英语语法——状语和状语从句
文章目錄
- 什么是狀語
- 1. 狀語的含義
- 2. 狀語的成分
- 3. 狀語的位置
- 4. 狀語從句類型
- 一 時間狀語從句
- 二 地點狀語從句
- 三 原因狀語從句
- 四 目的狀語從句
- 五 結果狀語從句
- 六 讓步狀語從句
- 七 方式狀語從句
- 八 條件狀語從句
- 九 比較狀語從句
- 5. 考點分析
- 1. 寫作
- 2. 長難句分析
- 1. 補充 as 專題
- 2. 補充 than 專題
形容詞和副詞的區別
adj
- 系動詞后做表語
- 名詞前做定語
adv
放在哪都是狀語：
- he cried sadly 副詞修飾實義動詞
- he looks especially sad 副詞修飾形容詞
- he cried rather sadly 副詞修飾副詞
- actually, he cries 副詞修飾句子
什么是狀語
1. 狀語的含義
狀語就是在一句話中，修飾實義動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子的成分。
狀語在一句話中除了名詞什么成分都可以修飾。
2. 狀語的成分
① adv
② 介詞短語
③ 非謂語動詞 She cried, sitting there.
④ 從句 She cried when she sat there.
3. 狀語的位置
隨便放
4. 狀語從句類型
- 構成
- 引導詞的分類標準
- 按照引導詞本身的意思分類。一共把引導詞分成九類。
一 時間狀語從句
引導詞
- when = while = as 當……時候（當while翻譯成“當…的時候”后面要跟進行時態）
- before
- after
- since （只要一句話帶“自從”，主句用完成時）
例：自從我遇見你，我就愛上了你。
I have fallen in love with you since I met you.
- the moment = as soon as （一……就）
- by the time 到……為止
- until 直到……才
- not…until 直到……才
在所有的狀語從句中如果主句的動作和從句的動作都尚未發生，主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現在時表示將來（主將從現）
例：當愛情來臨，我將抓住她的手。（主將從現）
When love comes， I will hold her hands.
例：當愛來臨的時候我沒有牽到她的手。（都已經發生，該什么時態就什么時態）
When love came, I failed to hold her hands.
- 區別 until 和 not…nutil
I will wait here until you come.
I will not leave until you come.
區別在于主句的謂語動詞是延續性動詞還是瞬間動詞，如果是延續性動詞就用until，如果是瞬間動詞就用not…until
例：直到我長大我才意識到母親的偉大。
I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I grew up.
- When引導的時間狀語從句省略的情況
When I was a kid, I enjoy singing songs.
When a kid, I enjoyed singing songs.
When引導的時間狀語從句，如果主語和從句的主語一致，并且從句謂語中有be動詞，此時從句的主語和be可同時省略。
二 地點狀語從句
常用引導詞
where
造個句子
The kind of trees grow well in moist places. （介詞短語做狀語）
這種樹在潮濕的地方生長的很好
The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.
做地點狀語通常都是介詞短語很少從句。
三 原因狀語從句
引導詞
1）因為(沒有區別）:because, as, since, in that, seeing that, considering that, now that, given that
2) for(因為 conj.)：連接兩句話
3）因為（介詞短語）：because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for the sake of, as a result of 介短后+n./doing
- He had a car accident because he was careless.
- He had a car accident for he was careless.
- He had a car accident because of his carelessness.
四 目的狀語從句
引導詞
1）這三個詞表目的但是不能接句子，故不是引導詞
to, in order to, so as to + v
2）so that表目的時通常放在句末，不放在句首, in order that,
為了看的更遠，我們爬得更高。
We will ascend higher, in order to overlook farther.
We will ascend higher, in order that we overlook farther.
五 結果狀語從句
引導詞
- so…that 如此…以至于
- such…that
so + adj/adv
such + n
It feels so hot today that I wear my dress.
今天很熱以至于。。。
My mother proves so kind that she is respected by all her colleague.
我媽很善良以至于。。。
so…that 替換 very + adj/adv
作文中只要見到adj/adv都可以寫成so…that句型
六 讓步狀語從句
引導詞
although, though, even though, even if,while,as
都翻譯為：雖然盡管
while
as的部分倒裝
as引導的讓步狀語從句，從句的表語可以放在句首構成部分倒裝
As I love you. 沒有表語不能倒裝
As I seem ugly, but I keep gentle.（but連詞不能連接句子和從句）
Ugly as I seem, I keep gentle. 我很丑，但我很溫柔。
Simple as the chart looks, the outlook behind proves far reaching——national products become increasingly popular with Chinese customers.
although 讓步（話不說滿）
Raising pets can cultivate loving heart of kids although they might be injurious to their familier or neighbors.
七 方式狀語從句
引導詞 + 句子
as, the way, as if, as though 好像，似乎
他跟我說話就好像上輩子情人一樣。（隱含說話的方式）
介短做狀語：+ n / doing
by / through / by means of / in … way / manner
She looks as if she were made of ice.
她看起來像冰做的一樣。（虛擬語氣were后面講）
She talks with me as if she were my mother.
八 條件狀語從句
引導詞
如果
suppose that, supposing that, if, unless, provided that, as long as, so long as
只要有一絲希望，我也不會放棄
So long as there seems a ghost of hope, I will never give up.
九 比較狀語從句
引導詞
as…as 原級比較
than 比較級
你看起來和我一樣漂亮
You are as beautiful as me. 引導詞as后接從句，句子呢？故該寫法錯誤。
You are as beautiful as I am beautiful. 省略beautiful和be
You are as beatiful as I.
5. 考點分析
1. 寫作
作文中任何一句話都可以加一個狀語把句子拉長。
I love you for my whole life.
你可以像豬一樣生活，但是你永遠不會像豬一樣快樂。
One can live as if he were a pig. Conversely, he can never be as delighted as a pig.
2. 長難句分析
快速識別狀語成分，并且通順的翻譯出來。
如何識別狀語？
一句話當中除了句子主干和定語，其他部分都可以認為是狀語。
只要在句子中見到一下一坨東西一定是狀語：
1 副詞
2 比較狀語
3 條件狀語
4 結果
5 原因 because
6 讓步
7 目的
8 方式
9 伴隨 with
n + 時間、地點，需要區別定語還是狀語。
I love a boy in Zhejiang university.
狀語：在浙江大學我愛上了一個男生
定語：我愛上了一個在浙江大學的男生
如果無法確定定語還是定語，定語優先原則。只有翻譯成定語讀起來巨惡心才翻譯成狀語。
- 第一步找謂語，從而確定主謂賓。
- 第二步找連詞，從而確定有無省略。
- 第三步找定語。
- 第四步找狀語。
練習：
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
希臘人認為語言的結構和思維的過程有關系，早在人們意識到語言的多樣性之前，這種觀點在歐洲就扎根了。
Social science is that branch (of intellectual enquiry/定 wihch seeks to study humans and their endeavors/定 in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner/狀 that natural scientists use for the sutdy of natural phenomena./定）
in…manner 以…樣的方式（方式狀語）
社會科學是只是研究的一個分支，這個分支試圖以同樣的、理性的、有序的、系統的和冷靜的方式去研究人類和他們的行為，自然科學家也是用這種方式來研究自然現象的。
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items offen seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
and 并列原因狀語從句
行為科學在緩慢的發展，部分是因為一些解釋好像能夠直接的觀察到，另一些解釋不容易被發現。
1. 補充 as 專題
as 意思總結
- regard… as…
- view… as…
- define… as…
- classify… as…
As a logic consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readship.
謂語：have now appeared aimed mainly towards
appeared在這里=been
作為發展的合理結果，劃分成不同的期刊主要針對專業或業余閱讀。
As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.
as+n 作為…
動詞：is
表語：probably lower
than 引導比較狀語從句
最后，作為一種健康沖動的對野心的支持，在年輕人心中羨慕并被確定的一種品質，可能低于曾經的美國。
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底）way about moral problems.
as+n >> as an individual 作為一類人
elected as：v+as的這種結構是不存在的，故這里缺少了賓語
in Socratic way 做狀語，放到句尾更容易翻譯
因此，調整各個成分位置后：
I shall define him as an individual who has elected the activity of thinking about moral problems in Socratic way as his primary duty and pleasure in life.
我將要把知識分子定義為一類人，這類人選擇以蘇格拉底的方式思考道德問題最為生活中首要的樂趣。
Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custon, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
泰勒把文化定義為一個復雜的整體，這個整體包括社會上的成員人的信仰、藝術、道德、法律、文化和其他任何的能力和愛好。
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.
就如同在任何發達國家一樣，在美國一個由文化符號、設想和傳統構成的復雜體組成了所有社會關系的基礎。
With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarts about their canteen or their chairman.
如果和其他聽眾一起，你千萬不要試圖插入幽默，因為他們會反感一個外人對他們的食堂或領導發表蔑視性的評論。
2. 補充 than 專題
-
not so much as = not even 甚至不、沒有
He cannot so much as spell a word.
He did not so much as ask me to sit down. -
not so much A as B 與其說A倒不如說B
He is not so much a teacher as a poet. -
more A than B 與其說B不如說A
He is more a poet than a teacher. -
more than…
- 后加名詞 不僅僅是…
- 后加adv./adj. 非常的 I am more than beautiful.
- 加數詞 多于…
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