??? 前言：為什么要研究Ruby on Rails的部署
??? 學(xué)習(xí)Ruby on Rails已經(jīng)一段時(shí)間了，一直使用自帶的WEBrick服務(wù)器進(jìn)行開發(fā)。
??? WEBrick是一款純Ruby編寫的服務(wù)器，使用方便，很適合開發(fā)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)調(diào)試。但是它不支持多線程訪問，換句話說，所有的Ruby請(qǐng)求都是按照到達(dá)的時(shí)間先后，順序處理的，因此效率不高，無法應(yīng)用在實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中。所以今天研究了一下如何將Rails3應(yīng)用部署到真實(shí)的線上環(huán)境中。
???
??? 搜集了一下當(dāng)前比較流行的Rails部署方案，這些資料里面介紹了許多可選的方案：
??? 1、Agile Web Development with Rails (4th edition)，Chapter 16；
??? 2、范凱的博客：在Linux平臺(tái)上安裝和配置Ruby on Rails詳解；
??? 3、一個(gè)日本開發(fā)者的博客：Rails 3.0.0rc + lighttpd + FastCGI で無理矢理動(dòng)かしてみた。
??? 其中，范凱在RoR部署方案深度剖析一文中詳細(xì)列舉和分析了各種方案的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)以及性能上的差異，十分有借鑒意義。他認(rèn)為各個(gè)方案在性能方面的排序?yàn)?#xff1a;
??? Lighttpd+FastCGI? >? Lighttpd+Mongrel? >? Nginx+Mongrel? >? Apache+Mongrel? >? Ngignx+FastCGI? >? Apache+FastCGI
??? 因此，本文也采取了和他相同的部署方案。但是，由于他的博客較老，Ruby on Rails兩年來從2.x升級(jí)到了3.x，以前的部署步驟也發(fā)生了變化，按照他的方法已經(jīng)無法成功部署Rails3應(yīng)用了。因此，本文根據(jù)相關(guān)資料，進(jìn)行了些嘗試。
???
??? 我使用的環(huán)境如下：
??? 1、Linux ubuntu 2.6.32-32-generic #62-Ubuntu SMP Wed Apr 20 21:54:21 UTC 2011 i686 GNU/Linux
??? 2、gcc version 4.3.4 (Ubuntu 4.3.4-10ubuntu1)
??? 在開始部署之前，請(qǐng)確保你有一個(gè)Unix系統(tǒng)和較高版本的gcc編譯器。
???
??? 一、安裝Ruby解釋器
??? 現(xiàn)在Ruby提供了針對(duì)Ubuntu平臺(tái)的deb安裝包，并且你也可以使用apt-get安裝Ruby解釋器，但是我仍然建議自行下載Ruby源代碼編譯安裝。因?yàn)榭梢宰约憾ㄖ芌uby安裝的路徑，并且可以在編譯過程中自行添加更多的特性，還可以自己控制安裝的版本。
??? Ruby的源代碼可以從Ruby官方網(wǎng)站下載：Ruby解釋器下載
??? 下載源代碼包到本地Linux主機(jī)，然后解壓縮，進(jìn)入該目錄，進(jìn)行配置，編譯和安裝：
??? tar xvfz ruby-1.9.2-p180.tar.gz
??? cd ruby-1.9.2-p180
??? ./configure -prefix=/opt/ruby-1.9.2-p180
??? make && make install
??
??? 如果想瀏覽所有的configure參數(shù)，可以：
??? ./configure -h
??? 如果不定制安裝的目錄，默認(rèn)將安裝到/usr/local目錄下面。然而我建議自行定制一個(gè)ruby的安裝目錄，例如/opt/ruby-1.9.2-p180，這樣便于以后的升級(jí)，不會(huì)和操作系統(tǒng)其他軟件混在一起。而且今后可能會(huì)安裝其他版本的Ruby解釋器，通過分開目錄安裝還可以在不同的Ruby解釋器之間切換。
?
??? 安裝好以后，我比較喜歡在/usr/local/bin下面建立軟連接的方式來把Ruby加入系統(tǒng)搜索路徑：
??? ln -s /opt/ruby-1.9.2-p180/bin/ruby /usr/local/bin/ruby
??? ln -s /opt/ruby-1.9.2-p180/bin/gem /usr/local/bin/gem

??? 二、安裝Ruby on Rails
??? 確認(rèn)服務(wù)器已經(jīng)連接互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的情況下執(zhí)行：
??? gem install rails
??? 即通過gem從rubyforge網(wǎng)站下載rails所有依賴包安裝。
??
??? 安裝好rails以后，可以執(zhí)行：
??? ln -s /opt/ruby-1.9.2-p180/bin/rails /usr/local/bin/rails
??? rails –v
??? 確認(rèn)一下rails的版本。

??? 三、安裝Ruby的數(shù)據(jù)庫適配器
??? Rails發(fā)行包中已經(jīng)自帶純Ruby的MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫適配器，然而對(duì)于生產(chǎn)環(huán)境來說，我們?nèi)匀粦?yīng)該下載安裝C版本的數(shù)據(jù)庫適配器，以達(dá)到更好的性能。Rails升級(jí)到3.0之后，推薦使用mysql2作為MySQL驅(qū)動(dòng)，從這里可以下載mysql2-0.2.11.gem
??? gem install mysql2-0.2.11.gem -l -- --with-mysql-dir=/opt/mysql5
??? 注意--with-mysql-dir應(yīng)該指向MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫的安裝路徑，如果數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器和Web服務(wù)器不在同一臺(tái)機(jī)器上，那么Web服務(wù)器上也必須安裝MySQL軟件，因?yàn)閞uby的C版本MySQL適配器需要在編譯的時(shí)候聯(lián)接MySQL的系統(tǒng)庫。

??? 四、安裝fcgi支持庫
??? 由于Ruby的fcgi支持庫需要在編譯的時(shí)候聯(lián)接fcgi的系統(tǒng)庫，因此我們需要先安裝fcgi庫，下載fcgi源代碼發(fā)行包fcgi-2.4.0.tar.gz
??? tar xzvf fcgi-2.4.0.tar.gz
??? cd fcgi-2.4.0
??? ./configure --prefix=/opt/fcgi-2.4.0
??? make && make install
??? 同樣，將fcgi安裝在自己指定的目錄下，而不是默認(rèn)的/usr/local，避免多個(gè)軟件混在一起。

??? 五、安裝Ruby的FCGI支持
??? 接下來就可以安裝ruby的fcgi支持庫了，下載fcgi-0.8.8.tgz
??? tar xzvf fcgi-0.8.8.tgz
??? cd fcgi-0.8.8
??? ruby install.rb config -- --with-fcgi-include=/opt/fcgi-2.4.0/include --with-fcgi-lib=/opt/fcgi-2.4.0/lib
??? ruby install.rb setup
??? ruby install.rb install
??? 注意：安裝完畢之后，請(qǐng)確保/opt/ruby-1.9.2/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.9.1/i686-linux/目錄下有這三個(gè)共享庫文件：fcgi.so? mysql.so? openssl.so，否則運(yùn)行中會(huì)出現(xiàn)問題。如果缺少fcgi.so請(qǐng)重復(fù)步驟五，如果缺少mysql.so請(qǐng)重復(fù)步驟三，如果缺少openssl.so，請(qǐng)安裝openssl庫之后重復(fù)步驟一。

??? 六、安裝Lighttpd Web Server
??? 在安裝lighttpd之前，應(yīng)該確認(rèn)操作系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)安裝pcre，即Perl兼容的規(guī)則表達(dá)式庫。
??? 如果沒有，請(qǐng)執(zhí)行：
??? sudo apt-get install libpcre3 libpcre3-dev
?
??? 然后下載Lighttpd：
??? http://www.lighttpd.net/download/
??? tar xzvf lighttpd-1.4.28.tar.gz
??? cd lighttpd-1.4.28
??? ./configure --prefix=/opt/lighttpd-1.4.28
?
??? configure完畢以后，會(huì)給出一個(gè)激活的模塊和沒有激活模塊的清單，可以檢查一下，是否自己需要的模塊都已經(jīng)激活，在enable的模塊中一定要有“mod_rewrite”這一項(xiàng)，否則重新檢查pcre是否安裝。然后編譯安裝：
??? make && make install

??? 七、配置Lighttpd
??? 將Lighttpd的示例配置文件拷貝到配置文件目錄中放置：
??? mkdir /etc/lighttpd
??? cp ./lighttpd-1.4.28/doc/config/lighttpd.conf /etc/lighttpd/
??? cp ./lighttpd-1.4.28/doc/config/modules.conf /etc/lighttpd/
??? 同時(shí)可以根據(jù)你的實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行修改，主要修改如下：
??? 1）對(duì)/etc/lighttpd/modules.conf進(jìn)行如下修改：
?????? server.modules = (
?????????? "mod_access",
?????????? "mod_alias",
?????????? "mod_auth",
?????????? "mod_evasive",
?????????? "mod_redirect",
?????????? "mod_rewrite",
?????????? "mod_setenv",
?????????? "mod_usertrack",
?????????? "mod_fastcgi",
?????????? "mod_simple_vhost",
?????????? "mod_compress",
?????????? "mod_accesslog",
?????? )
?????? 這個(gè)文件設(shè)置了lighttpd需要開啟的模塊。
??? 2）對(duì)/etc/lighttpd/modules.conf進(jìn)行如下修改：
?????? server.document-root, server.error-log，accesslog.filename需要指定相應(yīng)的目錄，如果沒有創(chuàng)建對(duì)應(yīng)的目錄，lighttpd啟動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)。
??? 3）用什么權(quán)限來運(yùn)行Lighttpd
?????? server.username = "USER_NAME"
?????? server.groupname = "USER_GROUP"
?????? 從安全角度來說，不建議用root權(quán)限運(yùn)行Web Server，可以自行指定普通用戶權(quán)限。
??? 4) 配置Lighttpd和Ruby on Rails之間的通信
?????? 這一步配置十分重要，最簡單的配置如下：
?????? $HTTP["host"] =~ "(^|\.)testmengli\.com" {
?????????? server.document-root = "/home/jowett/mini/public"
?????????? server.error-handler-404 = "/dispatch.fcgi"
?????????? fastcgi.server = (".fcgi" =>
?????????????? ("localhost" =>
?????????????????? (
???????????????????? "min-procs" => 1,
???????????????????? "max-procs" => 2,
???????????????????? "socket" => "/home/jowett/mini/tmp/socket/rails.socket",
???????????????????? "bin-path" => "/home/jowett/mini/public/dispatch.fcgi",
???????????????????? "bin-environment" => ("RAILS_ENV" => "development")
?????????????????? )
?????????????? )
?????????? )
?????? }
?????? 即由lighttpd啟動(dòng)2個(gè)FCGI進(jìn)程，lighttpd和fcgi之間使用本機(jī)Unix Socket通信。
?????? socket：指定了通信的socket文件的存放位置；
?????? bin-path：指定了request轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的程序位置；
?????? server.error-handler-404：指定了請(qǐng)求的資源找不到時(shí)，進(jìn)行處理的程序。相當(dāng)于把動(dòng)態(tài)請(qǐng)求過濾給Ruby on Rails服務(wù)器進(jìn)行處理。
?????? 5) 配置mime
????????? 必須設(shè)置mime配置文件，不然lighttpd無法識(shí)別css、image等資源類型。
?????????
????????? 在/etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf中添加一行：
????????? include "mime.conf"
????????? 然后創(chuàng)建mime配置文件：
????????? touch /etc/lighttpd/mime.conf
?????????
????????? 并且加入如下內(nèi)容：
????????? ##? MimeType handling
????????? ## -------------------
????????? ##
????????? ## Use the "Content-Type" extended attribute to obtain mime type if
????????? ## possible
????????? ##
????????? mimetype.use-xattr??????? = "disable"
????????? ##
????????? ## mimetype mapping
????????? ##
????????? mimetype.assign???????????? = (
??????????? ".pdf"????????? =>????? "application/pdf",
??????????? ".sig"????????? =>????? "application/pgp-signature",
??????????? ".spl"????????? =>????? "application/futuresplash",
??????????? ".class"??????? =>????? "application/octet-stream",
??????????? ".ps"?????????? =>????? "application/postscript",
??????????? ".torrent"????? =>????? "application/x-bittorrent",
??????????? ".dvi"????????? =>????? "application/x-dvi",
??????????? ".gz"?????????? =>????? "application/x-gzip",
??????????? ".pac"????????? =>????? "application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig",
??????????? ".swf"????????? =>????? "application/x-shockwave-flash",
??????????? ".tar.gz"?????? =>????? "application/x-tgz",
??????????? ".tgz"????????? =>????? "application/x-tgz",
??????????? ".tar"????????? =>????? "application/x-tar",
??????????? ".zip"????????? =>????? "application/zip",
??????????? ".mp3"????????? =>????? "audio/mpeg",
??????????? ".m3u"????????? =>????? "audio/x-mpegurl",
??????????? ".wma"????????? =>????? "audio/x-ms-wma",
??????????? ".wax"????????? =>????? "audio/x-ms-wax",
??????????? ".ogg"????????? =>????? "application/ogg",
??????????? ".wav"????????? =>????? "audio/x-wav",
??????????? ".gif"????????? =>????? "image/gif",
??????????? ".jpg"????????? =>????? "image/jpeg",
??????????? ".jpeg"???????? =>????? "image/jpeg",
??????????? ".png"????????? =>????? "image/png",
??????????? ".xbm"????????? =>????? "image/x-xbitmap",
??????????? ".xpm"????????? =>????? "image/x-xpixmap",
??????????? ".xwd"????????? =>????? "image/x-xwindowdump",
??????????? ".css"????????? =>????? "text/css",
??????????? ".html"???????? =>????? "text/html",
??????????? ".htm"????????? =>????? "text/html",
??????????? ".js"?????????? =>????? "text/javascript",
??????????? ".asc"????????? =>????? "text/plain",
??????????? ".c"??????????? =>????? "text/plain",
??????????? ".cpp"????????? =>????? "text/plain",
??????????? ".log"????????? =>????? "text/plain",
??????????? ".conf"???????? =>????? "text/plain",
??????????? ".text"???????? =>????? "text/plain",
??????????? ".txt"????????? =>????? "text/plain",
??????????? ".spec"???????? =>????? "text/plain",
??????????? ".dtd"????????? =>????? "text/xml",
??????????? ".xml"????????? =>????? "text/xml",
??????????? ".mpeg"???????? =>????? "video/mpeg",
??????????? ".mpg"????????? =>????? "video/mpeg",
??????????? ".mov"????????? =>????? "video/quicktime",
??????????? ".qt"?????????? =>????? "video/quicktime",
??????????? ".avi"????????? =>????? "video/x-msvideo",
??????????? ".asf"????????? =>????? "video/x-ms-asf",
??????????? ".asx"????????? =>????? "video/x-ms-asf",
??????????? ".wmv"????????? =>????? "video/x-ms-wmv",
??????????? ".bz2"????????? =>????? "application/x-bzip",
??????????? ".tbz"????????? =>????? "application/x-bzip-compressed-tar",
??????????? ".tar.bz2"????? =>????? "application/x-bzip-compressed-tar",
??????????? ".odt"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text",
??????????? ".ods"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet",
??????????? ".odp"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation",
??????????? ".odg"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics",
??????????? ".odc"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart",
??????????? ".odf"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula",
??????????? ".odi"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image",
??????????? ".odm"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master",
??????????? ".ott"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template",
??????????? ".ots"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template",
??????????? ".otp"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template",
??????????? ".otg"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics-template",
??????????? ".otc"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template",
??????????? ".otf"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula-template",
??????????? ".oti"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image-template",
??????????? ".oth"????????? =>????? "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web",
????????? # make the default mime type application/octet-stream.
??????????? ""????????????? =>????? "application/octet-stream",
????????? )

????八、啟動(dòng)Lighttpd
??? 在/etc/hosts文件中加入下面一行：
??? 127.0.0.1?????? testmengli.com
??? Lighttpd的啟動(dòng)命令是：/usr/local/lighttpd/sbin/lighttpd -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf
??? 通過以上步驟，就基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了Rails應(yīng)用在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境下的部署，用到的技術(shù)包括Lighttpd+fcgi+mysql，希望對(duì)大家有幫助！

轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/mengli/archive/2012/11/20/2778431.html

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