传感器与自动变速器
傳感器與自動變速器
傳感器??目前的燃料噴射系統有一個電子控制系統。一些汽車廠家稱之為ECU或是其他名字。一般我們叫它“智能電腦”，因為它與人們的思維有關。與人的身體相比會讓我們更清楚它的工作原理。“智能電腦”通過人們的視覺、觸覺、嗅覺、和聽覺來獲取信息。因為電腦沒有手、眼、耳、或鼻子。卻又必須接受信息，傳感器就起到了作用。這些傳感器就是ECU的耳和眼。一旦有信息出現，ECU先進行處理，并決定采用何種輸出信息去完成其他任務。下面是一些輸入傳感器和它們的工作原理。
主氣流傳感器???主氣流傳感器安裝在輸入口位置。它通過檢測整個氣流流量來測量輸入率，它包括ECU 提供電流的高壓電線，當輸入口氣流流動時，高壓電線產生的熱量就會減少。氣流越多，熱量損失就越大。因此在氣流增加時，ECM就必須提供足夠的電流來保持高壓電線溫度。ECM通過電流的改變來檢測氣流。
溫度傳感器??攝入溫度傳感器被安裝在氣管套里，它把探測到的溫度信號傳送給ECM。溫度傳感器使用對溫度的變化十分敏感的熱敏電阻，熱敏電阻的電阻下降，相對應的溫度上升。
車軸定位傳感器 ??車軸定位傳感器控制發動機速度和活塞位置。輸入到ECU 上的信號用來控制燃料的噴出，定時點火和發揮其他作用。
冷溫傳感器 ??發動機冷溫傳感器被用來檢測發動機的冷卻E溫度。傳感器改變從ECM里輸出的電壓信號。當冷溫傳感器輸入時，修改過的信號返回到ECM。傳感器采用對溫度敏感的冷溫傳感器，當溫度上升時，電熱調節器的電阻會下降。
爆震傳感器???爆震傳感器附在汽缸套上，用壓電元件判斷發動機的爆震。汽缸套傳出的爆震波被視為流體壓力。這種壓力轉變為壓電信號，然后被傳送到電子對抗系統上。
熱氧傳感器 ??熱氧傳感器安裝在排氣裝置上。它用來檢測相對與外部的空氣排出氣體中的氧氣的含量。這種傳感器是用陶瓷氧化鈷做成的電子管。
節流傳感器????節流傳感器隨著加速器踏板發生變化。這種傳感器是能讓節流閥轉變為輸出電壓的分壓計，輸出的電壓信號傳送到電子對抗系統上。除此之外，傳感器檢測節流閥的回程速度和閉合速度，電壓信號流入電子對抗系統里。從節流傳感器接受到的信號決定節流閥的空轉位置。
車輛速度傳感器????車輛速度傳感器安裝在驅動橋上。它包括給里程計提供交通速度信號的脈沖發動機。里程計給電子對抗系統發射信號。
停車傳感器????當司機使用倒車擋時，這個系統自動啟動。小型傳感器固定在車輛的后面，他們發送并接受減少交通困境的超音波無線電波，并提醒司機危險情況的出現。當司機接近物體時，內部的蜂鳴器逐步地頻繁響起來。持續的響聲表明汽車在離障礙物0.35米的距離。并不是所有的發動機擁有所有的傳感器。這兒列舉的這些傳感器基于合理的燃料量管理。
自動傳輸???目前，最新的自動傳輸在當今的汽車領域里是最復雜的機械部分。自動傳輸包括機械系統、水壓系統、電力系統和電腦控制。除非出現問題，這些部分的協調工作得很好。
什么是動力輸出器？動力輸出器是連在發動機后面的設備，并從發動機輸送電力到方向盤。發動機在一定時間時間旋轉范圍內運轉時，電子傳送到車輪上。
在車輛前輪驅動和后輪驅動的基礎上，有兩種基本自動傳輸器類型。
后輪駕駛???自動傳輸器通常按在電動機的后面，位于汽油踏板旁的地板中心。主動軸連接著位于后軸輪最終轉動的動力傳送器，用于給后車輪傳送電力。這個系統的電力傳送很簡單也很直接，過程為：先通過轉矩變換器，再通過動力傳輸器和主動軸，直到到達分開的最終轉動部分，然后傳輸到兩后輪上。
前輪駕駛 ??動力傳輸器通常安裝在最終轉動部分，形成所謂的驅動橋。前輪驅動車的發動機通常設在車輛的側面，驅動橋安裝在汽車后面的發動機一邊的下面。前車軸直接和驅動橋連接，并給前輪提供動力。在這個例子中，動力通過轉矩變換器從電動器中傳送出來，并把動力通過180度的旋轉傳送到電動機旁邊的動力傳輸器的鏈條上。在那里，動力通過動力傳輸器傳送到分開的最終轉動部分，并通過駕駛車軸傳送到兩個前車輪上。
動力傳輸器部分????現代自動傳輸器包含了許多組件和系統，它們的設計能使那些靈巧的機械、液壓、 電子技術等協調工作，這些電氣技術經歷了多年的演變，以致許多機械人士認為它成了一種藝術。組成自動動力傳輸器的部分包括：
行星齒輪組???這是提供前輪比率和反比率的機械體系。
氣壓系統????為了控制行星齒輪組，氣壓系統使用一種由油泵低壓傳送的特殊的動力傳輸器流度，通過真空管來控制離合器和波段。
封條和墊圈??被用來保證油的一定含量，也防止油的泄露。
轉矩變換器????它相當與離合器的作用，當發動機運轉時，也可以讓車輛停下來。
未來的汽車
未來的汽車和現在的汽車截然不同，比如說2005型的汽車開起來很省油，有環保作用，有電腦操作的自動系統，還有即使是身懷絕技的賽車者都不會發生意外事故的安全設施。這些將借助于二氧化碳奔跑運行，同時排出草莓香味的氧氣。
未來汽車模式可能有以下幾種：
自動化和通訊 ??日前，有少數的汽車可以上網，將來的汽車多會實現寬帶上網。另外，凡是手提電腦上有的功能汽車上都會有，包括接收電子郵件、聽音樂、看電影等無線通訊。當穿越大峽谷的過程中，如果孩子們感到疲乏厭倦，他們就可以從網絡上獲得大峽谷的知識，或收看電視。每個乘客有平板顯示器和視聽器，汽車會及時告知出現的問題，并帶你到最近的經銷商那兒進行修理。
導航系統和自動駕駛 ??未來每輛車都會有與全球定位相連的導航系統。激光、超頻音響、雷達傳感器會使你的汽車緊跟著附近的汽車。在高速公路上，當前面的汽車減速時，它們也隨時起作用使之減速；在城鎮里，他們會幫你自動停車，也不會撞著后駛的車輛。在高峰期，在交通阻塞和意外事故中，你可以改換車道行駛；道路邊安裝的標志線發射器或車內設置的照相機使汽車駕駛自動化成為可能——雖然有些人認為這是三四十年后的事。
環境與汽車排氣功 ??在能源消耗和汽車尾氣方面，當今的機動車輛就占據20%和30%。在未來不久，混合發電設備、小型汽油發動機的作用會使汽車消耗一加侖油而前進高達50英里的路程。剎車會在蓄電池里產生電量。從長遠來看，汽車不會再排出廢氣，一種能轉換的燃料電池會把氫氣與氧氣有機的結合起來產生能量。這樣，汽車尾氣排出的是純水，事實上未來的汽車零件都是可在利用的。
駕駛體驗 ??未來汽車的儀表板會有少數把手和開關。你可以用自動控音系統，如“溫度調的低一些”，“搜尋鄉村音樂”；方向租界地發展成短柄或杠桿；更輕吏可靠的電力控制器（節流閥、閘）會代替器械控制器；纖維光纜和發光二極管會用來代替電線和電燈。車內通風效果好，且設有空調。發光二極管元件在陽光明媚的天氣里也會使窗內光線暗下來。而且，未來汽車會像飛機一樣自由轉向。
安全 ??汽車通過保持行駛安全距離，限制剎車，及檢測出昏昏欲睡或醉酒的司機來避免意外的交通事故。如果你橫穿馬路時沒有使用閃光警戒燈（可能當時很瞌睡），汽車的方向盤回應是迅速伸出一個響聲很大的把手去提醒你。
未來汽車設計者還需探索新方法和更具有影響力的設計。在盡力使其設計吏具有吸引力的同時，他們會在設計上更加大膽創新，這通常會產生這樣的結果：在盡力使其設計比以前市場上的老樣式更標新立異時，汽車的樣式也失去了平衡效果的美感。
新的材料不斷充斥著汽車領域。傳感器可以用來監測汽車在路上行駛的位置，如果發現車輛遠離交通要道或行車道，警報器就會響。傳感器也會檢測出司機的開車狀態，追循著司機的眼部運動以查出如果司機的眼睛閉合將近幾秒鐘的時間，警報器就會呼以提醒司機。車輛的內部也會隨之變得更有益于司機掌握和更自由化、更個性化。式效安置控制器有助于腰部便于調整座位。這會讓司機感到舒適，也會減少慢性疾病和不適。
乘客安全已經成為當今汽車工業的重中之重，在未來社會中其重要性會逐漸加強。氣囊會得到更加廣泛的應用，同時某些特殊形狀的氣囊所具有的保護作用，在拯救生命方面非常實用有效。在其操作和可靠性上還要做更多的研究和更精確的檢測。汽車的多媒體系統將會持續發展，直到乘客們的感覺從“不知身在其中”到“真正的樂在其中”。汽車里配置的音效也會改進，從而使不同的乘客都能享受到個人空間。采用雙耳機插頭和多種音效模式的出口，通過不同的插孔，四個不同的收音機電視臺都可以立即收聽；幾種MP3也可以立即播放。
以上這些很可能是未來的汽車模式。
Sensors ?and ?automatic ?transmissions
Sensors ?in a modern fuel injection system there is an eletronic control unit some car manufactures call it a ECU or other ?things . Generically we call it the ?brain,since it does the “thinking”.NOW comparing it to the human boby will help ?you understand how it works. Your brain receive information from your sense : sight ?touch taste, smell and ?hearing. Since a computer doesn’t have hands , eyes , ears ?or noses they need to get information some how. That’s where sensors come ?in .These sensors are the eyes and ears of ?the ECU. ?As the information comes in, ?the ECU processes it and determines what output to use to do something. ?Here are ?some of ?there input sensors and how they work
Mass Air Flow Sensors ??The mass airflow rate by measuring a part of the ?entire intake flow. ?It consists of a hot wire that is supplied with electric current ?from the ECM. The temperature of the hot wire is controlled by the ECM ?a certain ?amount. The heat generated by the hot wire is reduced as the intake air flow around ?it. The more air, ?the greater the heat loss. ??Therefore, the ECM must supple ?more electric current to maintain the temperature of the hot wire as airflow increases. ?The ECM dectects the airflow by means.?of this current change.
Intake Air Temperature Sensor ??The intake air temperature sensors is ?mounted to the air duct housing. The sensor detects intake air temperature and ?transmits a signal to the ECM. The temoerature—sensing unit uses a thermistor that ?is sensitve to the change in temperature. Electrical resistance of the thermistor ?decreases in response to the temperature ?rise.
Crankshaft Position Sensor ???The camshaft ?position sensor monitors ?engine speed and poston position .These input signal to the ECM are used to control ?fule injection, ignition timing and the other functions.
Coolant Temperature Sensor ??The engine coolant temperature sensor is ?used to detect the engine coolant temperature. The sensor modifies a voltage signal ?from tne ECM, ?The modified signal returns to the ECM as the engine coolant ?temperature input .The sensor uses a thermistor that is sensitive to the changd in ?temperature .The electrical resistance of the thermistor decreases ae temperature ??increases.
Knock Sensor ??The knock sensor is attached to the cylinder block. It ?senses engine knocking using a piezoelectric element. A koncking vibration from ?the cylineder block is sensed as virbrational pressure. This pressure is conveerted ?into a voltage signal and sent to the ECM.
Heated Oxygen Sensor ??It is placed into the exhaust manifold It ?detects ?the?amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas compared to the outside air. The sensor has ?a closed—end tube made of ceramic zirconia.
Thorttle Position Sensor ??The throttle position sensor responds to the ?accelerator pedal movement. This sensor is a kind of potentiometer the throttle ?position into output voltage, ?and emits the voltage signal to the ECM. In addition, ?the sensor detects the opening and closing speed of the throttle valve and feeds the ?voltage signal to the ECM. The ECM receiving the signal from the throttle position ?sensor determines idle position of the throttle valve.
Vehicle Speed Sensor ??The vehicle speed sensor is installed in the transaxle It contains a pulse generaor that provides a vehicle speed signal to the ?speedometer. The speedometer then sends a signal to the ECM.
Parking Sensor ?The system is automatically activated when the driver engages reverse gear. Small sensors are fixed to the rear of ?the vehicle, ?and they ?send and receive ultrasonic radio waves which bounce off obstacles and alert the ?driver to their presence.There is an internal buzzer that gradually increase in ?frequency as the drive approach the object. A continuous tone denotes that the car is ?within 0.35m of the obstacle.
Now not all engine have all of there sensors .The ones listed here are the ?most directly responsible for proper fuel management.
Automatic ?Transmissions ?The modern automatic transmission is by far, ?the most complicatef mechanical component in today’s ?automoblie. Automatic ?transmissions contrain mechanical systems ,hydraulic systems ,electrical systems ?and computer controls ,all working together in perfect harmony ?which goes ?virtually unnoticed until there is a problem.
What is a transmission? ?The transmission is a drive that is connected to ?the back of the engine and sends the power from the enginge to the drive wheel. ??An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM(revolutions per minute) ?range and it is the transmission’s job to make sure that the power is delivered the ?engine within that ?range. It does this through various gear combinations.
There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based on whether the ?vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive.
On a rear wheel drive car ?,the transmission is uaually mounted to the back ?of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside ?the gas pedal position.A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final ?driver which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheel . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine, ?through the torqu converter , then through the transmission and drive shaft until it ?reaches the final driv where it is split and sent to the two rear wheels.
On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually with the final drive ?to form what is called a transaxle. The ehgine on a front wheel drive car is usually ?mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the ?engine facing the rear of the car. Fornt axles are connected directly to the transaxle ?and provide power to the front wheels In this example, power flows from the engine, through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through a 180 ??degee turn to the transmisson that is along side the engine. From there , the power is ?routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two ?front wheels through the drive axles.
Transmission Components The mode automatice transmission consists of ?many components and systems that are designed to work together in a sysmphony ?of clever mechanical, hydraulic and electical technology that has evolved over the ?years into what many mechanically inclined individuals consider to be an art form. ?The mian components that make up an automatice transmission include:
Planetary gear sets ?which are the mechanical systems that provide the ?various forward gear rations as well as reverse.
The?hydraulic system ?which uses a specical transmission fiuid sent under ?pressure by an Oil Pump thourgh the Valve Body to control the Clutches and the ?Bands in order to control the planetary gear sets.
Seals and gaskets ?are used to keep the oil where it is supposed to be and ?preven it from leaking out.
The?torque converter which acts like a clutch to allow the vehicle to come to ?a stop in gear while the engine is still running.
The Future Car
The future car, let’s say a 2025 model will be a very different machine to its present day grandfather. They will be cheaper to run, cleaner for the environment, packed with computers and safety devices ensuring that not even a stunt driver can crash, and they will run on carbon dioxide and emit strawberry scented oxygen.
Well they might be such in the future:
Computing and Communications ???Today, the internet in a ?few cars; tomorrow, broadband in all of them. Any capability a personal computer has, a car will have, including two-way wireless communications for receiving e-mail, music, and movies. When you’re crossing the Grand Canyon, the kids can learn about the rock formations or watch TV if they’re bored. Every passenger will have a flat-panel display and audio/video feed. The car will broadcast developing problems and route you to the nearest dealer stocking the repair parts.
Navigation and Self-Driving ??every car will have a navigation system linked to GPS satellites. Laser, ultrasound, or radar sensors will track nearby cars. On the freeway, they’ll slow your car when the car ahead of you slows; in town, they’ll help you park without smacking the car behind. At rush hour, you’ll get alternate routes around jams and accidents.
Lane-marking emitters embedded in the roadway or in–car video cameras may make it possible for the car to drive itself——though some say that’s 30 to 40 years off.
Environment and Emissions ??Motor vehicles today represent 20 to 30 percent of the world’s energy consumption and emissions. In the near term, hybrid powerplants combining a small gasoline engine and an electric motor will top 50 miles per gallon. Braking will regenerate electricity in a storage battery. Longer term, cars might burn zero-emission hydrogen or use a fuel cell that converts a fuel like hydrogen and combines it with oxygen to create electricity. The exhaust will be pure water. Virtually all car parts will be recyclable.
Driving Experience ???Dashboards will have only a handful of knobs and switches. You’ll use speaker-independent voice control:“Make it a bit cooler”, “Find me country music”. The steering wheel could evolve to paddles or a lever. Lighter, more reliable electronic controls (throttle, brakes) replace mechanical controls. Fiber optics and LEDs replace electrical wires and light bulbs. Seats will be ventilated and air-conditioned. LCD elements will darken windows on sunny days. The car will bank into turns, just as an airplane does now.
Safety ???Cars will avoid some accidents by maintaining safe following distances, limiting skids, and sensing sleepy or inebriated drivers. If you cross over a divider lane without using your blinker (you may be getting sleepy), steering wheel feedback will emulate rumble strip to alert you. ?
In the future car designers will have to explore new themes and find alternative influences for their designs .In an effort to catch peoples eye the designs will have to be increasingly bold and brash often sacrificing the aesthetic balance of the design in attempt to be different in an increasingly “done before” market.
New materials are constantly brought into the automotive field, sensors will monitor the cars’ position on the road and if the vehicle is found to be straying from the road or traffic lane an alarm would sound. Sensors could also monitor the drivers’ well-being, tracking eye movement and if the eyes close for more than a few seconds an alarm would sound to alert the driver. The interior of vehicles will also change, becoming more user friendly and personalized. Ergonomically positioned controls and lumbar support seats with adjustable everything will come as standard to increase driver and passenger comfort and reduce chronic pain and discomfort.
Passenger safety is already a priority for modern day car manufacturers and this will only increase in importance into the future .The widespread use of airbags will increase, and the side impact protection airbags featured in some models have proved to be extremely effective in saving lives, but more research and better positioning will continue to improve their performance and reliability.
Multimedia systems will continue to develop in cars until the point where the “are we there yet” phrase develops into“can we stay here”. The sound systems of cars will also improve and become more personalized for the various passengers, with headphone sockets and multiple sound outlets, there might be four different radio stations that can b e played at once through the different jacks, and a variety of MP3s that can be played at once.
These will be the future cars, well they might.
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