硅麥克風的聲學設計指南

With Gmail adding the ability to make free calls within the US and Canada, now is a great time to invest in a quality computer microphone. We’ll take some of the guesswork out of that process, and give you some tips on setting up your microphone once you get it.

Gmail新增了在美國和加拿大境內撥打免費電話的功能，現在是投資購買優質電腦麥克風的絕佳時機。 我們將排除該過程中的一些猜測，并為您提供一些有關設置麥克風的提示。

Photo by visual.dichotomy.

圖片由visual.dichotomy拍攝。

要找什么 (What To Look For)

There are a ton of different microphone options, and a long list of specifications for each. Which of these matter and which are just hype?

有很多不同的麥克風選項，每種都有很長的規格列表。 這些問題中的哪一項只是炒作？

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Form Factor

構成因素

The biggest difference between microphones is their form factor. This should be the first thing that you decide on.

麥克風之間的最大區別在于它們的外形尺寸。 這應該是您決定的第一件事。

If you’re a gamer or just prefer all-in-one devices, a headset is a good choice. Headsets are headphones that have a microphone attached to them. The quality and comfort of the headphones and the microphone vary pretty widely, so read reviews of models in your desired price range.

如果您是游戲玩家或只是喜歡多合一設備，那么耳機是一個不錯的選擇。 耳機是連接了麥克風的耳機。 耳機和麥克風的質量和舒適度差異很大，因此請閱讀所需價格范圍內的型號評論。

If you already have a good pair of headphones or you just want something cheap and easy, a desktop microphone works best. These include some sort of base so that you can just place the microphone on your desk and you’re good to go.

如果您已經有一副好耳機，或者只想買便宜又方便的東西，那么臺式麥克風效果最好。 這些包括某種底座，這樣您就可以將麥克風放在桌子上，您就可以使用了。

If you’re considering doing some podcasting or other audio recordings, you should look into a professional microphone. These are larger, heavier, and are designed to be held either in your hand or in a mic stand – which can be an additional expense. The most common professional mics are either dynamic or condenser. Dynamic mics can take a beating, so if you’re rough on your electronics, they’ll hold up better. Condenser mics are more fragile, but in general do a better job reproducing sounds.

如果您正在考慮進行播客或其他錄音，則應使用專業的麥克風。 它們更大，更重，并且可以握在手中或麥克風架中，這可能是額外的費用。 最常見的專業麥克風是動圈式或電容式。 動態麥克風可能會受到打擊，因此，如果您對電子設備不熟悉，它們會更好地承受住。 電容麥克風更易碎，但通常在復制聲音方面做得更好。

There are a few other form factors that may work better for you, like lapel mics that you can clip to your shirt, or conference room microphones that are designed to be in the middle of a table full of people. If you have a specific need, a quick web search should reveal the ideal microphone form factor to look for.

還有其他一些形狀更適合您的形狀因素，例如可以夾在襯衫上的翻領式麥克風，或設計成可在滿座桌子中間的會議室麥克風。 如果您有特定需要，快速的網絡搜索應該可以找到理想的麥克風外形尺寸。

Connector

連接器

Photo by ladyada.

攝影： ladyada 。

There are fortunately few options for how your microphone can connect to your computer; however, there are some important differences between the options.

幸運的是，麥克風如何連接到計算機的方法很少。 但是，這些選項之間存在一些重要差異。

A 3.5mm connector is the same as the plug from most headphones. Most computers – even laptops – have a 3.5mm microphone connection, so in most cases, you can just plug your microphone into the 3.5mm jack. However, the on-board sound features of most motherboards and laptops are not very high quality, so if you’re planning to do any podcasting or recording, you might need to invest in a dedicated sound card with a 3.5mm mic input.

3.5毫米接頭與大多數耳機的插頭相同。 大多數計算機(甚至是筆記本電腦)都具有3.5毫米麥克風連接，因此在大多數情況下，您只需將麥克風插入3.5毫米插Kong即可。 但是，大多數主板和筆記本電腦的板載聲音功能質量不是很高，因此，如果您打算進行播客或錄音，則可能需要購買帶有3.5mm麥克風輸入的專用聲卡。

USB connectors are becoming increasingly common. These will work the same on any computer with a USB connection, so there is no need to buy a sound card if you plan to make recordings. There is no particular downside to a USB mic, unless you’re already running low on USB slots (though in that case, you can pick up a cheap USB hub!)

USB連接器變得越來越普遍。 它們在具有USB連接的任何計算機上都可以使用，因此，如果您打算進行錄音，則無需購買聲卡。 USB麥克風沒有特別的缺點，除非您的USB插槽已經用光了(盡管在這種情況下，您可以選擇便宜的USB集線器！)

Professional microphones tend to use the XLR connector. If you already have a professional mic with an XLR connector, or are dead set on one, there are XLR to USB adapters, and higher-end sound cards tend to have some method of accepting XLR input. These options are somewhat expensive, but they can be cheaper than getting a professional USB mic of equivalent quality.

專業麥克風傾向于使用XLR連接器。 如果您已經擁有帶有XLR連接器的專業麥克風，或者固定在一個麥克風上，則可以使用XLR到USB適配器，并且高端聲卡往往會采用某種接受XLR輸入的方法。 這些選件有些昂貴，但比獲得同等質量的專業USB麥克風要便宜。

There are also wireless options, if you prefer not to deal with cables. These typically connect through radio waves received at a USB dongle connected to your computer, or through Bluetooth.

如果您不想使用電纜，也可以使用無線選項。 這些通常通過連接到計算機的USB軟件狗接收的無線電波或通過藍牙連接。

Noise Cancelling

降噪

Many microphones – even inexpensive ones – offer some degree of noise cancelling. If you’re in a noisy room, or if your computer is particularly loud, this is a feature to look for. Be sure to read reviews to confirm that the noise cancelling feature works well!

許多麥克風-甚至便宜的麥克風-都提供一定程度的噪聲消除。 如果您在嘈雜的房間中，或者您的計算機聲音特別大，則可以使用此功能。 請務必閱讀評論以確認降噪功能正常！

Directionality

方向性

Microphones can be designed to pick up sound directly in one direction – unidirectional mics – or in all directions – omnidirectional mics. If you’re in a noisy room, a unidirectional mic is a better choice. If you want to pick up the noises in the room, for instance in a conference call situation, you will want an omnidirectional mic.

麥克風可以設計為直接在一個方向(單向麥克風)或所有方向(全向麥克風)拾取聲音。 如果您在嘈雜的房間里，單向麥克風是一個更好的選擇。 如果要拾取房間中的噪音，例如在電話會議中，則需要全向麥克風。

Frequency Response

頻率響應

Many microphones will list their frequency response range (e.g. 40Hz – 16KHz). By itself, this information is not particularly useful, and you should not judge a microphone with a wider response range as being objectively better. Human voices typically fall in the 85-255Hz range, well within the capabilities of even the cheapest computer microphone.

許多麥克風會列出其頻率響應范圍(例如40Hz – 16KHz)。 就其本身而言，該信息并不是特別有用，并且您不應該將響應范圍更廣的麥克風判斷為客觀上更好的麥克風。 人的聲音通常在85-255Hz范圍內，甚至在最便宜的計算機麥克風的能力范圍內。

However, if you’re doing more professional recording, then you may want to investigate a microphone’s frequency response curve.

但是，如果您要進行更專業的錄音，則可能需要研究麥克風的頻率響應曲線。

Other Factors

其他因素

Manufacturers may list other specifications, such as microphone sensitivity and input impedance, but in general these factors are not important compared to those listed above.

制造商可能會列出其他規格，例如麥克風靈敏度和輸入阻抗，但是與上述所列因素相比，這些因素通常并不重要。

Like with most computer parts, there is no best choice – it depends on what you plan to use your microphone for and how much you’re willing to spend. Above all, do your research and read reviews (Amazon and Newegg are good review sources) before making your decision!

與大多數計算機部件一樣，沒有最佳選擇–這取決于您打算將麥克風用于什么用途以及您愿意花多少錢。 最重要的是，在做出決定之前，請先進行研究并閱讀評論(Amazon和Newegg是很好的評論來源)！

測試您的麥克風 (Testing Your Microphone)

Once you’ve chosen a microphone and connected it to your computer, you should test it out to make sure that your voice comes through loudly and clearly. The steps to do this vary depending on your operating system.

選擇麥克風并將其連接到計算機后，應對其進行測試，以確保聲音清晰清晰地通過。 具體步驟取決于您的操作系統。

Windows 7 and Vista

Windows 7和Vista

Click on the start menu and type “sound” into the search field. The Sound Recorder program should be the first option. Open it.

單擊開始菜單，然后在搜索字段中鍵入“聲音”。 錄音機程序應該是第一個選項。 打開它。

Note: if you have disabled search, you can find this in All Programs > Accessories > Sound Recorder.

注意：如果您禁用了搜索，則可以在“所有程序”>“附件”>“錄音機”中找到此內容。

Click on the Start Recording button and speak into your microphone, the same volume and tone that you would use while chatting online.

單擊開始錄制按鈕，對著麥克風講話，與您在在線聊天時使用的音量和音調相同。

When you’re done, click the Stop Recording button, save the audio file somewhere, and listen to it to confirm that your microphone is working properly.

完成后，單擊“停止錄制”按鈕，將音頻文件保存在某個位置，然后聆聽以確認您的麥克風正常工作。

If you don’t hear anything, or if it’s too loud or too quiet, right-click on the volume control indicator in the system tray, and select Recording Devices.

如果您聽不到任何聲音，或者聲音太大或太小，請右鍵單擊系統托盤中的音量控制指示器，然后選擇“錄音設備”。

Note: if you’ve hidden the volume control indicator, you can access this through Control Panel > Sound.

注意：如果您隱藏了音量控制指示器，則可以通過“控制面板”>“聲音”進行訪問。

You should see your microphone listed. If you speak into it, the bar at the right should fill depending on how loudly you speak.

您應該會看到列出的麥克風。 如果您要說的話，右邊的欄會根據您說的聲音大聲填充。

Right-click on your microphone and select properties. Go to the Levels tab and change the microphone volume to an appropriate level.

右鍵單擊您的麥克風，然后選擇屬性。 轉到“級別”選項卡，然后將麥克風音量更改為適當的級別。

Record yourself again to make sure that the volume level is good. There are other options that you can change in the Microphone Properties box – try them out if they seem useful to you.

再次記錄自己，以確保音量良好。 您還可以在“麥克風屬性”框中更改其他選項，如果對您有用，請嘗試一下。

Windows XP

Windows XP

Windows XP provide a nice wizard for testing and setting an appropriate volume level for your microphone.

Windows XP提供了一個不錯的向導，用于測試和設置麥克風的適當音量。

Right-click on the volume control indicator in the system tray and select Adjust Audio Properties.

右鍵單擊系統托盤中的音量控制指示器，然后選擇調整音頻屬性。

Note: if you’ve hidden the volume control indicator, you can access this through Control Panel > Sounds and Audio Devices.

注意：如果您隱藏了音量控制指示器，則可以通過“控制面板”>“聲音和音頻設備”進行訪問。

Switch to the Voice tab and click the Test hardware button.

切換到“語音”選項卡，然后單擊“測試硬件”按鈕。

The wizard will ask you to speak some sentences, repeating your recorded audio, and adjust the volume accordingly. Quite handy!

向導將要求您說一些句子，重復錄制的音頻，并相應地調節音量。 很方便！

Ubuntu Linux

Ubuntu Linux

Open a terminal window (Applications > Accessories > Terminal) and type in the command alsamixer.

打開一個終端窗口(應用程序>附件>終端)，然后輸入命令alsamixer 。

Check to see if the Mic entry has a reasonable volume. If not, use your arrow keys to highlight the Mic entry and raise the volume to around 50. Press M on your keyboard to ensure that the there is a green 00 underneath the bar, not MM.

檢查“麥克風”條目的音量是否合理。 如果不是，請使用箭頭鍵突出顯示“麥克風”條目，并將音量提高到50左右。按鍵盤上的M，以確保該條下方有綠色的00，而不是MM。

To test your microphone, click on Applications > Sound & Video > Sound Recorder.

要測試您的麥克風，請單擊應用程序>聲音和視頻>錄音機。

Record yourself speaking for a few seconds, then stop the recording a play it back.

錄制自己的講話幾秒鐘，然后停止錄制并播放。

Mac OS X

Mac OS X

Note: we did not have a Mac OS X test machine available. But managing the basic sound options is similar to that in Windows using the Sound preferences.

注意：我們沒有Mac OS X測試機。 但是，管理基本聲音選項與Windows中使用“聲音”首選項的方法類似。

If you have the iLife bundle, the easiest way to test your microphone is to open GarageBand, start a new blank project, and record audio. Play it back to ensure that it works as intended.

如果您擁有iLife捆綁包，則測試麥克風的最簡單方法是打開GarageBand，啟動新的空白項目并錄制音頻。 播放以確保其可以正常工作。

If you do not have iLife, try the Audacity program, described in the Recording Audio section below.

如果沒有iLife，請嘗試下面的“錄制音頻”部分中所述的Audacity程序。

使用麥克風 (Using Your Microphone)

Here are some tips to get the most out of your microphone.

這里有一些技巧，您可以充分利用麥克風。

• Turn off your speakers. If you don’t, then the audio coming from your speakers could be picked up by your microphone, making an annoying high-pitched sound. If you need to hear audio while using your microphone, use headphones.
  關閉揚聲器。 如果您不這樣做，那么來自揚聲器的音頻可能會被麥克風拾取，從而產生令人討厭的高音調。 如果需要在使用麥克風時聽到音頻，請使用耳機。
• Keep the volume at a reasonable level. It’s temping to turn up the volume and the dynamic boost so that you can be easily heard, but that will cause your voice to become distorted (“clipped”) when you raise your voice.
  將音量保持在合理的水平。 試圖調高音量和動態增強效果，以便您輕松聽到聲音，但是當您抬高聲音時，這會使您的聲音失真(“夾雜”)。
• Test your mic with each application that uses it. Some, like Skype, will change the mic’s volume settings; make a test call to ensure that you can still be heard clearly, and then retest when you use another application afterward.
  使用它的每個應用程序測試您的麥克風。 某些軟件(例如Skype)將更改麥克風的音量設置。 進行電話測試以確保仍然可以清晰聽到您的聲音，然后在以后使用其他應用程序時進行重新測試。

錄音 (Recording Audio)

If you want to get started recording audio, whether for a podcast, commentary, or other permanent recording, we recommend trying out the multi-platform program Audacity.

如果您想開始錄制音頻，無論是播客，評論還是其他永久性錄制，我們建議您試用多平臺程序Audacity。

When the program starts up, you have a blank slate. To record some audio from your microphone, click on the red record button.

程序啟動時，您的面板空白。 要從麥克風錄制一些音頻，請單擊紅色的錄制按鈕。

Click the stop button when you’re done, and you have your first audio track!

完成后，單擊“停止”按鈕，您便有了第一個音軌！

You can record more tracks, or add onto the current track. Overlaying tracks on top of each other lets you add background music to your voice, or allows you to record two people separately and then combine them together afterwards.

您可以錄制更多曲目，或添加到當前曲目。 彼此疊加的音軌使您可以在聲音中添加背景音樂，或者讓您分別錄制兩個人，然后將它們組合在一起。

Audacity is a powerful audio editing tool that is free and available for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. It can export to many formats, including MP3 (though this requires the download of an external MP3 encoder). It may be a little daunting for simple tasks like recording a message for Grandma, but if you want to start your own podcast, it’s worth putting in the time to learn Audacity!

Audacity是一款功能強大的音頻編輯工具，免費提供給Windows，Linux和Mac OSX。它可以導出為多種格式，包括MP3(盡管這需要下載外部MP3編碼器)。 對于一些簡單的任務，例如為奶奶錄制信息，這可能會有些令人生畏，但是如果您要開始自己的播客，那么值得花時間學習Audacity！

Download Audacity, the free cross-platform sound editor

下載免費的跨平臺聲音編輯器Audacity

翻譯自: https://www.howtogeek.com/howto/26898/the-how-to-geek-guide-to-computer-microphones/

硅麥克風的聲學設計指南

總結

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