http://blog.chinaunix.net/space.php?uid=20564848&do=blog&id=74654

Linux操作系統(tǒng)PS命令詳細(xì) 解析

要對(duì)系統(tǒng)中進(jìn)程進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)控制，用 ps 命令滿足你。

/bin/ps

ps 是顯示瞬間行程的狀態(tài)，并不動(dòng)態(tài)連續(xù)；如果想對(duì)進(jìn)程運(yùn)行時(shí)間監(jiān)控，應(yīng)該用 top 工具。

kill 用于殺死進(jìn)程。

==============ps 的參數(shù)說(shuō)明============================

l 長(zhǎng)格式輸出；

u 按用戶名和啟動(dòng)時(shí)間的順序來(lái)顯示進(jìn)程；

j 用任務(wù)格式來(lái)顯示進(jìn)程；

f 用樹(shù)形格式來(lái)顯示進(jìn)程；

a 顯示所有用戶的所有進(jìn)程（包括其它用戶）；

x 顯示無(wú)控制終端的進(jìn)程；

r 顯示運(yùn)行中的進(jìn)程；

ww 避免詳細(xì)參數(shù)被截?cái)?#xff1b;

-A 列出所有的行程
-w 顯示加寬可以顯示較多的資訊
-au 顯示較詳細(xì)的資訊
-aux 顯示所有包含其他使用者的行程

-e 顯示所有進(jìn)程,環(huán)境變量
-f 全格式
-h 不顯示標(biāo)題
-l 長(zhǎng)格式
-w 寬輸出
a?? 顯示終端上地所有進(jìn)程,包括其他用戶地進(jìn)程
r?? 只顯示正在運(yùn)行地進(jìn)程
x?? 顯示沒(méi)有控制終端地進(jìn)程

我們常用的選項(xiàng)是組合是 aux 或 lax，還有參數(shù) f 的應(yīng)用。

O[+|-] k1 [,[+|-] k2 [,…]] 根據(jù)SHORT KEYS、k1、k2中快捷鍵指定地多級(jí)排序順序顯示進(jìn)程列表.
對(duì) 于ps地不同格式都存在著默認(rèn)地順序指定.這些默認(rèn)順序可以被用戶地指定所覆蓋.在這里面“+”字符是可選地,“-”字符是倒轉(zhuǎn)指定鍵地方向.
pids 只列出進(jìn)程標(biāo)識(shí)符,之間運(yùn)用逗號(hào)分隔.該進(jìn)程列表必須在命令行參數(shù)地最后一個(gè)選項(xiàng)后面緊接著給出,中間不能插入空格.比如：ps -f1,4,5.

下介紹長(zhǎng)命令行選項(xiàng),這些選項(xiàng)都運(yùn)用“--”開(kāi)頭：
--sort X[+|-] key [,[+|-] key [,…]] 從SORT KEYS段中選一個(gè)多字母鍵.“+”字符是可選地,因?yàn)槟J(rèn)地方向就是按數(shù)字升序或者詞典順序.比如： ps -jax -sort=uid,-

ppid,+pid.
--help 顯示幫助信息.
--version 顯示該命令地版本信息.

在前面地選項(xiàng)說(shuō)明中提到了排序鍵,接下來(lái)對(duì)排序鍵作進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明.需要注意地是排序中運(yùn)用地值是ps運(yùn)用地內(nèi)部值,并非僅用于某些輸出格式地偽值.排 序鍵列表見(jiàn)下表.

============排序鍵列表==========================
c cmd?? 可執(zhí)行地簡(jiǎn)單名稱?
C cmdline?? 完整命令行?
f flags?? 長(zhǎng)模式標(biāo)志?
g pgrp?? 進(jìn)程地組ID?
G tpgid?? 控制tty進(jìn)程組ID?
j cutime?? 累計(jì)用戶時(shí)間?
J cstime?? 累計(jì)系統(tǒng)時(shí)間?
k utime?? 用戶時(shí)間?
K stime?? 系統(tǒng)時(shí)間?
m min_flt?? 次要頁(yè)錯(cuò)誤地?cái)?shù)量?
M maj_flt?? 重點(diǎn)頁(yè)錯(cuò)誤地?cái)?shù)量?
n cmin_flt 累計(jì)次要頁(yè)錯(cuò)誤?
N cmaj_flt 累計(jì)重點(diǎn)頁(yè)錯(cuò)誤?
o session?? 對(duì)話ID?
p pid?? 進(jìn)程ID?
P ppid?? 父進(jìn)程ID?
r rss?? 駐留大小?
R resident 駐留頁(yè)?
s size?? 內(nèi)存大小(千字節(jié))?
S share?? 共享頁(yè)地?cái)?shù)量?
t tty?? tty次要設(shè)備號(hào)?
T start_time 進(jìn)程啟動(dòng)地時(shí)間?
U uid?? UID
u user?? 用戶名
v vsize?? 總地虛擬內(nèi)存數(shù)量(字節(jié))?
y priority 內(nèi)核調(diào)度優(yōu)先級(jí)
================================================

=================ps aux 或 lax 輸出的解釋=========================

2、ps aux 或 lax 輸出的解釋

au(x) 輸出格式 :?
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND

USER: 進(jìn)程所有者
PID: 進(jìn)程ID

%CPU: 占用的 CPU 使用率
%MEM: 占用的內(nèi)存使用率
VSZ: 占用的虛擬內(nèi)存大小
RSS: 占用的內(nèi)存大小

TTY: 終端的次要裝置號(hào)碼 (minor device number of tty)

STAT: 進(jìn)程狀態(tài):

START: 啟動(dòng)進(jìn)程的時(shí)間；?
TIME: 進(jìn)程消耗CPU的時(shí)間；
COMMAND:命令的名稱和參數(shù)；

=================進(jìn)程STAT狀態(tài)====================

D 無(wú)法中斷的休眠狀態(tài)（通常 IO 的進(jìn)程）；?
R 正在運(yùn)行，在可中斷隊(duì)列中；?
S 處于休眠狀態(tài)，靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)；?
T 停止或被追蹤，暫停執(zhí)行；?
W 進(jìn)入內(nèi)存交換（從內(nèi)核2.6開(kāi)始無(wú)效）；?
X 死掉的進(jìn)程；?
Z 僵尸進(jìn)程不存在但暫時(shí)無(wú)法消除；

W: 沒(méi)有足夠的記憶體分頁(yè)可分配
WCHAN 正在等待的進(jìn)程資源；

<: 高優(yōu)先級(jí)進(jìn)程
N: 低優(yōu)先序進(jìn)程
L: 有記憶體分頁(yè)分配并鎖在記憶體內(nèi) (即時(shí)系統(tǒng)或捱A I/O)，即,有些頁(yè)被鎖進(jìn)內(nèi)存

s 進(jìn)程的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者（在它之下有子進(jìn)程）；?
l 多進(jìn)程的（使用 CLONE_THREAD, 類似 NPTL pthreads）；?
+ 位于后臺(tái)的進(jìn)程組；

================kill 終止進(jìn)程=========================

kill 終止進(jìn)程

有十幾種控制進(jìn)程的方法，下面是一些常用的方法:

kill -STOP [pid]?
發(fā)送SIGSTOP (17,19,23)停止一個(gè)進(jìn)程，而并不消滅這個(gè)進(jìn)程。

kill -CONT [pid]?
發(fā)送SIGCONT (19,18,25)重新開(kāi)始一個(gè)停止的進(jìn)程。

kill -KILL [pid]?
發(fā)送SIGKILL (9)強(qiáng)迫進(jìn)程立即停止，并且不實(shí)施清理操作。

kill -9 -1?
終止你擁有的全部進(jìn)程。

SIGKILL 和 SIGSTOP 信號(hào)不能被捕捉、封鎖或者忽略，但是，其它的信號(hào)可以。所以這是你的終極武器。

=================范例========================

$ ps
PID TTY TIME COMMAND
5800 ttyp0 00:00:00 bash
5835 ttyp0 00:00:00 ps
可以看到,顯示地項(xiàng)目共分為四項(xiàng),依次為PID(進(jìn)程ID)、TTY(終端名稱)、TIME(進(jìn)程執(zhí)行時(shí) 間)、COMMAND(該進(jìn)程地命令行輸入).

可以運(yùn)用u選項(xiàng)來(lái)查看進(jìn)程所有者及其他少許詳細(xì)信息,如下所示：
$ ps u
USER PID %CPU %MEM USZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
test 5800 0.0 0.4 1892 1040 ttyp0 S Nov27 0:00 -bash
test 5836 0.0 0.3 2528 856 ttyp0 R Nov27 0:00 ps u

在bash進(jìn)程前面有條橫線,意味著該進(jìn)程便是用戶地登錄shell,所以對(duì)于一個(gè)登錄用戶來(lái)說(shuō)帶短橫線地進(jìn)程只有一個(gè).還可以看 到%CPU、%MEM兩個(gè)選項(xiàng),前者指該進(jìn)程占用地CPU時(shí)間

和總時(shí)間地百分比;后者指該進(jìn)程占用地內(nèi)存和總內(nèi)存地百分比.
在這種情況下看到了所有控制終端地進(jìn)程;當(dāng)然對(duì)于其他那些沒(méi)有控制終端地進(jìn)程 還是沒(méi)有觀察到,所以這時(shí)就需要運(yùn)用x選項(xiàng).運(yùn)用x選項(xiàng)可以觀察到所有地進(jìn)程情況.

1)ps a 顯示現(xiàn)行終端機(jī)下的所有程序，包括其他用戶的程序。
2)ps -A 顯示所有程序。
3)ps c 列出程序時(shí)，顯示每個(gè)程序真正的指令名稱，而不包含路徑，參數(shù)或常駐服務(wù)的標(biāo)示。
4)ps -e 此參數(shù)的效果和指定"A"參數(shù)相同。
5)ps e 列出程序時(shí)，顯示每個(gè)程序所使用的環(huán)境變量。
6)ps f 用ASCII字符顯示樹(shù)狀結(jié)構(gòu)，表達(dá)程序間的相互關(guān)系。
7)ps -H 顯示樹(shù)狀結(jié)構(gòu)，表示程序間的相互關(guān)系。
8)ps -N 顯示所有的程序，除了執(zhí)行ps指令終端機(jī)下的程序之外。
9)ps s 采用程序信號(hào)的格式顯示程序狀況。
10)ps S 列出程序時(shí)，包括已中斷的子程序資料。
11)ps -t<終端機(jī)編號(hào)> 　指定終端機(jī)編號(hào)，并列出屬于該終端機(jī)的程序的狀況。
12)ps u 　以用戶為主的格式來(lái)顯示程序狀況。
13)ps x 　顯示所有程序，不以終端機(jī)來(lái)區(qū)分。

　最常用的方法是ps -aux,然后再用管道符號(hào)導(dǎo)向到grep去查找特定的進(jìn)程,然后再對(duì)特定的進(jìn)程進(jìn)行操作。

==================================================

luther@gliethttp:~$ ps --help
********* simple selection *********? ********* selection by list *********
-A all processes????????????????????? -C by command name
-N negate selection?????????????????? -G by real group ID (supports names)
-a all w/ tty except session leaders? -U by real user ID (supports names)
-d all except session leaders???????? -g by session OR by effective group name
-e all processes????????????????????? -p by process ID
T? all processes on this terminal???? -s processes in the sessions given
a? all w/ tty, including other users? -t by tty
g? OBSOLETE -- DO NOT USE???????????? -u by effective user ID (supports names)
r? only running processes???????????? U? processes for specified users
x? processes w/o controlling ttys???? t? by tty
*********** output format **********? *********** long options ***********
-o,o user-defined? -f full??????????? --Group --User --pid --cols --ppid
-j,j job control?? s? signal????????? --group --user --sid --rows --info
-O,O preloaded -o? v? virtual memory? --cumulative --format --deselect
-l,l long????????? u? user-oriented?? --sort --tty --forest --version
-F?? extra full??? X? registers?????? --heading --no-heading --context
??????????????????? ********* misc options *********
-V,V? show version????? L? list format codes? f? ASCII art forest
-m,m,-L,-T,H? threads?? S? children in sum??? -y change -l format
-M,Z? security data???? c? true command name? -c scheduling class
-w,w? wide output?????? n? numeric WCHAN,UID? -H process hierarchy
luther@gliethttp:~$ man ps

EXAMPLES
To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
?? ps -e
?? ps -ef
?? ps -eF
?? ps -ely

To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
?? ps ax
?? ps axu

To print a process tree:
?? ps -ejH
?? ps axjf

To get info about threads:
?? ps -eLf
?? ps axms

To get security info:
?? ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
?? ps axZ
?? ps -eM

To see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user
format:
?? ps -U root -u root u

To see every process with a user-defined format:
?? ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
?? ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
?? ps -eopid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan

Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
?? ps -C syslogd -o pid=

Print only the name of PID 42:
?? ps -p 42 -o comm=

SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION
-A?? Select all processes. Identical to -e.


-N?? Select all processes except those that fulfill the
???? specified conditions. (negates the selection) Identical
???? to --deselect.


T??? Select all processes associated with this terminal.
???? Identical to the t option without any argument.


-a?? Select all processes except both session leaders (see
???? getsid(2)) and processes not associated with a
???? terminal.


a??? Lift the BSD-style "only yourself" restriction, which
???? is imposed upon the set of all processes when some
???? BSD-style (without "-") options are used or when the ps
???? personality setting is BSD-like. The set of processes
???? selected in this manner is in addition to the set of
???? processes selected by other means. An alternate
???? description is that this option causes ps to list all
???? processes with a terminal (tty), or to list all
???? processes when used together with the x option.


-d?? Select all processes except session leaders.


-e?? Select all processes. Identical to -A.


g??? Really all, even session leaders. This flag is obsolete
???? and may be discontinued in a future release. It is
???? normally implied by the a flag, and is only useful when
???? operating in the sunos4 personality.


r??? Restrict the selection to only running processes.


x??? Lift the BSD-style "must have a tty" restriction, which
???? is imposed upon the set of all processes when some
???? BSD-style (without "-") options are used or when the ps
???? personality setting is BSD-like. The set of processes
???? selected in this manner is in addition to the set of
???? processes selected by other means. An alternate
???? description is that this option causes ps to list all
???? processes owned by you (same EUID as ps), or to list
???? all processes when used together with the a option.

PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST
These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank-separated
or comma-separated list. They can be used multiple times.
For example: ps -p "1 2" -p 3,4

-C cmdlist????? Select by command name.
??????????????? This selects the processes whose executable name is
??????????????? given in cmdlist.


-G grplist????? Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.
??????????????? This selects the processes whose real group name or ID
??????????????? is in the grplist list. The real group ID identifies
??????????????? the group of the user who created the process, see
??????????????? getgid(2).


U userlist????? Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
??????????????? This selects the processes whose effective user name or
??????????????? ID is in userlist. The effective user ID describes the
??????????????? user whose file access permissions are used by the
??????????????? process (see geteuid(2)). Identical to -u and --user.


-U userlist???? select by real user ID (RUID) or name.
??????????????? It selects the processes whose real user name or ID is
??????????????? in the userlist list. The real user ID identifies the
??????????????? user who created the process, see getuid(2).


-g grplist????? Select by session OR by effective group name.
??????????????? Selection by session is specified by many standards,
??????????????? but selection by effective group is the logical
??????????????? behavior that several other operating systems use. This
??????????????? ps will select by session when the list is completely
??????????????? numeric (as sessions are). Group ID numbers will work
??????????????? only when some group names are also specified. See the
??????????????? -s and --group options.


p pidlist?????? Select by process ID. Identical to -p and --pid.


-p pidlist????? Select by PID.
??????????????? This selects the processes whose process ID numbers
??????????????? appear in pidlist. Identical to p and --pid.


-s sesslist???? Select by session ID.
??????????????? This selects the processes with a session ID specified
??????????????? in sesslist.


t ttylist?????? Select by tty. Nearly identical to -t and --tty, but
??????????????? can also be used with an empty ttylist to indicate the
??????????????? terminal associated with ps. Using the T option is
??????????????? considered cleaner than using T with an empty ttylist.


-t ttylist????? Select by tty.
??????????????? This selects the processes associated with the
??????????????? terminals given in ttylist. Terminals (ttys, or screens
??????????????? for text output) can be specified in several forms:
??????????????? /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. A plain "-" may be used to
??????????????? select processes not attached to any terminal.


-u userlist???? Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.
??????????????? This selects the processes whose effective user name or
??????????????? ID is in userlist. The effective user ID describes the
??????????????? user whose file access permissions are used by the
??????????????? process (see geteuid(2)). Identical to U and --user.


--Group grplist Select by real group ID (RGID) or name. Identical to
??????????????? -G.


--User userlist Select by real user ID (RUID) or name. Identical to -U.


--group grplist Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name.
??????????????? This selects the processes whose effective group name
??????????????? or ID is in grouplist. The effective group ID describes
??????????????? the group whose file access permissions are used by the
??????????????? process (see geteuid(2)). The -g option is often an
??????????????? alternative to --group.


--pid pidlist?? Select by process ID. Identical to -p and p.


--ppid pidlist? Select by parent process ID. This selects the processes
??????????????? with a parent process ID in pidlist. That is, it
??????????????? selects processes that are children of those listed in
??????????????? pidlist.


--sid sesslist? Select by session ID. Identical to -s.


--tty ttylist?? Select by terminal. Identical to -t and t.


--user userlist Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name. Identical
??????????????? to -u and U.


-123??????????? Identical to --sid 123.


123???????????? Identical to --pid 123.


OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL
These options are used to choose the information displayed by ps. The
output may differ by personality.

-F????????????? extra full format. See the -f option, which -F implies.


-O format?????? is like -o, but preloaded with some default columns.
??????????????? Identical to -o pid,format,state,tname,time,command or
??????????????? -o pid,format,tname,time,cmd, see -o below.


O format??????? is preloaded o (overloaded).
??????????????? The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output
??????????????? format with some common fields predefined) or can be
??????????????? used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to
??????????????? determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that
??????????????? the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
??????????????? formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g.
??????????????? with -O or --sort). When used as a formatting option,
??????????????? it is identical to -O, with the BSD personality.


-M????????????? Add a column of security data. Identical to Z.
??????????????? (for SE Linux)


X?????????????? Register format.


Z?????????????? Add a column of security data. Identical to -M.
??????????????? (for SE Linux)


-c????????????? Show different scheduler information for the -l option.


-f????????????? does full-format listing. This option can be combined
??????????????? with many other UNIX-style options to add additional
??????????????? columns. It also causes the command arguments to be
??????????????? printed. When used with -L, the NLWP (number of
??????????????? threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be added. See
??????????????? the c option, the format keyword args, and the format
??????????????? keyword comm.


j?????????????? BSD job control format.


-j????????????? jobs format


l?????????????? display BSD long format.


-l????????????? long format. The -y option is often useful with this.


o format??????? specify user-defined format. Identical to -o and
??????????????? --format.


-o format?????? user-defined format.
??????????????? format is a single argument in the form of a
??????????????? blank-separated or comma-separated list, which offers a
??????????????? way to specify individual output columns. The
??????????????? recognized keywords are described in the STANDARD
??????????????? FORMAT SPECIFIERS section below. Headers may be renamed
??????????????? (ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o comm=Command) as desired.
??????????????? If all column headers are empty (ps -o pid= -o comm=)
??????????????? then the header line will not be output. Column width
??????????????? will increase as needed for wide headers; this may be
??????????????? used to widen up columns such as WCHAN
??????????????? (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-WCHAN-COLUMN -o comm). Explicit
??????????????? width control (ps opid,wchan:42,cmd) is offered too.
??????????????? The behavior of ps -o pid=X,comm=Y varies with
??????????????? personality; output may be one column named "X,comm=Y"
??????????????? or two columns named "X" and "Y". Use multiple -o
??????????????? options when in doubt. Use the PS_FORMAT environment
??????????????? variable to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and
??????????????? DefBSD are macros that may be used to choose the
??????????????? default UNIX or BSD columns.


s?????????????? display signal format


u?????????????? display user-oriented format


v?????????????? display virtual memory format


-y????????????? Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr. This
??????????????? option can only be used with -l.


--format format user-defined format. Identical to -o and o.


--context?????? Display security context format. (for SE Linux)


OUTPUT MODIFIERS
-H????????????? show process hierarchy (forest)


N namelist????? Specify namelist file. Identical to -n, see -n above.


O order???????? Sorting order. (overloaded)
??????????????? The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output
??????????????? format with some common fields predefined) or can be
??????????????? used to specify sort order. Heuristics are used to
??????????????? determine the behavior of this option. To ensure that
??????????????? the desired behavior is obtained (sorting or
??????????????? formatting), specify the option in some other way (e.g.
??????????????? with -O or --sort).

??????????????? For sorting, obsolete BSD O option syntax is
??????????????? O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]]. It orders the processes
??????????????? listing according to the multilevel sort specified by
??????????????? the sequence of one-letter short keys k1, k2, ...
??????????????? described in the OBSOLETE SORT KEYS section below.
??????????????? The "+" is currently optional, merely re-iterating the
??????????????? default direction on a key, but may help to distinguish
??????????????? an O sort from an O format. The "-" reverses direction
??????????????? only on the key it precedes.


S?????????????? Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead
??????????????? child processes into their parent. This is useful for
??????????????? examining a system where a parent process repeatedly
??????????????? forks off short-lived children to do work.


c?????????????? Show the true command name. This is derived from the
??????????????? name of the executable file, rather than from the argv
??????????????? value. Command arguments and any modifications to them
??????????????? are thus not shown. This option effectively turns the
??????????????? args format keyword into the comm format keyword; it is
??????????????? useful with the -f format option and with the various
??????????????? BSD-style format options, which all normally display
??????????????? the command arguments. See the -f option, the format
??????????????? keyword args, and the format keyword comm.


e?????????????? Show the environment after the command.


f?????????????? ASCII-art process hierarchy (forest)


h?????????????? No header. (or, one header per screen in the BSD
??????????????? personality)
??????????????? The h option is problematic. Standard BSD ps uses this
??????????????? option to print a header on each page of output, but
??????????????? older Linux ps uses this option to totally disable the
??????????????? header. This version of ps follows the Linux usage of
??????????????? not printing the header unless the BSD personality has
??????????????? been selected, in which case it prints a header on each
??????????????? page of output. Regardless of the current personality,
??????????????? you can use the long options --headers and --no-headers
??????????????? to enable printing headers each page or disable headers
??????????????? entirely, respectively.


k spec????????? specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is
??????????????? [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]] Choose a multi-letter key
??????????????? from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The "+" is
??????????????? optional since default direction is increasing
??????????????? numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to --sort.
??????????????? Examples:
??????????????? ps jaxkuid,-ppid,+pid
??????????????? ps axk comm o comm,args
??????????????? ps kstart_time -ef


-n namelist???? set namelist file. Identical to N.
??????????????? The namelist file is needed for a proper WCHAN display,
??????????????? and must match the current Linux kernel exactly for
??????????????? correct output. Without this option, the default search
??????????????? path for the namelist is:

???????????????????? $PS_SYSMAP
???????????????????? $PS_SYSTEM_MAP
???????????????????? /proc/*/wchan
???????????????????? /boot/System.map-`uname -r`
???????????????????? /boot/System.map
???????????????????? /lib/modules/`uname -r`/System.map
???????????????????? /usr/src/linux/System.map
???????????????????? /System.map


n?????????????? Numeric output for WCHAN and USER. (including all types
??????????????? of UID and GID)


-w????????????? Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.


w?????????????? Wide output. Use this option twice for unlimited width.


--cols n??????? set screen width


--columns n???? set screen width


--cumulative??? include some dead child process data (as a sum with the
??????????????? parent)


--forest??????? ASCII art process tree


--headers?????? repeat header lines, one per page of output


--no-headers??? print no header line at all. --no-heading is an alias
??????????????? for this option.


--lines n?????? set screen height


--rows n??????? set screen height


--sort spec???? specify sorting order. Sorting syntax is
??????????????? [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]] Choose a multi-letter key
??????????????? from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. The "+" is
??????????????? optional since default direction is increasing
??????????????? numerical or lexicographic order. Identical to k. For
??????????????? example: ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,+pid


--width n?????? set screen width


THREAD DISPLAY
?????? H?????????????? Show threads as if they were processes

?????? -L????????????? Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns

?????? -T????????????? Show threads, possibly with SPID column

?????? m?????????????? Show threads after processes

?????? -m????????????? Show threads after processes


OTHER INFORMATION
?????? L?????????????? List all format specifiers.

?????? -V????????????? Print the procps version.

?????? V?????????????? Print the procps version.

?????? --help????????? Print a help message.

?????? --info????????? Print debugging info.

?????? --version?????? Print the procps version.


NOTES
?????? This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc. This ps does not
?????? need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run. Do not give this
?????? ps any special permissions.

?????? This ps needs access to namelist data for proper WCHAN display. For
?????? kernels prior to 2.6, the System.map file must be installed.

?????? CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent
?????? running during the entire lifetime of a process. This is not ideal,
?????? and it does not conform to the standards that ps otherwise conforms to.
?????? CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.

?????? The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including
?????? the page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct
?????? task_struct. This is usually at least 20 KiB of memory that is always
?????? resident. SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+stack).

?????? Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so-called "zombies")
?????? that remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These
?????? processes will be destroyed by init(8) if the parent process exits.



PROCESS FLAGS
?????? The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column, which is
?????? provided by the flags output specifier.
?????? 1??? forked but didn't exec
?????? 4??? used super-user privileges

PROCESS STATE CODES
?????? Here are the different values that the s, stat and state output
?????? specifiers (header "STAT" or "S") will display to describe the state of
?????? a process.
?????? D??? Uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
?????? R??? Running or runnable (on run queue)
?????? S??? Interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)
?????? T??? Stopped, either by a job control signal or because it is being
??????????? traced.
?????? W??? paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)
?????? X??? dead (should never be seen)
?????? Z??? Defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by its
??????????? parent.

?????? For BSD formats and when the stat keyword is used, additional
?????? characters may be displayed:
?????? <??? high-priority (not nice to other users)
?????? N??? low-priority (nice to other users)
?????? L??? has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)
?????? s??? is a session leader
?????? l??? is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads do)
?????? +??? is in the foreground process group

OBSOLETE SORT KEYS
?????? These keys are used by the BSD O option (when it is used for sorting).
?????? The GNU --sort option doesn't use these keys, but the specifiers
?????? described below in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section. Note that
?????? the values used in sorting are the internal values ps uses and not the
?????? "cooked" values used in some of the output format fields (e.g. sorting
?????? on tty will sort into device number, not according to the terminal name
?????? displayed). Pipe ps output into the sort(1) command if you want to sort
?????? the cooked values.


?????? KEY?? LONG???????? DESCRIPTION
?????? c???? cmd????????? simple name of executable
?????? C???? pcpu???????? cpu utilization
?????? f???? flags??????? flags as in long format F field
?????? g???? pgrp???????? process group ID
?????? G???? tpgid??????? controlling tty process group ID
?????? j???? cutime?????? cumulative user time
?????? J???? cstime?????? cumulative system time

?????? k???? utime??????? user time
?????? m???? min_flt????? number of minor page faults
?????? M???? maj_flt????? number of major page faults
?????? n???? cmin_flt???? cumulative minor page faults
?????? N???? cmaj_flt???? cumulative major page faults
?????? o???? session????? session ID
?????? p???? pid????????? process ID
?????? P???? ppid???????? parent process ID
?????? r???? rss????????? resident set size
?????? R???? resident???? resident pages
?????? s???? size???????? memory size in kilobytes
?????? S???? share??????? amount of shared pages
?????? t???? tty????????? the device number of the controlling tty
?????? T???? start_time?? time process was started
?????? U???? uid????????? user ID number
?????? u???? user???????? user name
?????? v???? vsize??????? total VM size in kB
?????? y???? priority???? kernel scheduling priority

AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS
?????? This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the
?????? formatting codes of printf(1) and printf(3). For example, the normal
?????? default output can be produced with this:? ps -eo "%p %y %x %c".
?????? The NORMAL codes are described in the next section.

?????? CODE?? NORMAL?? HEADER
?????? %C???? pcpu???? %CPU
?????? %G???? group??? GROUP
?????? %P???? ppid???? PPID
?????? %U???? user???? USER
?????? %a???? args???? COMMAND
?????? %c???? comm???? COMMAND
?????? %g???? rgroup?? RGROUP
?????? %n???? nice???? NI
?????? %p???? pid????? PID
?????? %r???? pgid???? PGID
?????? %t???? etime??? ELAPSED
?????? %u???? ruser??? RUSER
?????? %x???? time???? TIME
?????? %y???? tty????? TTY
?????? %z???? vsz????? VSZ


STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
?????? Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output
?????? format (e.g. with option -o) or to sort the selected processes with the
?????? GNU-style --sort option.

?????? For example:? ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user

?????? This version of ps tries to recognize most of the keywords used in
?????? other implementations of ps.

?????? The following user-defined format specifiers may contain spaces: args,
?????? cmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart, start.

?????? Some keywords may not be available for sorting.


?????? CODE????? HEADER DESCRIPTION

?????? %cpu????? %CPU?? cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format.
??????????????????????? Currently, it is the CPU time used divided by the time the
??????????????????????? process has been running (cputime/realtime ratio),
??????????????????????? expressed as a percentage. It will not add up to 100%
??????????????????????? unless you are lucky. (alias pcpu).




?????? %mem????? %MEM?? ratio of the process's resident set size? to the physical
??????????????????????? memory on the machine, expressed as a percentage.
??????????????????????? (alias pmem).

?????? args????? COMMANDcommand with all its arguments as a string. Modifications
??????????????????????? to the arguments may be shown. The output in this column
??????????????????????? may contain spaces. A process marked <defunct> is partly
??????????????????????? dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its parent.
??????????????????????? Sometimes the process args will be unavailable; when this
??????????????????????? happens, ps will instead print the executable name in
??????????????????????? brackets. (alias cmd, command). See also the comm format
??????????????????????? keyword, the -f option, and the c option.
??????????????????????? When specified last, this column will extend to the edge
??????????????????????? of the display. If ps can not determine display width, as
??????????????????????? when output is redirected (piped) into a file or another
??????????????????????? command, the output width is undefined. (it may be 80,
??????????????????????? unlimited, determined by the TERM variable, and so on) The
??????????????????????? COLUMNS environment variable or --cols option may be used
??????????????????????? to exactly determine the width in this case. The w or -w
??????????????????????? option may be also be used to adjust width.

?????? blocked?? BLOCKEDmask of the blocked signals, see signal(7). According to
??????????????????????? the width of the field, a 32-bit or 64-bit mask in
??????????????????????? hexadecimal format is displayed.
??????????????????????? (alias sig_block, sigmask).

?????? bsdstart? START? time the command started. If the process was started less
??????????????????????? than 24 hours ago, the output format is " HH:MM", else it
??????????????????????? is "mmm dd" (where mmm is the three letters of the month).
??????????????????????? See also lstart, start, start_time, and stime.

?????? bsdtime?? TIME?? accumulated cpu time, user + system. The display format is
??????????????????????? usually "MMM:SS", but can be shifted to the right if the
??????????????????????? process used more than 999 minutes of cpu time.

?????? c???????? C????? processor utilization. Currently, this is the integer
??????????????????????? value of the percent usage over the lifetime of the
??????????????????????? process. (see %cpu).

?????? caught??? CAUGHT mask of the caught signals, see signal(7). According to
??????????????????????? the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in
??????????????????????? hexadecimal format is displayed.
??????????????????????? (alias sig_catch, sigcatch).

?????? class???? CLS??? scheduling class of the process. (alias policy, cls).
??????????????????????? Field's possible values are:
??????????????????????? -?? not reported
??????????????????????? TS? SCHED_OTHER
??????????????????????? FF? SCHED_FIFO
??????????????????????? RR? SCHED_RR
??????????????????????? B?? SCHED_BATCH
??????????????????????? ISO SCHED_ISO
??????????????????????? IDL SCHED_IDLE
??????????????????????? ??? unknown value

?????? cls?????? CLS??? scheduling class of the process. (alias policy, class).
??????????????????????? Field's possible values are:
??????????????????????? -?? not reported
??????????????????????? TS? SCHED_OTHER
??????????????????????? FF? SCHED_FIFO
??????????????????????? RR? SCHED_RR
??????????????????????? B?? SCHED_BATCH
??????????????????????? ISO SCHED_ISO
??????????????????????? IDL SCHED_IDLE
??????????????????????? ??? unknown value

?????? cmd?????? CMD??? see args. (alias args, command).



?????? comm????? COMMANDcommand name (only the executable name). Modifications to
??????????????????????? the command name will not be shown. A process marked
??????????????????????? <defunct> is partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by
??????????????????????? its parent. The output in this column may contain spaces.
??????????????????????? (alias ucmd, ucomm). See also the args format keyword, the
??????????????????????? -f option, and the c option.
??????????????????????? When specified last, this column will extend to the edge
??????????????????????? of the display. If ps can not determine display width, as
??????????????????????? when output is redirected (piped) into a file or another
??????????????????????? command, the output width is undefined. (it may be 80,
??????????????????????? unlimited, determined by the TERM variable, and so on) The
??????????????????????? COLUMNS environment variable or --cols option may be used
??????????????????????? to exactly determine the width in this case. The w or -w
??????????????????????? option may be also be used to adjust width.

?????? command?? COMMANDsee args. (alias args, cmd).

?????? cp??????? CP???? per-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage. (see %cpu).

?????? cputime?? TIME?? cumulative CPU time, "[dd-]hh:mm:ss" format. (alias time).

?????? egid????? EGID?? effective group ID number of the process as a decimal
??????????????????????? integer. (alias gid).

?????? egroup??? EGROUP effective group ID of the process. This will be the
??????????????????????? textual group ID, if it can be obtained and the field
??????????????????????? width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
??????????????????????? (alias group).

?????? eip?????? EIP??? instruction pointer.

?????? esp?????? ESP??? stack pointer.

?????? etime???? ELAPSEDelapsed time since the process was started, in the
??????????????????????? form [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss.

?????? euid????? EUID?? effective user ID. (alias uid).

?????? euser???? EUSER? effective user name. This will be the textual user ID,
??????????????????????? if it can be obtained and the field width permits,
??????????????????????? or a decimal representation otherwise. The n option can be
??????????????????????? used to force the decimal representation.
??????????????????????? (alias uname, user).

?????? f???????? F????? flags associated with the process, see the PROCESS FLAGS
??????????????????????? section. (alias flag, flags).

?????? fgid????? FGID?? filesystem access group ID. (alias fsgid).

?????? fgroup??? FGROUP filesystem access group ID. This will be the textual
??????????????????????? user ID, if it can be obtained and the field width
??????????????????????? permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
??????????????????????? (alias fsgroup).

?????? flag????? F????? see f. (alias f, flags).

?????? flags???? F????? see f. (alias f, flag).

?????? fname???? COMMANDfirst 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable
??????????????????????? file. The output in this column may contain spaces.

?????? fuid????? FUID?? filesystem access user ID. (alias fsuid).

?????? fuser???? FUSER? filesystem access user ID. This will be the textual
??????????????????????? user ID, if it can be obtained and the field width
??????????????????????? permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.

?????? gid?????? GID??? see egid. (alias egid).


?????? group???? GROUP? see egroup. (alias egroup).

?????? ignored?? IGNOREDmask of the ignored signals, see signal(7). According to
??????????????????????? the width of the field, a 32-bit or 64-bit mask in
??????????????????????? hexadecimal format is displayed. (alias sig_ignore,
??????????????????????? sigignore).

?????? label???? LABEL? security label, most commonly used for SE Linux context
??????????????????????? data. This is for the Mandatory Access Control ("MAC")
??????????????????????? found on high-security systems.

?????? lstart??? STARTEDtime the command started. See also bsdstart, start,
??????????????????????? start_time, and stime.

?????? lwp?????? LWP??? lwp (light weight process, or thread) ID of the lwp being
??????????????????????? reported. (alias spid, tid).

?????? ni??????? NI???? nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest) to -20 (not nice
??????????????????????? to others), see nice(1). (alias nice).

?????? nice????? NI???? see ni. (alias ni).

?????? nlwp????? NLWP?? number of lwps (threads) in the process. (alias thcount).

?????? nwchan??? WCHAN? address of the kernel function where the process is
??????????????????????? sleeping (use wchan if you want the kernel function name).
??????????????????????? Running tasks will display a dash ('-') in this column.

?????? pcpu????? %CPU?? see %cpu. (alias %cpu).

?????? pending?? PENDINGmask of the pending signals. See signal(7). Signals
??????????????????????? pending on the process are distinct from signals pending
??????????????????????? on individual threads. Use the m option or the -m option
??????????????????????? to see both. According to the width of the field, a 32-bit
??????????????????????? or 64-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.
??????????????????????? (alias sig).

?????? pgid????? PGID?? process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the
??????????????????????? process group leader. (alias pgrp).

?????? pgrp????? PGRP?? see pgid. (alias pgid).

?????? pid?????? PID??? process ID number of the process.

?????? pmem????? %MEM?? see %mem. (alias %mem).

?????? policy??? POL??? scheduling class of the process. (alias class, cls).
??????????????????????? Possible values are:
??????????????????????? -?? not reported
??????????????????????? TS? SCHED_OTHER
??????????????????????? FF? SCHED_FIFO
??????????????????????? RR? SCHED_RR
??????????????????????? B?? SCHED_BATCH
??????????????????????? ISO SCHED_ISO
??????????????????????? IDL SCHED_IDLE
??????????????????????? ??? unknown value

?????? ppid????? PPID?? parent process ID.

?????? pri?????? PRI??? priority of the process. Higher number means lower
??????????????????????? priority

?????? psr?????? PSR??? processor that process is currently assigned to.

?????? rgid????? RGID?? real group ID.

?????? rgroup??? RGROUP real group name. This will be the textual group ID, if it
??????????????????????? can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal
??????????????????????? representation otherwise.


?????? rss?????? RSS??? resident set size, the non-swapped physical memory that a
??????????????????????? task has used (in kiloBytes). (alias rssize, rsz).

?????? rssize??? RSS??? see rss. (alias rss, rsz).

?????? rsz?????? RSZ??? see rss. (alias rss, rssize).

?????? rtprio??? RTPRIO realtime priority.

?????? ruid????? RUID?? real user ID.

?????? ruser???? RUSER? real user ID. This will be the textual user ID, if it can
??????????????????????? be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal
??????????????????????? representation otherwise.

?????? s???????? S????? minimal state display (one character). See section PROCESS
??????????????????????? STATE CODES for the different values. See also stat if you
??????????????????????? want additional information displayed. (alias state).

?????? sched???? SCH??? scheduling policy of the process. The policies SCHED_OTHER
??????????????????????? (SCHED_NORMAL), SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR, SCHED_BATCH,
??????????????????????? SCHED_ISO, and SCHED_IDLE are respectively displayed as
??????????????????????? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

?????? sess????? SESS?? session ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the
??????????????????????? session leader. (alias session, sid).

?????? sgi_p???? P????? processor that the process is currently executing on.
??????????????????????? Displays "*" if the process is not currently running or
??????????????????????? runnable.

?????? sgid????? SGID?? saved group ID. (alias svgid).

?????? sgroup??? SGROUP saved group name. This will be the textual group ID, if it
??????????????????????? can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal
??????????????????????? representation otherwise.

?????? sid?????? SID??? see sess. (alias sess, session).

?????? sig?????? PENDINGsee pending. (alias pending, sig_pend).

?????? sigcatch? CAUGHT see caught. (alias caught, sig_catch).

?????? sigignore IGNOREDsee ignored. (alias ignored, sig_ignore).

?????? sigmask?? BLOCKEDsee blocked. (alias blocked, sig_block).

?????? size????? SZ???? approximate amount of swap space that would be required if
??????????????????????? the process were to dirty all writable pages and then be
??????????????????????? swapped out. This number is very rough!

?????? spid????? SPID?? see lwp. (alias lwp, tid).

?????? stackp??? STACKP address of the bottom (start) of stack for the process.

?????? start???? STARTEDtime the command started. If the process was started less
??????????????????????? than 24 hours ago, the output format is "HH:MM:SS", else
??????????????????????? it is "? mmm dd" (where mmm is a three-letter month name).
??????????????????????? See also lstart, bsdstart, start_time, and stime.

?????? start_timeSTART? starting time or date of the process. Only the year will
??????????????????????? be displayed if the process was not started the same year
??????????????????????? ps was invoked, or "mmmdd" if it was not started the same
??????????????????????? day, or "HH:MM" otherwise. See also bsdstart, start,
??????????????????????? lstart, and stime.




?????? stat????? STAT?? multi-character process state. See section PROCESS STATE
??????????????????????? CODES for the different values meaning. See also s and
??????????????????????? state if you just want the first character displayed.

?????? state???? S????? see s. (alias s).

?????? suid????? SUID?? saved user ID. (alias svuid).

?????? suser???? SUSER? saved user name. This will be the textual user ID, if it
??????????????????????? can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal
??????????????????????? representation otherwise. (alias svuser).

?????? svgid???? SVGID? see sgid. (alias sgid).

?????? svuid???? SVUID? see suid. (alias suid).

?????? sz??????? SZ???? size in physical pages of the core image of the process.
??????????????????????? This includes text, data, and stack space. Device mappings
??????????????????????? are currently excluded; this is subject to change. See vsz
??????????????????????? and rss.

?????? thcount?? THCNT? see nlwp. (alias nlwp). number of kernel threads owned by
??????????????????????? the process.

?????? tid?????? TID??? see lwp. (alias lwp).

?????? time????? TIME?? cumulative CPU time, "[dd-]hh:mm:ss" format.
??????????????????????? (alias cputime).

?????? tname???? TTY??? controlling tty (terminal). (alias tt, tty).

?????? tpgid???? TPGID? ID of the foreground process group on the tty (terminal)
??????????????????????? that the process is connected to, or -1 if the process is
??????????????????????? not connected to a tty.

?????? tt??????? TT???? controlling tty (terminal). (alias tname, tty).

?????? tty?????? TT???? controlling tty (terminal). (alias tname, tt).

?????? ucmd????? CMD??? see comm. (alias comm, ucomm).

?????? ucomm???? COMMANDsee comm. (alias comm, ucmd).

?????? uid?????? UID??? see euid. (alias euid).

?????? uname???? USER?? see euser. (alias euser, user).

?????? user????? USER?? see euser. (alias euser, uname).

?????? vsize???? VSZ??? see vsz. (alias vsz).

?????? vsz?????? VSZ??? virtual memory size of the process in KiB
??????????????????????? (1024-byte units). Device mappings are currently excluded;
??????????????????????? this is subject to change. (alias vsize).

?????? wchan???? WCHAN? name of the kernel function in which the process is
??????????????????????? sleeping, a "-" if the process is running, or a "*" if the
??????????????????????? process is multi-threaded and ps is not displaying
??????????????????????? threads.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
?????? The following environment variables could affect ps:

?????? COLUMNS
????????? Override default display width.

?????? LINES
????????? Override default display height.

?????? PS_PERSONALITY
????????? Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital...
????????? (see section PERSONALITY below).

?????? CMD_ENV
????????? Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital...
????????? (see section PERSONALITY below).

?????? I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS
????????? Force obsolete command line interpretation.

?????? LC_TIME
????????? Date format.

?????? PS_COLORS
????????? Not currently supported.

?????? PS_FORMAT
????????? Default output format override. You may set this to a format string
????????? of the type used for the -o option. The DefSysV and DefBSD values
????????? are particularly useful.

?????? PS_SYSMAP
????????? Default namelist (System.map) location.

?????? PS_SYSTEM_MAP
????????? Default namelist (System.map) location.

?????? POSIXLY_CORRECT
????????? Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".

?????? POSIX2
????????? When set to "on", acts as POSIXLY_CORRECT.

?????? UNIX95
????????? Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".

?????? _XPG
????????? Cancel CMD_ENV=irix non-standard behavior.

?????? In general, it is a bad idea to set these variables. The one exception
?????? is CMD_ENV or PS_PERSONALITY, which could be set to Linux for normal
?????? systems. Without that setting, ps follows the useless and bad parts of
?????? the Unix98 standard.

PERSONALITY
?????? 390??????? like the S/390 OpenEdition ps
?????? aix??????? like AIX ps
?????? bsd??????? like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)
?????? compaq???? like Digital Unix ps
?????? debian???? like the old Debian ps
?????? digital??? like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps
?????? gnu??????? like the old Debian ps
?????? hp???????? like HP-UX ps
?????? hpux?????? like HP-UX ps
?????? irix?????? like Irix ps
?????? linux????? ***** RECOMMENDED *****
?????? old??????? like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)
?????? os390????? like OS/390 Open Edition ps
?????? posix????? standard
?????? s390?????? like OS/390 Open Edition ps
?????? sco??????? like SCO ps
?????? sgi??????? like Irix ps
?????? solaris2?? like Solaris 2+ (SunOS 5) ps
?????? sunos4???? like SunOS 4 (Solaris 1) ps (totally non-standard)
?????? svr4?????? standard
?????? sysv?????? standard
?????? tru64????? like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps
?????? unix?????? standard
?????? unix95???? standard
?????? unix98???? standard

SEE ALSO
?????? top(1), pgrep(1), pstree(1), proc(5).

STANDARDS
?????? This ps conforms to:

?????? 1?? Version 2 of the Single Unix Specification
?????? 2?? The Open Group Technical Standard Base Specifications, Issue 6
?????? 3?? IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
?????? 4?? X/Open System Interfaces Extension [UP XSI]
?????? 5?? ISO/IEC 9945:2003

AUTHOR
?????? ps was originally written by Branko Lankester <lankeste@fwi.uva.nl>.
?????? Michael K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com> re-wrote it significantly to
?????? use the proc filesystem, changing a few things in the process. Michael
?????? Shields <mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu> added the pid-list feature. Charles
?????? Blake <cblake@bbn.com> added multi-level sorting, the dirent-style
?????? library, the device name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate
?????? binary search directly on System.map, and many code and documentation
?????? cleanups. David Mossberger-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for
?????? psupdate. Albert Cahalan <albert@users.sf.net> rewrote ps for full
?????? Unix98 and BSD support, along with some ugly hacks for obsolete and
?????? foreign syntax.

?????? Please send bug reports to <procps-feedback@lists.sf.net>.
?????? No subscription is required or suggested.

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