂語動詞用將來完成時。
(10) so long as , as long as
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark .
條件狀語從句考點(diǎn)：如果provided (that) , otherwise 否則，unless (=if not)除非，on condition that
注意：用條件狀語從句時要注意時態(tài)的正確使用，當(dāng)主句是將來時的時候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
地點(diǎn)狀語從句：Where + 地點(diǎn)從句， （there）+ 主句
Where there is no rain , farming is difficult or impossible .
原因狀語從句考點(diǎn): in that , now that
目的狀語從句考點(diǎn)：so that (以致于) ， so … that (如此… 以致于)，in order that(to), such that only to (不料)
too … to …（太…而不能…）, in order to , lest , for fear that (of)(以防萬一)，in case (of) (以防萬一)
要注意so that 和 such that的區(qū)別：such 是形容詞，如此處做表語，如：The force of the explosion is such that it blew out all the windows
So that 是連接副詞
He speaks slowly so that she can understand what he said .
還要注意So 和 such 的區(qū)別：so+形容詞，such + 名詞
讓步狀語從句考點(diǎn)：in spite of , despite of + 名詞（動名詞）
Although he is rich , yet he is not happy .
No matter what happened , he would not mind .
Whatever happened , he would not mind .
He eats whatever he likes — 名詞性從句與狀語從句的區(qū)別
比較狀語從句考點(diǎn)：as … as … more than than that (those) , 倍數(shù)的三種表達(dá)方法。
肯定結(jié)構(gòu)： as … as … ，否定結(jié)構(gòu) not … so … as , not … as … as
He work up as suddenly as he had fallen alseep. 他醒來得和入睡一樣突然。（第一個as是副詞）
I have never seen so much rain as fell that February . 我從未見過像那個二月那么多雨。（否定結(jié)構(gòu)常用 so … as , 也可用 as … as ）
原級
as … as 和 … 一樣
Jack is as tall as Bob .
杰克和湯姆一樣高。
not so(as) … as … 和不一樣
She is not so(as) outgoing as her sister .
她不如她姐姐外向。
比較級
more … than (更)
This book is more instructive than that one
這本書比那本書有教育意義
高級
The most in/of
This book is the most interesting of the three .
這本書是三本書中最有趣的。
the + 形容詞 + est … of/in
This road is the busiest street in our city .
這條路是我們城市罪繁忙的街道。
倍數(shù)表達(dá)法有三種：
倍數(shù) + 原級 倍數(shù) + 比較級 倍數(shù) + 名詞短語
例如: 和 — 三倍一樣長
再如：和 ---- 四倍一樣寬
four times as wide as
three times wider than
three times the width of
no more than 只不過（嫌少的意思）nothing more than 只不過
方式狀語 as if , as tthough (虛擬語氣)
besides , except , other than 除了 rahter than 而不是
除了語文，我們還學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)（我們學(xué)語文和數(shù)學(xué)）
Besides chinese , we learn maths .
除了語文，我們學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)（我們不學(xué)語文）
Except, we learn maths .
so far (到目前為止)、by far (尤其，特別,一般修飾比較級)
從句練習(xí)
"You know __________________ I like about him : he is so normal " powell added .
A. when B. how C. which D. what
答：B
解析：about him 是介詞短語，修飾名詞或動詞。所以這里缺賓語，故選D
I didn’t realize that I had lost my key _____________ I got home and found it wasn’t in my bag .
A. when B. until C. the moment D. no sonner
答：B
John decided to go for a hoilday by ship ______________ the fact that he was usually seasick .
A. in spite of B. in case of C. because D. as a result of
I was raised to farm work , _______________________ I continued till I was 22 .
A. that B. which C… where D. in case
_________________ , I was pleased that I was finally learning to be more aggressive , to make my own choices .
A. In the way B. To a ceertain extent
C. In final analysis D. Under no circustances
Did you even ____________ what makes some people become friends and others no t ?
非謂語動詞考點(diǎn)
動詞不定式考點(diǎn)：
做主語有形式上的主語it, 如：
To get there will take us half an hour -> It will take us half an hour to get there .
當(dāng)表語是人身上的某種品格的時候用of，比如knid(善良的)，clever(聰明的)，stupid(愚蠢的)，good(好)，typical(典型的)，friendly(友好的)，fool(愚蠢的)，否則用for，比如important, necessary, essential等等如：
It is very knid of you to do this .
It is very important for you to do this .
做賓補(bǔ)：在使役動詞和感官動詞后面的動詞不定式做賓語補(bǔ)語要省略to，被動語態(tài)下不省。see , watch, hear , notice, feel , sound , have , make , help
Tom saw his brother swim in the river . -> The brother was seen to swim in the river by Tom .
做狀語：only to , too … to … , so as to … , in order to … , but(to) , as to , intend to, tend to
Do … but …(to) do 如：
They can do nothing but give up their outdoor travel . (did, have done, be doing)
解析：如果是do，則but后面需要省略to
They can write nothing but to give up their reading .
解析：如果把do變成任何一個動詞，那么but后面都必須加to
動詞不定式做定語，在六大句型里都可以做定語。
This is the best way to arrive at the No.1 middle school .
不定式做定語時，一般可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語從句：This is the best way that will arrive at the No.1 middle school .
Do you have anything to be taken to your sister ?
Do you have anything to say on the question ?
Would you please give me some paper to write on ?
Where is the house to live in ?
不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關(guān)系：
建議記一些常見的不及物動詞：live in , stay in , listen to , look at , laugh at , talk to , speak with (to) , agree on , belong to , sit at , arrive in (at) , prepare for , pay in ,write on , stand in
疑問結(jié)構(gòu)：疑問詞 what , where , how 等+to do , 做主語，做賓語， 做表語：
I don’t know what to do .
How to do this is under considered .
He forgot where to go .
動名詞考點(diǎn)
做賓語：appreciate 欣賞 avoid 避免 can’t help 不禁 can’t stand 受不了 cconsider 考慮 delay 延遲 deny 否認(rèn) enjoy 享有，喜愛 escape 逃跑，逃避 favor 贊成，偏愛 finish 完成，結(jié)束 imagine 設(shè)想 mind 介意 practice 實(shí)行，實(shí)踐 prevent 阻止 resist 抵抗，阻止 risk 冒險 suggest 建議 ，tolerate 忍受
注：在考試時，如果一道題提供動詞不定式和動名詞供學(xué)生選擇時，如果選項(xiàng)部分做的是賓語，一般選動名詞，不選不定式。
動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Mind 的特殊用法：mind doing sth , mind (my) doing
Would you mind my/me using your computer ?
用下你的電腦介意嗎？
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset .
瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。
做介詞賓語：介詞后面是賓語，應(yīng)嚴(yán)格用賓格形式（如定語從句of whom/which）of doing
主動表被動 need , want , require , worth 后用主動表被動
Your hair wants cutting . 你的頭發(fā)該理了。
The floor requires washing . 地板需要沖洗。-> 轉(zhuǎn)成動詞不定式：The floor requires to be washed .
The book is worth reading . 這本書值的一讀。
習(xí)慣用法：be used to doing (習(xí)慣做某事)/ used to do (過去經(jīng)常做某事)/ look forward to doing (期盼做某事) / be accustomed to doing (習(xí)慣做某事)/ prefer doing to doing (比起…來更寧愿做某事)/ devote sth to sth , be object to doing (反對做某事), have difficulty(trouble) (in) doing sth / spend sometimes(money) in doing sth / spend sometimes(money) on sth / (stop)prevent sb from doing sth (阻止某人做某事), be busy in doing (忙于做某事)/ be worth doing (值的做某事)/ be worthy of doing (值的做某事)
分詞考點(diǎn)：
分詞作表語：如果人是主語用過去分詞，如果物是主語用現(xiàn)在分詞。
分詞作狀語：
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent . (seen表被動)
Seeing the drawer , he took out a box . (seeing表主動)
Not knowing her address , we couldn’t get in touch with her .
注意：分詞的否定形式，在分詞的前面加not。過去分詞表示被動，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動。
分詞的獨(dú)立主格
分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語：
現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)：感官動詞后面可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)語 see , watch , hear , notice , feel , sound , find , keep , have
如： Tom saw his brother swimming in the river
過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)：一般用have/get/want/make sth done 的句型
如：I will have the clothes washed tomorrow .
注意：一般情況下：考試時出現(xiàn)having done 為正確答案，有完成選完成，有被動選被動。
| 一般 | 進(jìn)行 | 完成 | 完成進(jìn)行 | ||
| 現(xiàn)在分詞(動名詞) | 主動 | doing | having done | ||
| 被動 | being done | having been done | |||
| 過去分詞 | 主動 | done | |||
| 被動 | |||||
| 不定式 | 主動 | to do | to be doing | to have done | to have been doing |
| 被動 | to be done | to have been done | |||
非謂語練習(xí)
All the people ___________ will be assembled in the hall to have a discussion on the issue .
A. joined B. connected C. involving D. concerned
答：D
解析：定語從句修飾people，選D，與之相關(guān)的人解。還原定語從句：All the people who are concerned …
Lsrael(以色列) spends at least 600 million a year __________ setlements , according to study by the daily newspaper Haarets .
A. in B. to C. on D. for
答：C
解析：spend sometimes/money in doing sth . spend sometimes/money on sth .
It takes more energy to do a job in two minutes than __________ the same job in two hours .
A. to do B. do C. will do D. is doing
答：A
解析：it 在這里做形式主語，后面的to do a job in two minutes 動詞不定式做真正的主語。than 在這里平行并列2個句子，故主語要一致，故選A。
I felt it _________ to be a general manager in such a big joint-venture company .
A. challenged B. being challenged C. challenging D. to be challenged
答：A
解析：it是形式賓語，后面的to be a …是真正的主語。這里表被動，被挑戰(zhàn)，故選A。
In such an embarrassed situation , Julia didn’t know __________ for her master or go home .
A. whether she must wait B. if she had to wait C. whether to wait D. if to wait
答：C
解析：考察不定式的疑問詞結(jié)構(gòu)，并且最后用了or，故選whether，whether … or (not)
A. for B. to C.with D. of
答：D
Life on earth is ___________ varied and complex .
A. groundlessly B. shockingly C. amazingly D. broadly
答：C
解析：groundlessly 毫無根據(jù)地 shockingly 驚人地，駭人地，很壞地 amaingly 驚人地，令人驚訝地 broadly 廣泛地
Life on earth is ________________ varied and complex .
A. amazingly B. amusedly C. amazedly D. amusingly
答：A
解析：amusedly/amusingly 好笑地，娛樂地 。 本題選A，驚人地。因?yàn)長ife 和amaze表主動關(guān)系，所以不選C，故選A
When he arrived at the village , he found ___________ the aged and the sick at home.
A. none but B. anyone but C. nothing but D. no other than
答：A
解析：the aged 老人 the sick 病人 ， 此題只的是人，故不選C，而選A
The spy was supposed to ________ disguised as a woman in the supermarket .
A. escape B. escaped C. have escaped D. had escaped
答：C
解析：考察虛擬語氣。be supposed to have done 固定搭配
The lady was made ________ on the floor waiting for ten minutes before .
A. to stand B. stand C. standing D. stood
答：A
解析：made是使役動詞，本應(yīng)該省略to，但是這里stand是被動，故不省，故選A
_____________ we made a plan for the future study .
A. Summarized our present work B. Summarizing our present work
C. Having summarized our present work D. Being summarized our present work
答：C
It is more difficult ___________ people who are naturally shy _____________ become effective public speakers .
A. to; to B. of; to C. for; to D. with; to
答：C
My boss liked my idea _________ a branch office in Los Angeles and gave me the green light to go ahead .
A. opening B. to open C. to have opened D. open
答：C
解析：opened 是在liked之前，故opened要用完成時，故選C
___________ my degree of Doctor for Sciences in June of 2000, I spent a year in the laboratory of Robert Burns at Harvard University .
A. Obtaining B. Being obtained C. Having obtained D. Obtained
答：C
_________________ , I went back to my dormitory unhappy in the evening .
A. With anything done B. With something doing
C. With nothing done D. With nothing having done
答：D
Rather than ____________ quietly by the fireside , he’d prefer to take a long walk in the country side on Sundays however cold it might be .
A. sit B. to sit C. sitting D. sat
答：A
解析：rather than 后面應(yīng)接動詞原形
He said he wished to ________________ in the army during the last three years .
A. serve B. be serving C. have been serving D. be served
答：C
John didn’t want to risk ______________ wet as he had only one suit .
A. getting B. to get C. being got D. to be gotten
答：A
解析：get 是連系動詞，沒有被動形式，故不選C
_________________ faculty member at a university , one has to have a doctorate degree .
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. One becoming
答：A
解析：B,C都是謂語，題中沒有連詞，故BC錯。D中應(yīng)該把One去掉，因?yàn)楹竺嬗衞ne了，重復(fù)了。選A，動詞不定時做目的狀語
With Switzerland-based World Wildlife Tund , China is making a devoted effort ________________the endangered pandas .
A. saved B. saving C. save D. to save
答：D
解析：devoted … to
Managing is the process of getting things _____________ by and through others .
A. done B. do C. doing D. did
答：A
解析：have/get/want/make sth done , 過去分詞作補(bǔ)語。
When ____________ a hill , the driver should build up speed early in order to cut down gasoline consumption .
A. approached B. to approach C. approach D. approaching
答：D
解析：主語是the driver , 把它提到When后面，可以看出和approache是主動關(guān)系，故選D。當(dāng)前后兩句的主語相同時，其中一句的主語必須要省略。
Many of the people __________ refused to answer any questions .
A. question B. questioned C. questioning D. were questioned
答：B
解析：這里本來是定語從句 the people who were questioned , 現(xiàn)在把who去掉了，用分詞代替謂語。因?yàn)閣ere questioned 是被動，所以用過去分詞代替謂語，故選B。如果選D則需要在前面加上who。
The boy denied _____________ anything to do with that bank raid .
A. have B. to have C. having D. have had
答：C
解析：這里denied后面是賓語，在這里賓語應(yīng)該是動名詞，而不是不定式。故選C。
He asked a second time , but I couldn’t remember ___________ any of these works .
A. read B. to read C. to have read D. having read
答：D
The teacher ________________ , they went on with their discussion .
A. leaving B. being left C. was leaving D. having left
答：D
Many companies in smaller cities are offering such great professional opportunities that some graduates have a hard time ____________ them down .
A. turning B. to turn C. turn D. turned
答：A
解析：have sometimes (in) doing sth
After a long walk , we finally found a shelter _______________ for the night .
A. to stay B. staying C. to stay in D. staying in
答：C
解析：stay是不及物動詞，要加介詞。選C，不定式做定語
I regret _______________ hard at school , or I would have passed the exam .
A. to have not worked B. having not worked
C. not to have worked D. not having worked
答：D
When the man with glasses came into the hotel , I noticed a __________________ look come over the manager’s face .
A. surprised B. surprising C. surprise D. surprisingly
答：A
解析：理論上B也可以選，但是這題最好選A。老板被嚇到。
Prices of daily goods __________ through a computer can be lower than store prices .
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
答：B
解析：分析句子成分可知，填空出是定語從句，修飾goods，所以還原從句為 … goods that are bought through … , 省略that are，用分詞代替謂語，又因?yàn)間oods是被買，所以是被動，故選 B
In some parts of London, missing a bus means ______________________ for another hour .
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
答：A
解析：mean doing 意味著， mean to do 打算
When _______________ , the museum will be open to the publlic next year .
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
答：A
解析：還原從句 When the musem will be completed .省略the museum ,因?yàn)槭潜粍?#xff0c;所以用過去分詞代替謂語will be completed . 故選A
It is said in Australia there is more land than the goverment knows ________________ .
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it D. to do what it
答：C
解析：不定式的疑問代詞結(jié)構(gòu)，疑問代詞要放在前面，故排除A和D。C中do是謂語，what是賓語，with it 是介詞短語修飾do。B中的with后面沒接賓語，故選C
Generally speaking , ______________ according to directions , the drug has no side effect .
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
答：B
The manager , ______________ his factory’s products were poor in quality , decided to give his workers futher training .
A. knowing B. known C. to know D. being known
答：A
The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ___________ whether he was going in the right direction .
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
答：C
解析：as if 后面用 to do ，因?yàn)槭峭瓿蓵r，所以選C
________________ the meeting himself gave them a great deal to encouragement .
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
答：D
解析：動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
“Have you decided when _____________” ?
A. to leave B. to be leaving C. will you leave D. are you leaving
答：A
The next morning she found the man in bed , ________________ dead .
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答：A
People couldn’t help ____________ the foolish emperor in the procession .
A. to laugh B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing
答：D
This sentence needs _________________ .
A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved
答：C
He had his leg ____________________ in the match yesterday .
A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
答：B
解析：過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，have/get/want/make sth done
There was terrible noise _____________ the sudden burst of light .
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答：B
The Olympic Games , ____________________ in 766 B. C , did not include women players until 1912 .
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
答：C
If you wave your book in front of your face , you can feel the air __________________ against your face .
A. moved B. moving C. moves D. to move
答：B
Friendship is like money , easier made than _______________ .
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
答：A
解析：被保持。同時前面是made，than是并列關(guān)系，故不選B，而選A
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door __________________________ “Sorry to miss you , will call later”
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
答：D
解析：read , write , record , translate , sell , act 這些詞是沒有被動語態(tài)的，可以查閱被動語態(tài)資料，故選D
Most of the people _____________________ to the party were famous scientists .
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
答：A
解析：還原定語從句為 who were invited .故選A。C錯誤，因?yàn)槭沁^去被邀請，不是現(xiàn)在被邀請。
We’re looking forward _________________ the photo exhibition .
A. to visiting B. to visit C. to having visited D. visiting
答：A
時態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬、倒裝考點(diǎn)
時態(tài)考點(diǎn)
While — 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式或者過去進(jìn)行式
since, for, yet, already, long, so far (到目前為止), up to now(到目前為止)— 現(xiàn)在完成式， 要注意since和for的區(qū)別。
by — 一般將來式或者將來完成式，優(yōu)先將來完成式
usually, never, always, often 一般現(xiàn)在式
還要注意過去完成式，表示動作發(fā)生在過去的過去
if, when條件狀語從句和時間狀語從句遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則。
時態(tài)表：
| 現(xiàn)在 | 一般現(xiàn)在 | 現(xiàn)在完成 | ||
| 過去 | 過去進(jìn)行 | 過去完成 | ||
| 將來 | 將來完成 | |||
| 過去將來 |
Be的時態(tài)變化
| 現(xiàn)在 | is, am, are | have been | ||
| 過去 | was, were | had been | ||
| 將來 | will be | will have been | ||
| 過去將來 | would be | would have been |
Do 的時態(tài)變化
| 現(xiàn)在 | do , does | (is,are,am) doing | have done | have been doing |
| 過去 | did | (was,were) doing | had done | had been doing |
| 將來 | will do | will be doing | will have done | will have been doing |
| 過去將來 | would do | would be doing | would have done | would have been doing |
Do的被動語態(tài)變化
| 現(xiàn)在 | (is,am,are) done | have been done | ||
| 過去 | (was,were) done | had been done | ||
| 將來 | will be done | will have been done | ||
| 過去將來 | would be done | would have been done |
建議掌握連系動詞：
存在類：appear, prove, remain, keep, stay, continue, stand
感官類：look, feel, smell, taste, seem, sound
變化類：become, come, turn, grow, go, run, get, fall
如：
The model remains undamage .
主語 系動詞 表語
She looks beautiful .
主語 系動詞 表語
Our moetherland becomes strong .
主語 系動詞 表語
Be動詞和連系動詞無被動語態(tài)。
She is a teacher .
-Do you like the material ?
-Yes, it feels very soft . It is fell very soft (錯誤)
She looks beautiful . She is looked beautiful .(錯誤)
Good medicine tastes bitter . 良藥苦口。
建議掌握不及物動詞。read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, burn , strike(罷工，撞擊), last(最后的，持續(xù)，繼續(xù)), 等這些動詞既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞。當(dāng)主語是人時，是及物動詞； 當(dāng)主語是物時，是不及物動詞，即無被動語態(tài)。
建議掌握反身動詞。（及物動詞+反身代詞）做謂語時，其賓語反身代詞。表示動作返回到執(zhí)行者本身，主語既是動作的執(zhí)行者，又是動作的承受者。
He seats himself at the back of the classroom .他坐在教室的后面。
He is seated at the back of the classroom . 他坐在教室的后面。
He lost himself in the forest .
– He was lost in the forest .他在森林中迷了路。
He dressed himeself in a dark blue suit .
– He was dressed in a dark blue suit . 他穿著一套深藍(lán)色的衣服。
He was hidden behind the door . 他藏在門后。
He hid himeself behind the door .
He was drunk yesterday 他昨天喝醉了
– He drunk himself yesterday .
注意：當(dāng)沒有反身代詞充當(dāng)賓語的時候，sit , lose , dress , drink 這幾個詞用被動表主動
虛擬語氣考點(diǎn)
| 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 | 動詞的過去式 (be為were) | would(should) + 動詞原形 |
| 與過去事實(shí)相反 | 動詞的過去完成式 | would(should,could,might) + have done |
| 與將來事實(shí)相反 | 動詞的過去式(be為were) 、were+不定式、should+動詞原形 | would(should,could,might)+動詞原形 |
總結(jié)：有虛擬選虛擬，有倒裝選倒裝，有被動選被動，有having done選having done
倒裝考點(diǎn)
only , so, often 等表頻率的副詞提前時，句子用部分倒裝。Do, be , should
Only in this way can you solve this problem .
只有用這種方法，你才可以解決這個entity。
Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake .
只有當(dāng)他已經(jīng)說出那個字后才意識到自己犯了個大錯誤。
注意：only倒裝倒的是主句
So great was the destruction(摧毀) that the south took decades to recovery .
hardly, in no was, little, scarcely(勉強(qiáng)，幾乎不), seldom(不常，很少，難得), never, no more, no longer, not, not only, no sonner, not only … (but also), not until … 等具有否定意義的動詞或詞組位于句首，句子用部分倒裝。
No sonner had I got home than it began to rain .
我剛到家就下起了雨。
Seldom do I go to work by bus .
我很少乘公共汽車上班。
Not until twelve o’clock did she go to bed last night .
她昨晚十二點(diǎn)才上床睡覺。
away和down等位于句首時的倒裝
地點(diǎn)副詞away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首時，其后用完全倒裝語序。這類倒裝句的謂語通常表示動態(tài)的不及物動詞：
① Away went the runners. 賽跑選手們跑遠(yuǎn)了。
② Round and round flew the plane. 飛機(jī)盤旋著。
③ The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 門開了，史密斯先生進(jìn)了來。
④Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，傘都撐起來了。
注意
若主語為人稱代詞，則不能用倒裝：
①Away he went. 他跑遠(yuǎn)了。
② Down it came. 它掉了下來。
為了避免句子部分內(nèi)容不必要的重復(fù)，常用"so+be動詞（助動詞，情態(tài)動詞）+主語“或”neither/nor + be動詞（助動詞、情態(tài)動詞）+主語“的倒裝句式。
其中第一個句式表示“與前面所述的肯定情況相同”，第二個句式表示“與前面所述的否定情況相同”。
His brother is (not) a college student. So is mine . (Nor/Neither is mine .)
他弟弟（不）是大學(xué)生，B：我弟弟也是。（我弟弟也不是。）either不倒裝-> Mine is not either .
He used to have his further study abroad. B: So did I .(Neither did I .)
他曾去國外深造過。B：我也去過。（我也沒有。）
A: One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; B: so can his wife . (neither can his wife .)
A: 我的一個朋友會說三外國語。 B：他的妻子也會。（他的妻子也不會。）
以副詞here, there, own , up, out 開頭的句子，也采用完全倒裝來保持句子平衡。部分倒裝是把be/do/should倒到主語前面, 完全倒裝是把謂語倒到主語前面。
Here is the letter you have been looking forward to .
你盼望已久的信在這兒。
Up went the rocket into the air .
嗖的一聲火箭就飛上天了。
Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him .
當(dāng)警察把手槍瞄準(zhǔn)那個罪犯時，嘭的一下他就從三樓跳了下去。
There is a teacher in the room .
as 引導(dǎo)倒裝
Child as /though he was , he knew what was the right thing to do .
= Though he was a small child , he knew what was the right thing to do .
注意：
a. 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
b. 句首是實(shí)義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語后。
Try hard as he will , he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily .
= Though he tries hard , he never seems .
虛擬語氣倒裝
虛擬語氣的倒裝，把if去掉，把were, had, should 提前。否定not不倒裝。
__________ , I was pleased that I was finally learning to be more aggressive , to make my own choices .
A. In the way B. To a certain extent
C. In final analysis D. Under no circumstances
答：B
解析：on the way 在路上，in the way 妨礙，to a certain extent 在某種程度上。D選項(xiàng)中用了no,那么后面的就要用倒裝，需改成 Was I pleased …，故D錯。
______________ 1983 did Jiaotong University begin to offer a degree in English .
A. Not until B. not since C. Until D. In
答：A
解析：did提前了，所以用了倒裝，故選A
就近一致原則
就近一致原則的詞主要由如下：or … 或者, either … or … 要么 … 要么 … , neither … nor … 既不 … 也不 … , not only … but also … 不僅 … 而且 …
時態(tài)考點(diǎn)練習(xí)
It is suggested that a super-highway _____________ between Nanning and Hanoi to strengthen the close ties between China and Vietnam .
A. is built B. be built C. built D. will have been built
答：B
解析：suggest后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣， should + 動詞原形，故應(yīng)該為 a super-highway should build … , 又因?yàn)檫@里是被動故為 a super-highway should be built , 又因?yàn)閟hould 可以省略，故為 a super-hihgway be built ，故選B。
If workers had been paid decent wages , profits _________________________ so great .
A… would be B. were not to be C. wouldn’t have been D. would have been
答：C
A doctor , along with a group of young nurses , ____________________ going to demonstrate the heart operation process .
A. is B. are C. will D. shall
答：A
Tom Smith wished that his parents __________________ in the stricken area when the earth-quake occurred .
A. were not B. are not C. have not been D. had not been
答： D
The proposal that business companies ________________ guided by professionals for their new scheme of developments was accepted without disagreement .
A. be B. are C.was D. were
答：A
The suggestion that colleges ______________________ administrated by professors was approved by the board .
A. is B. are C. be D. were
答：C
Neither of the employees nor the boss ____________________ satisfied with the profits .
A. were B. was C. be D. been
答：was
解析：就近一致原則
Rather than _________________________ quietly by the fireside , he’d prefer to take a long .
A. sit B. to sit C. sitting D. sat
答：A
解析: rather than do sth , had better do sth , would rather do
He said he wished to _________________ in the army during the last three years .
A. serve B. be serving C. have been serving D. be served
答：C
The computer , working very fast , ______________ data at the speed of light .
A. handles B. handling C. handled D. has handled
答：A
I bought a new house last year , but I _________________ my old house yet , so at the moment I have two houses .
A. didn’t sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D. don’t sell
答：B
The chairman insists that there _________________ a meeting to be held within the shortest possible time .
A. is B. will be C. was D. be
答：D
The player asked he ____________ an opportunity to explain his case .
A. gives B. be given C. is given D. should give
答：B
解析：命令，建議，請求，要求，愿望后用虛擬語氣，should + 動詞原形，should可 省略。這里又是被動，故選B。
As his advisor , I believe that Jack Smith is bound to accomplish much at your university _____________ he be admitted .
A. might B. whether C. had D. should
答：D
解析：考查倒裝，倒裝時，3個詞提前 had/should/were 。 注意句子中后面的be是原形，故選D，should be admitted , had been admitted .
I wish I ____________________ in the sun by a pool instead of sitting in this classroom .
A. have lain B. were lying C. lay D. lie
答：B
It is essential that all the reports to be published _____________ twice .
A. be checked B. would be checked C. were checeked D. will be checked
答：A
_________________ food was rocting in the warehouses , the pobr did not have enough to eat .
A. While B. Where C. Why D. Which
答：A
The researechers of project have to be very careful with every part if it ____________ .
A. is to be B. is C. will D. would be
答：A
解析：本題考察主將從現(xiàn)，故從AB中選，又因 to be 表達(dá)一種計劃，當(dāng)項(xiàng)目按照計劃 … ，故選A。
Not until the mid-1950s- ____________ most antomakers begin offering seat belts as optional safety features .
A. did B. had C. do D. would
答：A
解析：考察倒裝句。因?yàn)楹竺娴膭釉~begin用的是原形，故選A。
________________ for their support , he would have gone penniless .
A. If it is not B. If it is C. Were it D. Were it not
答：D
He looks sleepy . He must ___________ to bed very late night .
A. be gone B. be going C. go D. have gone
答：D
Mrs. White became a teacher in 1990 . She _____________ for twenty years by next summer .
A. will teach B. would have taught
C. has been teaching D. will have taught
答：D
It was the third time the villagers __________________ interviewed by the radio station .
A. have been B. had been C. were D. are
答：C
I arrived late , I ___________ the traffic to be so heavy this morning .
A. wasn’t expecting B. wouldn’t expect
C. haven’t expected D. hadn’t expected
答：D
There __________ in his room .
A. are too many furnitures B. is too much furniture
C. are too much furniture D. is too many furnitures
答：B
解析：考察單復(fù)數(shù)。furniture 是不可數(shù)名詞，故選B。其他的常用不可數(shù)名詞還有：corn (谷), wheat(小麥), furniture (家具), medicine (藥物), hair , money , news , change (零錢)
In the fall the cattle ________________ from the high country back down to the farm .
A. is driven B. are driven C. drives D. drive
答：B
解析：考察單復(fù)數(shù)。其他的容易混淆的復(fù)數(shù)名詞還有：people (人們), scissors (剪刀), goods (貨物) , clothes (衣服), communications (通訊) , herd (獸群，牧群) , audience (聽眾,觀眾) , population (人口) , public (公眾) , personnel (全體人員，職員)
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door ______________ “Sorry to miss you , will call later .”
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
答：D
John didn’t want to risk _________________ wet as he had only one suit .
A. getting B. to get C. being got D. to be gotten
答：A
解析：get 是連系動詞，沒有 被動，故選A
The man in the classroom __________ at the back of the classroom .
A. sit B. is seated C. is seated himself D. is sitting
答：B
解析：被動表主動,故選B 。C中如果把is去掉就是正確的，有himself就可以用主動。
The meat from the frige _________________ in the kitchen yesterday .
A. is cooking B. was cooking C. was cooked D. cook
答：B
解析：主語是物時，cook 沒有被動語態(tài)
Only after liberation ___________ to be treated as human beings .
A. did they begin B. they had begun
C. they did begin D. had they begun
答：A
解析：沒有過去的過去的跡象，故D錯。描述的是一個事實(shí)，故選A。
No sooner _________________ asleep than she heard a knock at the door .
A. she had fallen B. had she fallen C. she had fell D. had she fell
答：B
解析：完成時+過去分詞，而不是過去式。fell是fall的過去式，fallen是fell的過去分詞，故選B
She did not see Smith . ______________________ .
A. Neither did I B. Nor didn’t I C. Neither I did D. So didn’t I
答：A
_________________________ readinng and speaking English every day , he would speak it well enough now .
A. Had he practiced B. Did he practice
C . Should he practice D. Were he to practice
答：B
Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother ? ---- I don’t know , _____________ .
A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also
答：B
解析：D中的also是用在肯定句的，如果要用否定句則可以將also改成either就是正確的。
Hardly ____________ down ______________ he stepped in .
A. has I sat ; than B. I had sat ; when
C. had I sat; then D. had I sat ; when
答：D
___________ hot is the sun that we cannot go out at present .
A. Very B. Too C. So D. Such
答：C
Up to now , the tickets ______________ out .
A. sell B. have sold C. have been sold D. will be sold
答：B
Many a successful store _______________ its rent cheerfully .
A. have paid B. has paid C. has been paid D. is paid
答：C
解析：many a 修飾主語，謂語用單數(shù)。many a ：許多
You can’t imagine ___________ when they received these nice Christmas presents .
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
答：B
解析：感嘆句
Rather than ________________ quietly by the fireside , he’d prefer to take a long walk in the countryside on Sundays however cold it might be .
A. sit B. to sit C. sitting D. sat
答：A
作文講解
問題解決式
A. 提出問題 — B.分詞問題 — C. 解決問題
? Today, ____(1)中心詞 has become a matter of great concern of the general public in our society, which is especially described among people involving it. And I(we,people) believe that _(2)觀點(diǎn) .
? What I believe is based on the following reasons. To begin with , (3)原因一___ , what’s more(even more),__________________(5)原因三__________________ as is shown in the theme given above.
? Therefore, I would like to take following step to (6)回應(yīng)觀點(diǎn)__. (for one thing) on one hand, (7)措施一________. (for other thing) on the other hand, _(8)措施二. I believe where there is hope there is brightness.
對立觀點(diǎn)式
A. 有人認(rèn)為X是好事，贊成X，為什么？— B. 有人認(rèn)為X是壞事，反對X，為什么？— C. 我的看法。
? There is no consensus of opinions among society about 中心詞 . Some people are in favor of the idea that 觀點(diǎn)(1). Not only do they point out the fact that 理由(1)___, but also argue that _理由(2).
? However, other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 觀點(diǎn)(2)____ . An example can give the details of this argument: 舉例子. There is some truth in both argument.
? As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea, which I think the advantages of 觀點(diǎn)(3) overweight the disadvantages. My beiefes are based on the following reasons: ________________理由(1)____________________. In addition to the above-mentioned effects. In addition to the above-mentioned effects. It might bring about ____________________as well as ____________________.
05年學(xué)位英語作文：the importance of obtaining degree
學(xué)位為什么重要？2. 你打算如何取得學(xué)位？
? Today (1)中心詞degree has become a matter of great concern of the general public in our society, which is especially descibed among people involving it. And I(we,people) believe that (2)觀點(diǎn)there is nothing more important than degree.
? What I believe is based on the following reassons. To begin with, (3)原因一 degree is a symbol of knowledge, which can entitle you to engage in the professional work. What’s more(even more), (4)原因二 it is connected with wealth, about 70% people get 90% wealth according to the sociologists’ survey. The most important factor is that(last but more importantly), ____________________(5)原因三 (it is degree that someone focus on and strggle for), as is shown in the theme given above.
? Therefore, I would like to take following step to (6)回應(yīng)觀點(diǎn) get degree. (for one thing) on one hand, (7)措施一 I will try my best to study English for the test for degree.____ (for other thing) on the other hand, (8)措施二 I will write good essays about my major as much as possible during my study in university. I believe where there is hope there is brightness.
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