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git 与github 命令行操作与控制

發布時間：2025/3/12 编程问答 16 豆豆

生活随笔收集整理的這篇文章主要介紹了 git 与github 命令行操作与控制小編覺得挺不錯的,現在分享給大家,幫大家做個參考.

一、git
1.download下載
https://www.git-scm.com/
2.配置用戶名和郵箱
假設用戶名為"xxxx"，郵箱為"xxxx@xxxx.com"

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 ~ $ git config --global user.name "xxxx"User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 ~ $ git config --global user.email "xxxx@xxxx.com"User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 ~ $

3.更改目錄

$ cd /d/ml_tech_srcUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src $ pwd /d/ml_tech_srcUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src $

4.編輯hello.py的python文件

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ vim hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ ls hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ python hello.pyhello,world

5.初始化倉庫

$ git init Reinitialized existing Git repository in D:/ml_tech_src/ml_1/.git/

6.檢查狀態

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch masterNo commits yetUntracked files:(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)hello.pynothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $

7.文件加入倉庫

$ git add . warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.py. The file will have its original line endings in your working directoryUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch masterNo commits yetChanges to be committed:(use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)new file: hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master)

8.提交

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git commit -m "my first committing" [master (root-commit) ef7cc70] my first committing1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)create mode 100644 hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree cleanUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $

9.查看提交歷史

$ git log commit ef7cc70308420d56726e8102caeecb4715319511 (HEAD -> master) Author: spx <lx@myhaspl.com> Date: Tue Nov 30 09:44:12 2021 +0800my first committingUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master)

10.修改源文件

$ cat hello.py print("hello,world") print("ok")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master Changes not staged for commit:(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)modified: hello.pyno changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $

11.第2次提交

$ git commit -am "commit again" warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.py. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory [master da643c7] commit again1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree cleanUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $

增加文件，修改文件并提交

$ vim hello2.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ python hello2.py hiUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ ls hello.py hello2.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master Untracked files:(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)hello2.pynothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ $ vim hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ cat hello.py print("hello,world") print("ok") print("!!!!!")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ python hello.py hello,world ok !!!!!User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master Changes not staged for commit:(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)modified: hello.pyUntracked files:(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)hello2.pyno changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $

-a 表示所有修改的文件全部提交

$ git add . warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.py. The file will have its original line endings in your working directory warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello2.py. The file will have its original line endings in your working directoryUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git commit -am "my commit!" [master ccf29ef] my commit!2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)create mode 100644 hello2.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree cleanUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $

13.撤銷修改

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ cat hello2.py print("hi")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ vim hello2.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ cat hello2.py print("hi") print("finish!")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master Changes not staged for commit:(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)modified: hello2.pyno changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git checkout . Updated 1 path from the indexUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ cat hello2.py print("hi")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree clean

使用checkout . 恢復到上次修改的前一個狀態。
14.恢復到以前的提交

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git log --prety=oneline fatal: unrecognized argument: --prety=onelineUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git log --pretty=oneline ccf29effa7c589014e488c4da2c8acc64f78632e (HEAD -> master) my commit! da643c7548b6e8fe1b9d5d23f36d38d3f522246c commit again ef7cc70308420d56726e8102caeecb4715319511 my first committingUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git checkout da643c Note: switching to 'da643c'.You are in 'detached HEAD' state. You can look around, make experimental changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this state without impacting any branches by switching back to a branch.If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you may do so (now or later) by using -c with the switch command. Example:git switch -c <new-branch-name>Or undo this operation with:git switch -Turn off this advice by setting config variable advice.detachedHead to falseHEAD is now at da643c7 commit againUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 ((da643c7...)) $ ls hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 ((da643c7...))User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 ((da643c7...)) $ cat hello.py print("hello,world") print("ok")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 ((da643c7...)) $ git status HEAD detached at da643c7 nothing to commit, working tree clean

恢復到以前的狀態，將離開分支master，進行頭指針分離。
可回到master分支。

$ git checkout master Previous HEAD position was da643c7 commit again Switched to branch 'master'User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree cleanUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ ls hello.py hello2.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git log --pretty=oneline ccf29effa7c589014e488c4da2c8acc64f78632e (HEAD -> master) my commit! da643c7548b6e8fe1b9d5d23f36d38d3f522246c commit again ef7cc70308420d56726e8102caeecb4715319511 my first committingUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ cat hello.py print("hello,world") print("ok") print("!!!!!")

15.master強制恢復到以前的指定狀態

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ cat hello.py print("hello,world") print("ok") print("!!!!!")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git reset --hard da643c HEAD is now at da643c7 commit againUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ ls hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ cat hello.py print("hello,world") print("ok")User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree cleanUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git log --pretty=oneline da643c7548b6e8fe1b9d5d23f36d38d3f522246c (HEAD -> master) commit again ef7cc70308420d56726e8102caeecb4715319511 my first committingUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $

使用git reset --hard da643c完成
16.刪除一個倉庫

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree cleanUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ rm -rf .gitUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ git status fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git

17.重新建立倉庫

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ git init Initialized empty Git repository in D:/ml_tech_src/ml_1/.git/User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch masterNo commits yetUntracked files:(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)hello.pynothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git add .User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git commit -m "restart commiting" [master (root-commit) afb0cf7] restart commiting1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)create mode 100644 hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree cleanUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master)

二、github

1.登錄設置

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ git config --global user.name "spxai"

確認正確設置了 Git 用戶名：

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ git config --global user.name spxaiUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ git config --global user.email "msp@myhaspl.com"User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ git config --global user.email msp@myhaspl.com

2.遠程倉庫創建
例如：

要新增遠程，請在終端上存儲倉庫的目錄中使用 git remote add 命令。

git remote add 命令使用兩個參數：

遠程命令，如 origin
遠程 URL，如 https://github.com/user/repo.git
例如：

$ git remote add origin https://github.com/user/repo.git # Set a new remote$ git remote -v # Verify new remote > origin https://github.com/user/repo.git (fetch) > origin https://github.com/user/repo.git (push) $ git init -b master Initialized empty Git repository in D:/ml_tech_src/ml_1/.git/User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch masterNo commits yetUntracked files:(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)hello.pynothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)$ ls hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git remote add ml_1 https://github.com/user/repo.gitUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git status On branch masterNo commits yetUntracked files:(use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)hello.pynothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master)$ git remote -v ml_1 https://github.com/user/repo.git (fetch) ml_1 https://github.com/user/repo.git (push)

3.提交倉庫

(1)相關基礎

更改遠程倉庫的 URL

git remote set-url 命令使用兩個參數：

現有遠程倉庫的名稱。例如，源倉庫或上游倉庫是兩種常見選擇。
遠程倉庫的新 URL。例如：

如果您要更新為使用 HTTPS，您的 URL 可能如下所示： https://github.com/USERNAME/REPOSITORY.git 如果您要更新為使用 SSH，您的 URL 可能如下所示： git@github.com:USERNAME/REPOSITORY.git $ git remote set-url ml_1 https://github.com/spxai/repo.gitUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git remote -v ml_1 https://github.com/spxai/repo.git (fetch) ml_1 https://github.com/spxai/repo.git (push)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master)

另外，還可以重命名遠程倉庫
使用 git remote rename 命令可重命名現有的遠程。

git remote rename 命令使用兩個參數：

現有的遠程名稱，例如 origin
遠程的新名稱，例如 destination
例如：

$ git remote -v # 查看現有遠程 > origin https://github.com/OWNER/REPOSITORY.git (fetch) > origin https://github.com/OWNER/REPOSITORY.git (push)$ git remote rename origin destination # 將遠程名稱從 'origin' 更改為 'destination'$ git remote -v # 驗證遠程的新名稱 > destination https://github.com/OWNER/REPOSITORY.git (fetch) > destination https://github.com/OWNER/REPOSITORY.git (push) $ git remote -v ml_1 https://github.com/spxai/repo.git (fetch) ml_1 https://github.com/spxai/repo.git (push)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git remote rename ml_1 ml-1User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $ git remote -v ml-1 https://github.com/spxai/repo.git (fetch) ml-1 https://github.com/spxai/repo.git (push)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master) $

https:// 克隆 URL 在所有倉庫中提供，與可見性無關。即使您在防火墻或代理后面，https:// 克隆 URL 也有效。

當您在命令行中使用 HTTPS URL 對遠程倉庫執行 git clone、git fetch、git pull 或 git push 命令時，Git 將要求您輸入 GitHub 用戶名和密碼。

$ git commit -m "First commit" [master (root-commit) 69cdcab] First commit1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)create mode 100644 hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (master)

推送提交到遠程倉庫
使用 git push 將本地分支上的提交推送到遠程倉庫。

git push 命令使用兩個參數：

遠程命令，如 origin
分支名稱，如 main
例如：

git push
例如，您通常運行 git push origin main 來推送本地更改到在線倉庫。

重命名分支
要重命名分支，同樣使用 git push 命令，但要加上一個或多個參數：新分支的名稱。例如：

git push :
這會將 LOCALBRANCHNAME 推送到 REMOTENAME，但其名稱將改為 REMOTEBRANCHNAME。

推送標記
默認情況下，沒有其他參數時，git push 會發送所有名稱與遠程分支相同的匹配分支。

要推送單一標記，可以發出與推送分支相同的命令：

git push
要推送所有標記，可以輸入命令：

git push --tags
刪除遠程分支或標記
刪除分支的語法初看有點神秘：

git push :
請注意，冒號前有一個空格。命令與重命名分支的步驟類似。但這里是告訴 Git 不要推送任何內容到 REMOTENAME 上的 BRANCHNAME。因此，git push 會刪除遠程倉庫上的分支。

遠程和復刻
您可能已經知道，您可以對 GitHub 上的倉庫“復刻”。

在克隆您擁有的倉庫時，向其提供遠程 URL，告知 Git 到何處提取和推送更新。如果要協作處理原始倉庫，可添加新的遠程 URL（通常稱為 upstream）到本地 Git 克隆：

git remote add upstream <THEIR_REMOTE_URL>
現在可以從其復刻提取更新和分支：

git fetch upstream # Grab the upstream remote's branches > remote: Counting objects: 75, done. > remote: Compressing objects: 100% (53/53), done. > remote: Total 62 (delta 27), reused 44 (delta 9) > Unpacking objects: 100% (62/62), done. > From https://github.com/octocat/repo > * [new branch] main -> upstream/main

克隆倉庫
要獲取其他用戶倉庫的完整副本，請使用 git clone，如下所示：

$ git clone https://github.com/USERNAME/REPOSITORY.git # 將倉庫克隆到您的計算機

運行 git clone 時，將發生以下操作：
創建名為 repo 的文件夾
將它初始化為 Git 倉庫
創建名為 origin 的遠程倉庫，指向用于克隆的 URL
將所有的倉庫文件和提交下載到那里
默認分支已檢出

從遠程倉庫獲取更改
使用 git fetch 可檢索其他人完成的新工作。從倉庫獲取將會獲取所有新的遠程跟蹤分支和標記，但不會將這些更改合并到您自己的分支中。

如果已經有一個本地倉庫包含為所需項目設置的遠程 URL，您可以在終端使用 git fetch remotename 獲取所有新信息：

$ git fetch remotename # 獲取遠程倉庫的更新

合并更改到本地分支
合并可將您的本地更改與其他人所做的更改組合起來。

通常將遠程跟蹤分支（即從遠程倉庫獲取的分支）與您的本地分支進行合并：

$ git merge remotename/branchname # 將在線更新與您的本地工作進行合并

從遠程倉庫拉取更改
git pull 是在同一個命令中完成 git fetch 和 git merge 的便捷方式。

$ git pull remotename branchname # 獲取在線更新并將其與您的本地工作進行合并

（2）提交操作

github頁面中創建ml_1項目或使用[GitHub CLI https://github.com/cli/cli#installation](https://github.com/cli/cli#installation)```bash User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main) $ rm -rf .gitUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 $ git init -b main Initialized empty Git repository in D:/ml_tech_src/ml_1/.git/User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main)User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main) $ git add .User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main) $ git commit -m "first commit" [main (root-commit) 140da5c] first commit1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)create mode 100644 hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main) $ git status On branch main nothing to commit, working tree cleanUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main) $ git remote add ml_1 https://github.com/spxai/ml_1.gitUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main) $ git remote -v ml_1 https://github.com/spxai/ml_1.git (fetch) ml_1 https://github.com/spxai/ml_1.git (push)

使用 git fetch 可檢索其他人完成的新工作。從倉庫獲取將會獲取所有新的遠程跟蹤分支和標記，但不會將這些更改合并到您自己的分支中。

User@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main) $ git fetch ml_1 main From https://github.com/spxai/ml_1* branch main -> FETCH_HEAD

git merge合并更改到本地分支
將遠程跟蹤分支（即從遠程倉庫獲取的分支）與您的本地分支進行合并

$ git merge ml_1/main --allow-unrelated-histories Merge made by the 'ort' strategy..gitignore | 129 ++++++++++++++++LICENSE | 504 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++2 files changed, 633 insertions(+)create mode 100644 .gitignorecreate mode 100644 LICENSEUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main) $ $ ls -la total 37 drwxr-xr-x 1 User 197121 0 Nov 30 16:23 ./ drwxr-xr-x 1 User 197121 0 Nov 29 19:04 ../ drwxr-xr-x 1 User 197121 0 Nov 30 16:24 .git/ -rw-r--r-- 1 User 197121 1928 Nov 30 16:23 .gitignore -rw-r--r-- 1 User 197121 27030 Nov 30 16:23 LICENSE -rw-r--r-- 1 User 197121 35 Nov 30 11:11 hello.pyUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main)

提交更新

$ git push ml_1 main Enumerating objects: 6, done. Counting objects: 100% (6/6), done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done. Writing objects: 100% (5/5), 545 bytes | 109.00 KiB/s, done. Total 5 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 To https://github.com/spxai/ml_1.git2d3145d..0c10459 main -> mainUser@DESKTOP-01EST3R MINGW64 /d/ml_tech_src/ml_1 (main)

總結

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