中英文论文写作指导第二部分（前言）
目錄
1.0 前言的概念和作用
2.0 前言的主要內容
3.0 前言的時態要求
4.0 撰寫前言的步驟
4.1 背景資料
4.2 文獻回顧
4.3 提出問題
4.4 研究目的
4.5 研究價值
4.6 組織結構
5.0 總結
陽仁強教授，博導,
“楚天學者”特聘教授,
中國科學院“百人計劃”
E-mail: yangrq@jhun.edu.cn
1.0 前言的概念和作用
????????前言又叫緒論。寫前言的目的是向讀者交代本研究的來龍去脈，其作用在于喚起讀者的注意,使讀者對論文先有一個總體的了解。
2.0 前言的主要內容
- ①研究的目的，重要性以及研究意義
- ②前人工作的客觀評述(解決了哪些問題)
- ③尚待解決的問題(本文的創新點，即本文要解決的問題)
- ④本文采用的基本方法和假設(必須不含糊地說明)
- ⑤主體中各部分的構成(僅供文章較長時用)
漏斗形的引言的結構較佳!
3.0 前言的時態要求
????????背景資料中的句子通常敘述有關某些現象或某個研究領域的普遍事實，這些普遍事實不受時間的影響，所以句子中的主要動詞應該使用一般現在時態。
A few analytical models and simulations for conventional cylindrical heat pipemainly concentrate on the startup operation involving liquid metal working liquids.
????????若在背景資料中指出作者專業領域里最近發生的某種趨勢,或最近發生的某個事件，則使用現在完成時態。
Various approaches such as modular technique and object oriented programming?have been employed as programming tools.
4.0 撰寫前言的步驟
- 步驟一:背景資料;
- 步驟二:文獻回顧;
- 步驟三:指出問題;
- 步驟四:作者的研究目的或研究活動;
- 步驟五:指出本研究工作的理論價值或應用價值;
- 步驟六:說明本研究論文的組織結構;以便使讀者獲知整個論文的組織結構;或在某些專業領域，由于不同的研究論文有各自的組織結構，所以也常常采用該步驟。
4.1 背景資料
????????引言一開始，先介紹作者的研究領域，敘述有關該研究領域的一般信息，并針對研究論文將要探討的問題或現象提供背景知識。背景資料寫作順序,可以采用一種約定俗成的方法，即:
- >先指出和論文內容所屬研究領域有關的一般事實;
- >接著轉到此大研究領域中的一個次研究領域，并指出該次領域中某些特定的事實;
- >最后應該把焦點轉到該次領域中的論文所探討的問題有密切關系的更狹窄的主題，并針對次主題再指出某些事實。
4.2 文獻回顧
????????介紹并評論其他學者對該問題或現象曾經發表的相關研究。作者要進一步說明自己研究工作的背景及動機，既要表示自己對同一研究領域的相關研究十分熟悉，也要反映自己的研究工作和這些學者的研究工作之間的關系。文獻回顧的組織形式
- 類型1:依照參考文獻的主題與作者研究論文關系的密切程度排列資料，先提到比較不密切的參考資料，然后再引述最密切的資料。
- 類型2:依照所要討論的參考資料的不同類別排列參考文獻。當作者有很多參考資料需要討論時，常采用這種形式。
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4.3 提出問題
????????在該步驟中，為了說明自己的研究動機，作者需指出過去相關研究中尚未處理或解決的問題,或所派生出的新問題，使讀者對作者的研究目的有一個認識基礎。該步驟通常只需要一兩個句子表達,用于指出下列四個項目的其中一項:
- 1、以前的學者處理得不夠完善或尚未研究的重要題目:
- 2、過去的研究所派生并值得探討的新問題;
- 3、以前的學者曾經提出兩個或兩個以上互不相容的觀點或理論，為了解決這些互為差異的觀點或理論之間的沖突，必須開展進一步的研究;
- 4、過去的研究自然可以擴展到新領域或新題目,或者以前曾提出的方法或技術可得到改善或延伸到新的應用范圍。
舉例:
????????The medium-voltage vacuum circuit breaker is found more and more diverse applications in electrical distribution systems. The circuit breaker is then a key partof the system and is important in the successful operation of the system.Statistically most failures can be traced to the mode of operation(介紹背景資料)[1]. Thus, considerable attention has been focused on the design, maintenance andon-line condition monitoring of circuit breakers [2-4]. When breaking and closinga short-circuit current, the electrodynamic force on the contacts has a considerable influence on the mechanical characteristics of the circuit breaker [5](進行文獻回顧). However. there are no reports in the literature on the influence of the electrodynamic force on the mechanical characteristics of medium-voltage vacuumcircuit breakers (however說明文獻回顧已結束，使讀者的注意力從其他的研究轉到論文作者自己的研究上)....... We intend of focus on the influence of theelectrodynamic force on the mechanical characteristics of a medium-voltage circuitbreaker. ........(說明論文作者的研究目的與研究活動)
提出問題的基本句型
| 研究主題 | 轉折副詞 | 指出過去研究的不足 |
| However | few studies have been done on few studies have been reported on few studies have been published on few researchers have studied little research has been devoted to little attention has been paid to little information has been?published concerning little literature is available on there is little literature available on little is known about | High voltage circuit breaker ? |
| although while | much research has been devoted to A, much work has been done on A, many studies have been publishedconcerning A. many researchers have investigated A. much literature is available on A. | little research has beendone on B. little attention has beenpaid to B. little information isavailable on B. little work has beenpublished on B. few researchers havestudied B. few studies haveinvestigated B. |
注釋：紅色少用，綠色常用
4.4 研究目的
論文導向舉例
- The purpose/aim/objective of this paper/report/thesis is to..........
- The present paper/report/thesis reports / presents / describesdiscusses / proposes / describes ..............
- (句子中用到purpose/aim/objective等詞，只能用一般現在時態。)
- In this paper, we explore the possibility of putting vents in the ceilingof the third floor to allow hot air to rise.............(以we作為主語)
- In this paper,an accurate model for coupled heat and moisturetransfer in building envelopes an indoor air is developed.(被動語態)
- This paper will propose/present/evaluate/discuss a newmethod .........(一般將來時)
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研究導向舉例
- The purpose/aim/objective of the experiment/study/research (reported)here was to ..........(一般過去時)
- In the research described here/this study/the present investigation/thisresearch/the experiments reported here, we determined new method forreducing variance in common case.(一般過去時)
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4.5 研究價值
????????科技論文很少直接宣傳自己的研究成果能完全解決某個問題,而用謙虛的口吻或試探性的態度來指出自己研究的價值。
????????因此在步驟四和步驟五中常用語氣助詞來表述論文作者的謙虛態度。
- will表示論文作者絲毫不懷疑句子的內容，確定程度最高。
The results of this experiment will provide further data conserving theperformance of the novel heat pipe/ejectors cooler.
- would在某些條件下很確定，即只要條件被滿足，確定性很高。
If a mathematical model for a flat plate heat pipe for a startup operation wasdeveloped, the transient heat transfer across the heat pipe walls and wicks and thetemperature distributions in the heat pipe would be predicted.
- should確定性較高，但是不能完全確定。
The modification should improve the performance of the product, but it has notyet been tested in practice.
- may句子所表達的事情有可能發生,但作者不確定是否發生。
The results of this study may be useful to researchers attempting to gain moreunderstanding of the behavior of the osmotic flow.
- might句子所表達的事情有可能發生，但比較不確定。
These data might help to clarify whether the steady state assumption is valid.
- could作者更不確定句子所表達的事情是否會發生。
Our findings could be beneficial to researchers in better understanding theadverse health effects of long-term exposure to whole body vibration.
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4.6 組織結構
????????位于引言的結尾處。建議論文作者參閱自己擬投稿的專業期刊上發表的一些論文，以確定自己論文的導論中是否應包含步驟六。
????????若步驟六是一個獨立的段落，則該段落的第一個句子通常寫為:
- The organization of the paper is as follows.
- This paper is organized as follows.
- The structure of the paper is as follows.
- The paper is organized into the following sections.
- The organization of the rest of the paper is as follows.
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????????通常使用一般現在時態，主動語態或被動語態均可。如:
- In Section 2, we present a general derivation of the method for a generic CSP,based on information analysis.
- Section 4 contains a description of the numerical explorations and the test beds, aswell as a presentation and a discussion of the results.
- The relevant procedure and theoretical analysis are presented in detail in Section 2.Finally., related work is summarized in Section 5, while conclusions and work-in-progress are reported in Section 6.
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????????如果采用被動語態,那么應避免出現不平衡的句子，即應避免出現句首的主語特別長,而句末的動詞謂語很短，如:
- In Section 2, a nonlinear theoretical approach that can provide a clear dynamical insight of how nonlinearity plays a role in such a flow system is presented.
這種不自然的句子應改為:
- In Section 2, a nonlinear theoretical approach is presented that can provide a clear dynamical insight of how nonlinearity plays a role in such a flow systcm.
或改為:
- Section 2 presents a nonlinear theoretical approach that can provide a clear dynamical insight of how nonlinearity plays a role in such a flow system.
5.0 總結
本文敘述了中英文論文寫作第二部分前言。在以后的博文中我們將學會更多寫作技巧，從而實現對外部世界進行感知，充分認識這個有機與無機的環境，科學地合理地進行創作和發揮效益，然后為人類社會發展貢獻一點微薄之力。
總結
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