我從未看過(guò)荒原寫作背景

重點(diǎn) (Top highlight)

**Update 8/15: it’s recently come to my attention that the certification exams are open book, which is extremely exciting because it means less time memorizing and more time working with data in a real world setting. Also, I am starting a study group on Facebook — join for help with your exam prep.**

** Update 8/15 ：最近引起我注意的是，認(rèn)證考試是一本 公開的書 ，這非常令人興奮，因?yàn)樗馕吨俚臅r(shí)間記憶和更多的時(shí)間在真實(shí)環(huán)境中處理數(shù)據(jù)。 另外，我正在 Facebook上成立 一個(gè) 研究小組 —加入考試準(zhǔn)備中的幫助。**

Eight years ago, data science was proclaimed “the sexiest job of the 21st century.” Yet plodding through hours of data munging still feels decidedly unsexy. If anything, the storied rise of the data science career has illustrated just how poorly most organizations are doing when it comes to managing their data.

八年前，數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)被譽(yù)為“ 21世紀(jì)最性感的工作”。 然而，經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)小時(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)處理，仍然感覺(jué)絕對(duì)不 性感 。 如果有的話，數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)事業(yè)的傳奇般的崛起說(shuō)明了大多數(shù)組織在管理數(shù)據(jù)方面做得多么糟糕。

Enter the Certified Data Management Professional (CDMP) from Data Management Association International (DAMA). The CDMP is the best data strategy certification you’ve never heard of. (And honestly, when you consider the fact that you’re probably working a job that didn’t exist ten years ago, it’s not surprising that this certification isn’t widespread just yet.)

輸入認(rèn)證的數(shù)據(jù)管理專業(yè)人員( CDMP從數(shù)據(jù)管理協(xié)會(huì)國(guó)際)( DAMA )。 CDMP是您從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的最佳數(shù)據(jù)策略認(rèn)證。 (說(shuō)實(shí)話，當(dāng)您考慮到自己從事的工作可能是十年前不存在的事實(shí)時(shí)，這種認(rèn)證還沒(méi)有廣泛傳播就不足為奇了。)

Data strategy is a crucial discipline that spans end-to-end management of the data lifecycle as well as associated aspects of data governance and key considerations of data ethics.

數(shù)據(jù)策略是一門至關(guān)重要的學(xué)科，它涵蓋了數(shù)據(jù)生命周期的端到端管理以及數(shù)據(jù)治理的相關(guān)方面以及數(shù)據(jù)倫理的關(guān)鍵考慮因素。

This article outlines the hows and whys of getting the CDMP, which lays the groundwork for effective thought leadership on data strategy. It also includes a survey — you can offer your thoughts on the most important aspects of data management for data science and check out the consensus of the community.

本文概述了獲取CDMP的方式和原因 ，這為有效地領(lǐng)導(dǎo)數(shù)據(jù)策略思想奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 它還包括一項(xiàng)調(diào)查-您可以就數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)中數(shù)據(jù)管理最重要的方面提出您的想法，并查看社區(qū)的共識(shí)。

In this guide:

在本指南中 ：

About the CDMP Exam

關(guān)于CDMP考試

How to prepare for CDMP

如何準(zhǔn)備CDMP

What’s tested on the CDMP

在CDMP上測(cè)試了什么

Survey —most important aspect of data management

調(diào)查-數(shù)據(jù)管理的最重要方面

Why data scientists should get CDMP certified

為什么數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)家應(yīng)該獲得CDMP認(rèn)證

Disclaimer: this post is not sponsored by DAMA International — views reflected are mine alone. I’m including an affiliate link to the DMBOK on Amazon, the reference guide that is required for the exam, given that it’s an open book test. Buying the exam through this link helps support my writing on Data Science and Data Strategy — thanks in advance.

免責(zé)聲明 ：本帖子并非由DAMA International贊助-所反映的觀點(diǎn)僅屬于我個(gè)人。 考慮到這是一項(xiàng)開放式考試，因此 我會(huì)提供指向 亞馬遜 DMBOK 的會(huì)員鏈接 ，這是考試所需的參考指南。 通過(guò)此鏈接購(gòu)買考試有助于支持我寫的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)和數(shù)據(jù)策略的文章-預(yù)先感謝。

關(guān)于CDMP考試 (About the CDMP Exam)

Training for the CDMP confers expertise across 14 areas related to data strategy (which I’ll cover in more detail in a later section). The test is open book, but the 100 questions on the exam must be completed within 90 minutes — not a lot of time to be looking things up. Therefore, it’s important to be extremely familiar with the reference material.

CDMP培訓(xùn)將賦予與數(shù)據(jù)策略相關(guān)的14個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)知識(shí)(我將在下一部分中對(duì)其進(jìn)行詳細(xì)介紹)。 該考試是公開考試，但考試中的100個(gè)問(wèn)題必須在90分鐘內(nèi)完成-查起來(lái)的時(shí)間不多。 因此，非常熟悉參考資料很重要 。

When you schedule the exam ($300), DAMA provides 40 practice questions that are pretty reflective of the difficulty of the actual exam. As a further resource, check out this article about the process of studying for a certification.

當(dāng)您安排考試(300美元)時(shí)，DAMA提供了40個(gè)練習(xí)題，完全可以反映實(shí)際考試的難度。 作為進(jìn)一步的資源， 請(qǐng)查閱有關(guān)認(rèn)證學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的本文 。

It’s possible to sit for the exam online while monitored via webcam ($11 proctoring fee). The format of the exam is multiple choice — either 5 options or T/F. You can mark questions and come back to them. At the conclusion of test taking, you get immediate feedback on your score.

可以在線參加考試，同時(shí)通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像頭進(jìn)行監(jiān)控(收取11美元的手續(xù)費(fèi))。 考試形式為多項(xiàng)選擇-5種選擇或T / F。 您可以標(biāo)記問(wèn)題，然后再返回。 考試結(jié)束時(shí)，您會(huì)立即獲得有關(guān)分?jǐn)?shù)的反饋。

Anything over 60% is considered passing. This is just fine if you’re interested in getting your CDMP Associate certification and moving along. If you’re interested in the advanced tiers of CDMP certification, you’ll have to pass with a 70% (CDMP Practitioner) or 80% (CDMP Master). To get certified at the highest level, CDMP Fellow, you’ll need to attain the Master Certification and also demonstrate industry experience and contribution to the field. Each of these advanced certifications also require passing two Specialist exams.

超過(guò)60％的都被視為通過(guò) 。 如果您有興趣獲得CDMP協(xié)會(huì)認(rèn)證并繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，那很好。 如果您對(duì)CDMP認(rèn)證的高級(jí)層感興趣，則必須通過(guò)70％(CDMP從業(yè)者)或80％(CDMP Master)。 要獲得最高級(jí)別的CDMP研究員認(rèn)證，您需要獲得Master認(rèn)證，還需要證明行業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和對(duì)該領(lǐng)域的貢獻(xiàn)。 這些高級(jí)認(rèn)證中的每一個(gè)都還需要通過(guò)兩次專家考試 。

This brings me to my final point, which is about why — purely from a career advancement standpoint — you should chose to put yourself through the studying and exam taking process for CDMP: certification from DAMA is associated with high-end positions in leadership, management, and data architecture. (Think of CDMP as getting credentialed into a semi-secret society of data ninjas.) Increasingly, enterprise roles and federal contracts related to data management are requesting CDMP certification. Read more.

這將我?guī)У搅俗詈笠稽c(diǎn)，這就是為什么-從職業(yè)發(fā)展的角度出發(fā)-您應(yīng)該選擇通過(guò)CDMP的學(xué)習(xí)和考試過(guò)程：DAMA的認(rèn)證與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，管理的高端職位相關(guān)聯(lián)，以及數(shù)據(jù)架構(gòu)。 (認(rèn)為??CDMP已成為進(jìn)入數(shù)據(jù)忍者半秘密社會(huì)的憑證。)越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)角色和與數(shù)據(jù)管理相關(guān)的聯(lián)邦合同正在要求CDMP認(rèn)證。 。

CDMPCDMP

Pros:

優(yōu)點(diǎn) ：

• Provides well-rounded knowledge base on topics related to data strategy
  提供與數(shù)據(jù)策略相關(guān)主題的全面的知識(shí)庫(kù)
• Open book test means less time spent on route memorization
  開卷考試意味著更少的時(shí)間記憶在路線上
• Four tiers for different levels of data management professionals
  針對(duì)不同級(jí)別的數(shù)據(jù)管理專業(yè)人員的四層
• 60% score requirement to pass lowest level of certification
  分?jǐn)?shù)要求達(dá)到60％才能通過(guò)最低級(jí)別的認(rèn)證
• Associated with elite roles
  與精英角色相關(guān)
• Provides 3 year membership to DAMA International
  提供DAMA International的3年會(huì)員資格
• $311 exam fee is cheaper than other data-related certifications from Microsoft and The Open Group
  311美元的考試費(fèi)比Microsoft和The Open Group的其他與數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)的認(rèn)證便宜

Cons:

缺點(diǎn) ：

• DAMA is not backed by a major tech company (e.g. Amazon, Google, Microsoft) that is actively pushing marketing efforts and driving brand recognition for CDMP certification — this means that CDMP is likely to be recognized as valuable mainly among individuals who are already familiar with data management
  DAMA不受大型科技公司(例如亞馬遜，谷歌，微軟)的支持，該公司正在積極推動(dòng)營(yíng)銷工作并推動(dòng)CDMP認(rèn)證的品牌認(rèn)可-這意味著CDMP可能主要在已經(jīng)熟悉的個(gè)人中被認(rèn)為是有價(jià)值的數(shù)據(jù)管理

• $311 exam fee is relatively expensive compared to AWS Cloud Practitioner cert ($100) or GPC certs ($200)

  與AWS Cloud Practitioner證書 ($ 100)或GPC證書 ($ 200)相比，$ 311考試費(fèi)相對(duì)昂貴。

Alternatives:

替代方案 ：

• Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSA) — modularized certifications focusing on various Microsoft products ($330+)

  Microsoft認(rèn)證解決方案合作伙伴 ( MCSA )-著重于各種Microsoft產(chǎn)品的模塊化認(rèn)證(超過(guò)$ 330)

• Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE) — builds on the MCSA with integrated certifications on topics such as Core Infrastructure, Data Management & Analytics, and Productivity ($495+)

  Microsoft認(rèn)證解決方案專家 ( MCSE )—以MCSA為基礎(chǔ) ，并具有針對(duì)諸如核心基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu) ， 數(shù)據(jù)管理和分析以及生產(chǎn)力的主題的集成認(rèn)證(超過(guò)$ 495)

• The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) —various levels of certification on high-level framework for software development and enterprise architecture methodology ($550+)

  開放組架構(gòu)框架 ( TOGAF )-用于軟件開發(fā)和企業(yè)架構(gòu)方法的高級(jí)框架的各種級(jí)別的認(rèn)證(超過(guò)$ 550)

• Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) — role-based certifications for software engineering teams ($995)

  可擴(kuò)展的敏捷框架 ( SAFe )—針對(duì)軟件工程團(tuán)隊(duì)的基于角色的認(rèn)證(995美元)

如何準(zhǔn)備CDMP (How to prepare for CDMP)

Given that CDMP is an open book test, to study for the exam, all that’s needed is the DAMA Body of Knowledge book (DMBOK $55). It’s around 600 pages, but if you mainly focus your study time on Chapter 1 (Data Management), diagrams & schemas, roles & responsibilities, and definitions, then this should get you 80% of the way toward a passing score.

鑒于CDMP是公開考試，要學(xué)習(xí)考試，只需要DAMA知識(shí)體系書( DMBOK， 55美元)。 它大約有600頁(yè) ，但是如果您主要將學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間集中在第1章(數(shù)據(jù)管理)，圖表和模式，角色和職責(zé)以及定義上，那么這將使您獲得80分的分?jǐn)?shù)。

In terms of how to use DMBOK, one test taker recommended 4–6 hours per weekend for 8–10 weeks. Another approach could be reading a couple pages each morning and evening. However you tackle it, make sure you’re incorporating spaced repetition into your studying methodology.

在如何使用DMBOK方面 ，一位應(yīng)試者建議每個(gè)周末4-6小時(shí)，持續(xù)8-10周。 另一種方法是每天早晨和晚上閱讀幾頁(yè)。 無(wú)論您如何解決，請(qǐng)確保將間隔重復(fù)納入您的學(xué)習(xí)方法中。

In addition to being your study guide for the exam, the DMBOK is of course useful as reference book, and you can drop it on your colleague’s desk if they need to learn data strategy or if they’ve nodded off during a webinar.

除了作為考試的學(xué)習(xí)指南之外， DMBOK當(dāng)然也可以作為參考書，如果您的同事需要學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)據(jù)策略或在網(wǎng)絡(luò)研討會(huì)期間點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭，您可以將其放在同事的桌子上。

在CDMP上測(cè)試了什么 (What’s tested on the CDMP)

The CDMP covers 14 topics —I’ve listed them in order of the prevalence with which they occur on the exam and provided a brief definition for each.

CDMP涵蓋了14個(gè)主題-我按考試中的普遍性順序列出了它們，并為每個(gè)主題提供了簡(jiǎn)要定義。

Data Governance ( 11%) — practices and processes to ensure formal management of data assets. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)治理 (11％)-確保對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行正式管理的實(shí)踐和流程。 。

Data Quality ( 11%) — assuring data is fit for consumption based on its accuracy, completeness, consistency, integrity, reasonability, timeliness, uniqueness/deduplication, validity, and accessibility. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量 (11％)-根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性，完整性，一致性，完整性，合理性，及時(shí)性，唯一性/重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)刪除，有效性和可訪問(wèn)性，確保數(shù)據(jù)適合消費(fèi)。 。

Data Modelling and Design ( 11%) — translation of business needs into technical specifications. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)建模和設(shè)計(jì) (11％)-將業(yè)務(wù)需求轉(zhuǎn)換為技術(shù)規(guī)范。 。

Metadata Management (11%) — information about data collected. Read more.

元數(shù)據(jù)管理 (11％)-有關(guān)收集的數(shù)據(jù)的信息。 。

Master and Reference Data Management (10%) — reference data is information used to categorize other data found in a database, or information that is solely for relating data in a database to information beyond the boundaries of the organization. Master reference data refers to information that is shared across a number of systems within the organization. Read more.

主數(shù)據(jù)和參考數(shù)據(jù)管理 (10％)-參考數(shù)據(jù)是用于對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中找到的其他數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分類的信息，或僅用于將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的數(shù)據(jù)與組織范圍之外的信息相關(guān)聯(lián)的信息。 主參考數(shù)據(jù)是指在組織內(nèi)的多個(gè)系統(tǒng)之間共享的信息。 。

Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence (10%) — a data warehouse stores information from operational systems (as well as other data resources, potentially) in a way that is optimized to support decision-making processes. Business intelligence refers to the use of technology to gather and analyze data, then translate it into useful information. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)和商業(yè)智能 (10％)- 數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)以一種優(yōu)化的方式存儲(chǔ)來(lái)自操作系統(tǒng)(以及潛在的其他數(shù)據(jù)資源)的信息，以支持決策流程。 商業(yè)智能是指使用技術(shù)來(lái)收集和分析數(shù)據(jù)，然后將其轉(zhuǎn)換為有用的信息。 。

Document and Content Management (6%) — technologies, methods, and tools used to organize and store an organization’s documents. Read more.

文檔和內(nèi)容管理 (6％)-用于組織和存儲(chǔ)組織文檔的技術(shù)，方法和工具。 。

Data Integration and Interoperability ( 6%) — use of technical and business processes to merge data from different sources, with the goal of readily and efficiently providing access to valuable information. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)集成和互操作性 (6％)-使用技術(shù)和業(yè)務(wù)流程來(lái)合并來(lái)自不同來(lái)源的數(shù)據(jù)，目的是容易而有效地提供對(duì)有價(jià)值信息的訪問(wèn)。 。

Data Architecture (6%) — specifications to describe existing state, define data requirements, guide data integration, and control data assets, according to the organization’s data strategy. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)體系結(jié)構(gòu) (6％)-根據(jù)組織的數(shù)據(jù)策略，用于描述現(xiàn)有狀態(tài)，定義數(shù)據(jù)需求，指導(dǎo)數(shù)據(jù)集成和控制數(shù)據(jù)資產(chǎn)的規(guī)范。 。

Data Security ( 6%) — implementation of policies and procedures to ensure people and things take the right actions with data and information assets, even in the presence of malicious inputs. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)安全性 (6％)-實(shí)施政策和程序以確保人和物即使在存在惡意輸入的情況下也對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)和信息資產(chǎn)采取正確的措施。 。

Data Storage and Operations ( 6%) — characterization of hardware or software that holds, deletes, backs up, organizes, and secures an organization’s information. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)和運(yùn)營(yíng) (6％)-表征，保存，刪除，備份，組織和保護(hù)組織信息的硬件或軟件。 。

Data Management Process ( 2%) — end-to-end management of data, including collection, control, protection, delivery, and enhancement. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)管理流程 (2％)-數(shù)據(jù)的端到端管理，包括收集，控制，保護(hù)，交付和增強(qiáng)。 。

Big Data ( 2%) — extremely large datasets, often composed of various structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data types. Read more.

大數(shù)據(jù) (2％)-極大的數(shù)據(jù)集，通常由各種結(jié)構(gòu)化，非結(jié)構(gòu)化和半結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)類型組成。 。

Data Ethics ( 2%) — code of conduct encompassing data handling, algorithms, and other practices to ensure that data is used appropriately in a moral context. Read more.

數(shù)據(jù)道德 (2％)-包含數(shù)據(jù)處理，算法和其他實(shí)踐的行為準(zhǔn)則，以確保在道德環(huán)境中正確使用數(shù)據(jù)。 。

調(diào)查 (Survey)

Out of curiosity, I’d love to hear your thoughts about the most important aspect of data management. After you make your selection in the poll below, you’ll see what the community thinks as well.

出于好奇，我很想聽(tīng)聽(tīng)您對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)管理最重要方面的想法 。 在下面的民意調(diào)查中做出選擇后，您還將看到社區(qū)的想法。

What considerations drove your choice? Do you think studying for CDMP is an effective way to learn these topics? Let’s talk in the comments.

哪些因素促使您選擇？ 您認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)CDMP是學(xué)習(xí)這些主題的有效方法嗎？ 讓我們?cè)谠u(píng)論中談?wù)劇?

為什么數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)家應(yīng)該獲得CDMP認(rèn)證 (Why data scientists should get CDMP certified)

Still not convinced why data strategy is important? Let’s take a look from the perspective of a data scientist aiming to increase their knowledge and earning potential.

仍然不確定為什么數(shù)據(jù)策略很重要？ 讓我們從旨在增加他們的知識(shí)和創(chuàng)收潛力的數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)家的角度來(lái)看一下。

Photo by Franki Chamaki on Unsplash. The signage is a trademark of Hivery, a company that leverages AI for the retail industry.圖片由Franki Chamaki在Unsplash上拍攝 。 該標(biāo)牌是Hivery的商標(biāo)，該公司在零售業(yè)中利用AI。

It’s been said that a data scientist sits at the nexus of statistics, computer science, and domain knowledge. Why would you want to add one more thing to your plate?

有人說(shuō)數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)家坐在統(tǒng)計(jì)，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和領(lǐng)域知識(shí)之間。 您為什么要在盤子里再添加一件事？

Successwise, you’re better off being good at two complementary skills than being excellent at one

成功地，與擁有一項(xiàng)相輔相成的技能相比，您最好擁有兩項(xiàng)相輔相成的技能

Scott Adams, author and creator of the Dilbert comics, offers the idea that “every skill you acquire doubles your odds of success.” He acknowledges this may be somewhat of an oversimplification — “obviously some skills are more valuable than others, and the twelfth skill you acquire might have less value than each of the first eleven” — but the point is that sometimes it’s better to go wide than to go deep.

迪爾伯特漫畫的作者和創(chuàng)作者斯科特·亞當(dāng)斯 ( Scott Adams) 提出這樣的想法 ：“您獲得的每一項(xiàng)技能都會(huì)使成功幾率翻倍。” 他承認(rèn)這可能是過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化了幾分的- “明顯有些技能是比其他人更有價(jià)值，第十二技能，你獲得可能具有彼此前十的價(jià)值不大” -但問(wèn)題是，有時(shí)， 最好 去寬比去深入。

Setting aside the relative magnitude of the benefit (because I seriously doubt it’s 2x per skill… thank you, law of diminishing marginal returns), it seems unquestionable that broadening your skillset can lead to more significant gains relative to toiling away at learning one specific skills. In a nutshell, this is why I think it’s important for a data scientist to learn data strategy.

拋開收益的相對(duì)幅度(因?yàn)槲曳浅岩擅宽?xiàng)技能是2倍……謝謝，邊際收益遞減的規(guī)律)，相對(duì)于辛苦學(xué)習(xí)一種特定技能，擴(kuò)大技能范圍似乎可以帶來(lái)更大的收益，這是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的。 簡(jiǎn)而言之，這就是為什么我認(rèn)為對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)據(jù)策略很重要。

Generally speaking, having diversity in your skillset allows you to:

一般來(lái)說(shuō)， 技能組合的多樣性可以使您：

Problem solve more effectively by drawing on cross-disciplinary learnings

通過(guò)跨學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)，更有效地解決問(wèn)題

Communicate better with your teammates from other specialties

與其他專業(yè)的隊(duì)友更好地溝通

Get your foot in the door in terms of gaining access to new projects

進(jìn)入新項(xiàng)目方面， 踏上大門

Understanding data strategy transforms you from being a data consumer into an empowered data advocate at your organization. It’s worth putting up with all the tongue twister acronyms (DMBOK — really? Couldn’t they have just called it The Data Management Book?) in order to deepen your appreciation for the end-to-end knowledge generating process.

了解數(shù)據(jù)策略可以使您從成為數(shù)據(jù)使用者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻M織中的授權(quán)數(shù)據(jù)擁護(hù)者 。 為了加深您對(duì)端到端知識(shí)生成過(guò)程的理解，值得使用所有繞口令的縮寫( DMBOK-真的嗎？他們難道就沒(méi)有將其稱為“數(shù)據(jù)管理書”嗎？ ) 。

其他使您的技能多樣化的文章 (Other articles to diversify your skills)

If you enjoyed reading this article, follow me on Medium, LinkedIn, and Twitter for more ideas to advance your data science skills. Join the study group for the CDMP Exam.

如果您喜歡閱讀本文 ，請(qǐng)?jiān)贛edium ， LinkedIn和Twitter上關(guān)注我，以獲取更多提高您的數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)技能的想法。 加入CDMP考試學(xué)習(xí)組 。

翻譯自: https://towardsdatascience.com/best-data-science-certification-4f221ac3dbe3

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