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Java核心类库篇8——网络编程

發(fā)布時間：2025/3/12 java 15 豆豆

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Java核心類庫篇8——網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程

1、七層網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型

OSI（Open System Interconnect），即開放式系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)，是ISO（國際標準化組織）組織在1985 年研究的網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連模型。
當發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)時，需要對發(fā)送的內(nèi)容按照上述七層模型進行層層加包后發(fā)送出去。
當接收數(shù)據(jù)時，需要對接收的內(nèi)容按照上述七層模型相反的次序?qū)訉硬鸢@示出來

2、協(xié)議

計算機在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中實現(xiàn)通信就必須有一些約定或者規(guī)則，這種約定和規(guī)則就叫做通信協(xié)議，通信協(xié)議可以對速率、傳輸代碼、代碼結(jié)構(gòu)、傳輸控制步驟、出錯控制等制定統(tǒng)一的標準。

2.1、TCP（傳輸控制協(xié)議Transmission Control Protocol）

面向連接的協(xié)議
建立連接 => 進行通信 => 斷開連接
在傳輸前采用"三次握手"方式
在通信的整個過程中全程保持連接，形成數(shù)據(jù)傳輸通道
保證了數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)目煽啃院陀行蛐?/li>
是一種全雙工的字節(jié)流通信方式，可以進行大數(shù)據(jù)量的傳輸
傳輸完畢后需要釋放已建立的連接，發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的效率比較低

2.2、UDP（用戶數(shù)據(jù)報協(xié)議User Datagram Protocol）

非面向連接的協(xié)議
在通信的整個過程中不需要保持連接，其實是不需要建立連接
不保證數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)目煽啃院陀行蛐?/li>
是一種全雙工的數(shù)據(jù)報通信方式，每個數(shù)據(jù)報的大小限制在64K內(nèi)
發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)完畢后無需釋放資源，開銷小，發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)的效率比較高，速度快

3、IP與端口

IP地址是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中的唯一地址標識，本質(zhì)上是由32位二進制組成的整數(shù)，叫做IPv4，當然也有128 位二進制組成的整數(shù)，叫做IPv6，目前主流的還是IPv4
端口號本質(zhì)上是16位二進制組成的整數(shù)，表示范圍是：0 ~ 65535，其中0 ~ 1024之間的端口號通常被系統(tǒng)占用，建議編程從1025開始使用
IP地址 - 可以定位到具體某一臺設(shè)備
端口號 - 可以定位到該設(shè)備中具體某一個進程
網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程需要提供：IP地址 + 端口號，組合在一起叫做網(wǎng)絡(luò)套接字（InetSocketAddress）：Socket

4、TCP網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程

ServerSocket

方法聲明功能介紹

public ServerSocket(int port)	根據(jù)參數(shù)指定的端口號來構(gòu)造對象
public Socket accept()	偵聽并接收到此套接字的連接請求
public void close()	用于關(guān)閉套接字

Socket

方法聲明功能介紹

public Socket(String host, int port)	根據(jù)指定主機名和端口來構(gòu)造對象
public InputStream getInputStream()	用于獲取當前套接字的輸入流
public OutputStream getOutputStream()	用于獲取當前套接字的輸出流
public void close()	用于關(guān)閉套接字

4.1、客戶端發(fā)給服務(wù)器端

public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) {ServerSocket serverSocket = null;Socket socket = null;InputStream inputStream=null;try {serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8099);System.out.println("等待客戶端連接");socket = serverSocket.accept();System.out.println("終于等到你");//Thread.sleep(10000);inputStream = socket.getInputStream();int len=0;byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];while ((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){System.out.println(new String(buffer,0,len));}} catch (IOException | InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (serverSocket!=null){try {serverSocket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} } public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) {Socket socket = null;OutputStream outputStream=null;try {socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 8099);outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();outputStream.write("hello, i am ruoye!".getBytes());outputStream.flush();socket.shutdownOutput();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} }

4.2、服務(wù)器響應(yīng)

字節(jié)輸入輸出流會出現(xiàn)問題read無法讀到-1，此時應(yīng)當

outputStream.flush();
socket.shutdownOutput();

但在多次通信時，關(guān)閉流顯然不合適

public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) {ServerSocket serverSocket = null;Socket socket = null;InputStream inputStream=null;OutputStream outputStream=null;try {serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8099);System.out.println("等待客戶端連接");socket = serverSocket.accept();System.out.println("終于等到你"); // Thread.sleep(10000);inputStream = socket.getInputStream();int len=0;byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];while ((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){System.out.println(new String(buffer,0,len));}System.out.println("服務(wù)器收到消息");outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();outputStream.write("i know".getBytes());outputStream.flush();socket.shutdownOutput();System.out.println("服務(wù)器發(fā)送消息");} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (serverSocket!=null){try {serverSocket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} } public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) {Socket socket = null;OutputStream outputStream=null;InputStream inputStream=null;try {socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 8099);outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();outputStream.write("hello, i am ruoye!".getBytes());System.out.println("客戶端發(fā)送消息成功");outputStream.flush();socket.shutdownOutput();inputStream = socket.getInputStream();int len=0;byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];while ((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){System.out.println(new String(buffer,0,len));}System.out.println("客戶端接收消息");} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} }

4.3、DataInputStream流

public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) {ServerSocket serverSocket = null;Socket socket = null;InputStream inputStream=null;OutputStream outputStream=null;try {serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8099);System.out.println("等待客戶端連接");socket = serverSocket.accept();System.out.println("終于等到你"); // Thread.sleep(10000);inputStream = socket.getInputStream();DataInputStream dataInputStream=new DataInputStream(inputStream);System.out.println(dataInputStream.readUTF());System.out.println("服務(wù)器收到消息");outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);dataOutputStream.writeUTF("i know!");System.out.println("服務(wù)器發(fā)送消息");} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (serverSocket!=null){try {serverSocket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} } public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) {Socket socket = null;OutputStream outputStream=null;InputStream inputStream=null;try {socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 8099);outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);dataOutputStream.writeUTF("i am ruoye!");System.out.println("客戶端發(fā)送消息成功");System.out.println("================="+outputStream);outputStream.write("hello, i am ruoye!".getBytes());inputStream = socket.getInputStream();DataInputStream dataInputStream=new DataInputStream(inputStream);System.out.println(dataInputStream.readUTF());System.out.println("客戶端接收消息");} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} }

4.4、簡易聊天室

public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) {ServerSocket serverSocket = null;Socket socket = null;InputStream inputStream=null;OutputStream outputStream=null;try {serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8099);System.out.println("等待客戶端連接");socket = serverSocket.accept();System.out.println("終于等到你");while (true) {inputStream = socket.getInputStream();DataInputStream dataInputStream=new DataInputStream(inputStream);String s = dataInputStream.readUTF();System.out.println(s);if ("bye".equalsIgnoreCase(s)){break;}outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);dataOutputStream.writeUTF("收到"+s);}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (serverSocket!=null){try {serverSocket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} } public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) {Socket socket = null;OutputStream outputStream=null;InputStream inputStream=null;Scanner scanner=new Scanner(System.in);try {socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 8099);outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();while (true) {String next = scanner.next();DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);dataOutputStream.writeUTF(next);if ("bye".equalsIgnoreCase(next)){break;}inputStream = socket.getInputStream();DataInputStream dataInputStream=new DataInputStream(inputStream);System.out.println(dataInputStream.readUTF());}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} }

4.5、多人聊天室

public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) {ServerSocket serverSocket = null;try {serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8099);while (true){System.out.println("等待客戶端連接");Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();System.out.println("終于等到你");new Thread(new Conversation(socket)).start();}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (serverSocket!=null){try {serverSocket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} } public class Conversation implements Runnable {private Socket socket;public Conversation(Socket socket) {this.socket = socket;}@Overridepublic void run() {InputStream inputStream=null;OutputStream outputStream=null;try {while (true) {inputStream = socket.getInputStream();DataInputStream dataInputStream=new DataInputStream(inputStream);String s = dataInputStream.readUTF();System.out.println("收到 "+socket.getInetAddress()+" "+socket.getPort()+"的消息:"+s);if ("bye".equalsIgnoreCase(s)){break;}outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);dataOutputStream.writeUTF("收到 "+socket.getInetAddress()+" "+socket.getPort()+":"+s);}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} } public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) {Socket socket = null;OutputStream outputStream=null;InputStream inputStream=null;Scanner scanner=new Scanner(System.in);try {socket = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 8099);outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();while (true) {String next = scanner.next();DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);dataOutputStream.writeUTF(next);if ("bye".equalsIgnoreCase(next)){break;}inputStream = socket.getInputStream();DataInputStream dataInputStream=new DataInputStream(inputStream);System.out.println(dataInputStream.readUTF());}} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (outputStream!=null){try {outputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (inputStream!=null){try {inputStream.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}if (socket!=null){try {socket.close();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}} }

5、UDP網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程

DatagramSocket

用于描述發(fā)送和接收數(shù)據(jù)報的套接字（包裹投遞服務(wù)的發(fā)送或接收點）

方法聲明功能介紹

public DatagramSocket()	使用無參的方式構(gòu)造對象
public DatagramSocket(int port)	根據(jù)參數(shù)指定的端口號來構(gòu)造對象
public void receive(DatagramPacket p)	用于接收數(shù)據(jù)報存放到參數(shù)指定的位置
public void send(DatagramPacket p)	用于將參數(shù)指定的數(shù)據(jù)報發(fā)送出去
public void close()	關(guān)閉Socket并釋放相關(guān)資源

DatagramPacket

要用于描述數(shù)據(jù)報（用來實現(xiàn)無連接包裹投遞服務(wù)）

方法聲明功能介紹

public DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length)	根據(jù)參數(shù)指定的數(shù)組來構(gòu)造對象，用于接收長度為length的數(shù)據(jù)報
public DatagramPacket(byte[] buf, int length, InetAddress address, int port)	根據(jù)參數(shù)指定數(shù)組來構(gòu)造對象，將數(shù)據(jù)報發(fā)送到指定地址和端口
public InetAddress getAddress()	用于獲取發(fā)送方或接收方的通信地址
public int getPort()	用于獲取發(fā)送方或接收方的端口號
public int getLength()	用于獲取發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)或接收數(shù)據(jù)的長度

InetAddress

方法聲明功能介紹

public static InetAddress getLocalHost()	用于獲取當前主機的通信地址
public static InetAddress getByName(String host)	根據(jù)參數(shù)指定的主機名獲取通信地址

5.1、簡易廣播

5.1、帶回復(fù)的廣播

public class Receive {public static void main(String[] args) {DatagramSocket datagramSocket = null;try {datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(8099);byte[] bytes=new byte[512];DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(bytes,bytes.length);System.out.println("等待發(fā)送消息");datagramSocket.receive(datagramPacket);System.out.println("等待到的內(nèi)容"+new String(bytes,0,datagramPacket.getLength()));String str = "i know";DatagramPacket datagramPacket1 = new DatagramPacket(str.getBytes(), str.length(),datagramPacket.getAddress(),datagramPacket.getPort());datagramSocket.send(datagramPacket1);} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (datagramSocket!=null){datagramSocket.close();}}} } public class Send {public static void main(String[] args) {DatagramSocket datagramSocket = null;try {datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(8100);String str="hello udp!";DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(str.getBytes(), str.length(),new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1",8099));datagramSocket.send(datagramPacket);byte[] bytes=new byte[512];DatagramPacket datagramPacket1 = new DatagramPacket(bytes,bytes.length);System.out.println("等待回復(fù)消息");datagramSocket.receive(datagramPacket1);System.out.println("等待到的回復(fù)內(nèi)容"+new String(bytes,0,datagramPacket1.getLength()));} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {if (datagramSocket!=null){datagramSocket.close();}}} }

6、URL

統(tǒng)一資源定位器

<傳輸協(xié)議>://<主機名>:<端口號>/<資源地址> 方法聲明功能介紹

URL(String spec)	根據(jù)參數(shù)指定的字符串信息構(gòu)造對象
String getProtocol()	獲取協(xié)議名稱
String getHost()	獲取主機名稱
int getPort()	獲取端口號
String getPath()	獲取路徑信息
String getFile()	獲取文件名
URLConnection openConnection()	獲取URLConnection類的實例

URLConnection

方法聲明功能介紹

InputStream getInputStream()	獲取輸入流
void disconnect()	斷開連接

public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {try {URL url = new URL("https://www.baidu.com/");System.out.println(url.getProtocol());System.out.println(url.getHost());System.out.println(url.getPort());} catch (MalformedURLException e) {e.printStackTrace();}} }

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