服务器如何安装应用程序,第四节 服务器端应用程序安装
1、友情提示：退路
①備份配置文件
Linux 系統環境下配置文件通常內容很多。如果不小心修改了不該修改的地方，自己有不記得做了修改，那么將來報錯很難找到錯誤位置。
為了避免這樣的問題，我們可以在修改任何配置文件之前都多復制一份：把原始、純凈、正確的配置文件執行了備份。將來萬一發生問題，拿原始配置文件覆蓋錯誤配置文件，瞬間恢復到正確狀態可以重新開始。
②拍攝快照
[1]第一種用法
針對需要通過安裝過程來安裝的程序，如果安裝失敗需要卸載后重新安裝，那最好是卸載干凈再重新執行安裝。Linux 環境下不方便執行『清理殘留』。
所以為了避免安裝失敗以后沒有退路可以重新開始，建議在執行相關安裝之前拍攝快照。一旦發生問題，可以恢復快照重新開始。
[2]第二種用法
對于已經安裝好的程序(特別是系統當中安裝了很多程序都已成功)，強烈建議通過拍攝快照的方式保留這個正確的狀態。
[3]操作
保存快照
恢復快照
刪除快照
2、安裝JDK
①rpm命令
rpm是Redhat package management縮寫，實質上來說，通過rpm可以管理Linux環境下的安裝包。
參數名
作用
-qa
查詢系統中已經安裝的程序，通常配合管道，使用grep精確匹配想要查詢的包
-ivh
執行rpm包安裝操作
-e
卸載rpm包
--nodeps
在卸載過程中忽略依賴關系
注：Linux 系統中命令的參數往往有這樣的特點：
參數如果是一個或多個完整的單詞那么前面是兩個“-”
參數如果是單詞的縮寫，是一個字母，那么前面是一個“-”
②卸載系統預裝的JDK
查詢系統中已經安裝的JDK
[root@apple ~]# rpm -qa | grep openjdk
java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless-1.8.0.161-2.b14.el7.x86_64
java-1.7.0-openjdk-1.7.0.171-2.6.13.2.el7.x86_64
java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.161-2.b14.el7.x86_64
java-1.7.0-openjdk-headless-1.7.0.171-2.6.13.2.el7.x86_64
執行卸載，卸載過程中使用--nodeps忽略依賴關系
[root@apple ~]# rpm -e --nodeps java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless-1.8.0.161-2.b14.el7.x86_64
[root@apple ~]# rpm -e --nodeps java-1.7.0-openjdk-1.7.0.171-2.6.13.2.el7.x86_64
[root@apple ~]# rpm -e --nodeps java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.161-2.b14.el7.x86_64
[root@apple ~]# rpm -e --nodeps java-1.7.0-openjdk-headless-1.7.0.171-2.6.13.2.el7.x86_64
重啟系統生效
③解壓JDK的tar包配置環境變量
[1]解壓JDK的tar包
cd /opt
tar -zxvf /opt/jdk-8u121-linux-x64.tar.gz
[2]配置JDK相關環境變量
配置環境變量的配置文件：/etc/profile
為了避免配置錯誤導致運行失敗，提前復制一份/etc/profile
cp /etc/profile /etc/profile.bak
編輯/etc/profile文件
# 聲明JAVA_HOME環境變量，等號兩邊不能有空格
JAVA_HOME=/opt/jdk1.8.0_121
# 在PATH環境變量原有的值基礎上附加JDK的path值，$JAVA_HOME是對JAVA_HOME環境變量的引用
PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
# 將JAVA_HOME和PATH發布為全局變量
export JAVA_HOME PATH
保存退出vim后，使用source命令執行/etc/profile腳本，讓腳本中發布的環境變量生效。但是僅限于當前進程，如果想讓新環境變量全局生效，可以reboot。
source /etc/profile
驗證一下：
[root@apple jdk1.8.0_121]# echo $JAVA_HOME
/opt/jdk1.8.0_121
[root@apple jdk1.8.0_121]# echo $PATH
/opt/jdk1.8.0_121/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@apple jdk1.8.0_121]# java -version
java version "1.8.0_121"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_121-b13)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.121-b13, mixed mode)
3、安裝Tomcat
①解壓
tar -zxvf /opt/apache-tomcat-7.0.75.tar.gz
②操控
啟動Tomcat
/opt/apache-tomcat-7.0.75/bin/startup.sh
停止Tomcat
/opt/apache-tomcat-7.0.75/bin/shutdown.sh
查看日志
tail -f /opt/apache-tomcat-7.0.75/logs/catalina.out
部署war包放在webapps目錄下
/opt/apache-tomcat-7.0.75/webapps
③訪問
4、MySQL安裝步驟
①卸載系統預裝mariadb
rpm -e --nodeps mariadb-libs-1:5.5.56-2.el7.x86_64
②安裝服務器端程序
rpm -ivh /opt/MySQL-server-5.5.52-1.el6.x86_64.rpm
驗證
[root@apple opt]# id mysql
uid=988(mysql) gid=982(mysql) 組=982(mysql)
③安裝客戶端程序
rpm -ivh /opt/MySQL-client-5.5.52-1.el6.x86_64.rpm
④啟動MySQL服務
systemctl start mysql.service
⑤設置root用戶密碼
注意：這里的root用戶是MySQL的root用戶，不是Linux的root用戶
[root@apple opt]# mysqladmin -u root password
New password:
Confirm new password:
⑥登錄MySQL
[root@apple opt]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.52 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
⑦客戶端登錄MySQL服務器
[1]被防火墻攔截的錯誤提示
通過關閉防火墻服務器解決
systemctl stop firewalld.service
systemctl disable firewalld.service
[2]被MySQL自己拒絕連接
[3]在MySQL服務器端設置允許任何主機地址訪問
執行SQL語句
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'atguigu' WITH GRANT OPTION;
重啟MySQL服務
[root@apple opt]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.5.52 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
mysql> use mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select host,user,password from user;
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| host | user | password |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| localhost | root | *453FDE92DF58E2DE1A51D27869CF3F1A69984B1B |
| apple | root | |
| 127.0.0.1 | root | |
| ::1 | root | |
| localhost | | |
| apple | | |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'atguigu' WITH GRANT OPTION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select host,user,password,select_priv,update_priv from user;
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+
| host | user | password | select_priv | update_priv |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+
| localhost | root | *453FDE92DF58E2DE1A51D27869CF3F1A69984B1B | Y | Y |
| apple | root | | Y | Y |
| 127.0.0.1 | root | | Y | Y |
| ::1 | root | | Y | Y |
| localhost | | | N | N |
| apple | | | N | N |
| % | root | *453FDE92DF58E2DE1A51D27869CF3F1A69984B1B | Y | Y |
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
重啟MySQL服務
systemctl restart mysql.service
⑧解決字符亂碼問題
[1]查看字符相關變量
mysql> show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8 |
| character_set_connection | utf8 |
| character_set_database | latin1 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8 |
| character_set_server | latin1 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[2]準備MySQL配置文件
cp /usr/share/mysql/my-small.cnf /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
port = 3306
socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 16K
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 4
sort_buffer_size = 64K
read_buffer_size = 256K
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K
net_buffer_length = 2K
thread_stack = 128K
character-set-server=utf8
在[mysqld]部分的配置的最后添加character-set-server=utf8
重啟MySQL服務
systemctl restart mysql.service
查看字符集相關變量
mysql> show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | utf8 |
| character_set_connection | utf8 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | utf8 |
| character_set_server | utf8 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
重新創建數據庫、創建數據庫表、插入中文字符數據驗證。
總結
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