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高級(jí)查詢(xún)?cè)跀?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中用得是最頻繁的，也是應(yīng)用最廣泛的。

? 基本常用查詢(xún)

--select select * from student; ? --all 查詢(xún)所有 select all sex from student; ? --distinct 過(guò)濾重復(fù) select distinct sex from student; ? --count 統(tǒng)計(jì) select count(*) from student; select count(sex) from student; select count(distinct sex) from student; ? --top 取前N條記錄 select top 3 * from student; ? --alias column name 列重命名 select id as 編號(hào), name '名稱(chēng)', sex 性別 from student; ? --alias table name 表重命名 select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s; ? --column 列運(yùn)算 select (age + id) col from student; select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id; ? --where 條件 select * from student where id = 2; select * from student where id > 7; select * from student where id < 3; select * from student where id <> 3; select * from student where id >= 3; select * from student where id <= 5; select * from student where id !> 3; select * from student where id !< 5; ? --and 并且 select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1; ? --or 或者 select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1; ? --between ... and ... 相當(dāng)于并且 select * from student where id between 2 and 5; select * from student where id not between 2 and 5; ? --like 模糊查詢(xún) select * from student where name like '%a%'; select * from student where name like '%[a][o]%'; select * from student where name not like '%a%'; select * from student where name like 'ja%'; select * from student where name not like '%[j,n]%'; select * from student where name like '%[j,n,a]%'; select * from student where name like '%[^ja,as,on]%'; select * from student where name like '%[ja_on]%'; ? --in 子查詢(xún) select * from student where id in (1, 2); ? --not in 不在其中 select * from student where id not in (1, 2); ? --is null 是空 select * from student where age is null; ? --is not null 不為空 select * from student where age is not null; ? --order by 排序 select * from student order by name; select * from student order by name desc; select * from student order by name asc; ? --group by 分組 按照年齡進(jìn)行分組統(tǒng)計(jì) select count(age), age from student group by age; 按照性別進(jìn)行分組統(tǒng)計(jì) select count(*), sex from student group by sex; 按照年齡和性別組合分組統(tǒng)計(jì)，并排序 select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age; 按照性別分組，并且是id大于2的記錄最后按照性別排序 select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex; 查詢(xún)id大于2的數(shù)據(jù)，并完成運(yùn)算后的結(jié)果進(jìn)行分組和排序 select count(*), (sex * id) new from student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id; ? --group by all 所有分組 按照年齡分組，是所有的年齡 select count(*), age from student group by all age; ? --having 分組過(guò)濾條件 按照年齡分組，過(guò)濾年齡為空的數(shù)據(jù)，并且統(tǒng)計(jì)分組的條數(shù)和現(xiàn)實(shí)年齡信息 select count(*), age from student group by age having age is not null; ? 按照年齡和cid組合分組，過(guò)濾條件是cid大于1的記錄 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1; ? 按照年齡分組，過(guò)濾條件是分組后的記錄條數(shù)大于等于2 select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2; ? 按照cid和性別組合分組，過(guò)濾條件是cid大于1，cid的最大值大于2 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;

? 嵌套子查詢(xún)

??? 子查詢(xún)是一個(gè)嵌套在select、insert、update或delete語(yǔ)句或其他子查詢(xún)中的查詢(xún)。任何允許使用表達(dá)式的地方都可以使用子查詢(xún)。子查詢(xún)也稱(chēng)為內(nèi)部查詢(xún)或內(nèi)部選擇，而包含子查詢(xún)的語(yǔ)句也成為外部查詢(xún)或外部選擇。

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# from (select … table)示例

將一個(gè)table的查詢(xún)結(jié)果當(dāng)做一個(gè)新表進(jìn)行查詢(xún) select * from ( select id, name from student where sex = 1 ) t where t.id > 2;

上面括號(hào)中的語(yǔ)句，就是子查詢(xún)語(yǔ)句（內(nèi)部查詢(xún)）。在外面的是外部查詢(xún)，其中外部查詢(xún)可以包含以下語(yǔ)句：

???? 1、 包含常規(guī)選擇列表組件的常規(guī)select查詢(xún)

???? 2、 包含一個(gè)或多個(gè)表或視圖名稱(chēng)的常規(guī)from語(yǔ)句

???? 3、 可選的where子句

???? 4、 可選的group by子句

???? 5、 可選的having子句

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# 示例

查詢(xún)班級(jí)信息，統(tǒng)計(jì)班級(jí)學(xué)生人生 select *, (select count(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num from classes order by num;

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# in, not in子句查詢(xún)示例

查詢(xún)班級(jí)id大于小于的這些班級(jí)的學(xué)生信息 select * from student where cid in ( select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4 ); ? 查詢(xún)不是班的學(xué)生信息 select * from student where cid not in ( select id from classes where name = '2班' )

in、not in 后面的子句返回的結(jié)果必須是一列，這一列的結(jié)果將會(huì)作為查詢(xún)條件對(duì)應(yīng)前面的條件。如cid對(duì)應(yīng)子句的id；

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# exists和not exists子句查詢(xún)示例

查詢(xún)存在班級(jí)id為的學(xué)生信息 select * from student where exists ( select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3 ); ? 查詢(xún)沒(méi)有分配班級(jí)的學(xué)生信息 select * from student where not exists ( select * from classes where id = student.cid );

exists和not exists查詢(xún)需要內(nèi)部查詢(xún)和外部查詢(xún)進(jìn)行一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)的條件，如果沒(méi)有這個(gè)條件將是查詢(xún)到的所有信息。如：id等于student.id；

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# some、any、all子句查詢(xún)示例

查詢(xún)班級(jí)的學(xué)生年齡大于班級(jí)的學(xué)生的年齡的信息 select * from student where cid = 5 and age > all ( select age from student where cid = 3 ); ? select * from student where cid = 5 and age > any ( select age from student where cid = 3 ); ? select * from student where cid = 5 and age > some ( select age from student where cid = 3 );

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? 聚合查詢(xún)

1、 distinct去掉重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)

select distinct sex from student; select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;

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2、 compute和compute by匯總查詢(xún)

對(duì)年齡大于的進(jìn)行匯總 select age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age; ? 對(duì)年齡大于的按照性別進(jìn)行分組匯總年齡信息 select id, sex, age from student where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex; ? 按照年齡分組匯總 select age from student where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age); ? 按照年齡分組，年齡匯總，id找最大值 select id, age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);

compute進(jìn)行匯總前面是查詢(xún)的結(jié)果，后面一條結(jié)果集就是匯總的信息。compute子句中可以添加多個(gè)匯總表達(dá)式，可以添加的信息如下：

???? a、 可選by關(guān)鍵字。它是每一列計(jì)算指定的行聚合

???? b、 行聚合函數(shù)名稱(chēng)。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等

???? c、 要對(duì)其執(zhí)行聚合函數(shù)的列

???? compute by適合做先分組后匯總的業(yè)務(wù)。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出現(xiàn)的列。

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3、 cube匯總

cube匯總和compute效果類(lèi)似，但語(yǔ)法較簡(jiǎn)潔，而且返回的是一個(gè)結(jié)果集。

select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube; select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;

cube要結(jié)合group by語(yǔ)句完成分組匯總

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? 排序函數(shù)

?? 排序在很多地方需要用到，需要對(duì)查詢(xún)結(jié)果進(jìn)行排序并且給出序號(hào)。比如：

?? 1、 對(duì)某張表進(jìn)行排序，序號(hào)需要遞增不重復(fù)的

?? 2、 對(duì)學(xué)生的成績(jī)進(jìn)行排序，得出名次，名次可以并列，但名次的序號(hào)是連續(xù)遞增的

?? 3、 在某些排序的情況下，需要跳空序號(hào)，雖然是并列

基本語(yǔ)法

排序函數(shù) over([分組語(yǔ)句] 排序子句[desc][asc]) 排序子句 order by 列名, 列名 分組子句 partition by 分組列, 分組列

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# row_number函數(shù)

根據(jù)排序子句給出遞增連續(xù)序號(hào)

按照名稱(chēng)排序的順序遞增 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(order by c.name) as number from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

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# rank函數(shù)函數(shù)

根據(jù)排序子句給出遞增的序號(hào)，但是存在并列并且跳空

順序遞增 select id, name, rank() over(order by cid) as rank from student; ? 跳過(guò)相同遞增 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(order by c.name) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

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# dense_rank函數(shù)

根據(jù)排序子句給出遞增的序號(hào)，但是存在并列不跳空

不跳過(guò)，直接遞增 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(order by c.name) as dense from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

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# partition by分組子句

可以完成對(duì)分組的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行增加排序，partition by可以與以上三個(gè)函數(shù)聯(lián)合使用。

利用partition by按照班級(jí)名稱(chēng)分組，學(xué)生id排序 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; ? select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; ? select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

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# ntile平均排序函數(shù)

將要排序的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行平分，然后按照等分排序。ntile中的參數(shù)代表分成多少等分。

select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, ntile(5) over(order by c.name) as ntile from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

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? 集合運(yùn)算

操作兩組查詢(xún)結(jié)果，進(jìn)行交集、并集、減集運(yùn)算

1、 union和union all進(jìn)行并集運(yùn)算

--union 并集、不重復(fù) select id, name from student where name like 'ja%' union select id, name from student where id = 4; ? --并集、重復(fù) select * from student where name like 'ja%' union all select * from student;

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2、 intersect進(jìn)行交集運(yùn)算

--交集（相同部分） select * from student where name like 'ja%' intersect select * from student;

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3、 except進(jìn)行減集運(yùn)算

--減集（除相同部分） select * from student where name like 'ja%' except select * from student where name like 'jas%';

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? 公式表表達(dá)式

查詢(xún)表的時(shí)候，有時(shí)候中間表需要重復(fù)使用，這些子查詢(xún)被重復(fù)查詢(xún)調(diào)用，不但效率低，而且可讀性低，不利于理解。那么公式表表達(dá)式可以解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

我們可以將公式表表達(dá)式（CET）視為臨時(shí)結(jié)果集，在select、insert、update、delete或是create view語(yǔ)句的執(zhí)行范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行定義。

--表達(dá)式 with statNum(id, num) as ( select cid, count(*) from student where id > 0 group by cid ) select id, num from statNum order by id; ? with statNum(id, num) as ( select cid, count(*) from student where id > 0 group by cid ) select max(id), avg(num) from statNum;

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? 連接查詢(xún)

1、 簡(jiǎn)化連接查詢(xún)

--簡(jiǎn)化聯(lián)接查詢(xún) select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;

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2、 left join左連接

--左連接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

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3、 right join右連接

--右連接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

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4、 inner join內(nèi)連接

--內(nèi)連接 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id; ? --inner可以省略 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id;

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5、 cross join交叉連接

--交叉聯(lián)接查詢(xún)，結(jié)果是一個(gè)笛卡兒乘積 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c --where s.cid = c.id;

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6、 自連接（同一張表進(jìn)行連接查詢(xún)）

--自連接 select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;

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? 函數(shù)

1、 聚合函數(shù)

max最大值、min最小值、count統(tǒng)計(jì)、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差

select max(age) max_age, min(age) min_age, count(age) count_age, avg(age) avg_age, sum(age) sum_age, var(age) var_age from student;

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2、 日期時(shí)間函數(shù)

select dateAdd(day, 3, getDate());--加天 select dateAdd(year, 3, getDate());--加年 select dateAdd(hour, 3, getDate());--加小時(shí) --返回跨兩個(gè)指定日期的日期邊界數(shù)和時(shí)間邊界數(shù) select dateDiff(day, '2011-06-20', getDate()); --相差秒數(shù) select dateDiff(second, '2011-06-22 11:00:00', getDate()); --相差小時(shí)數(shù) select dateDiff(hour, '2011-06-22 10:00:00', getDate()); select dateName(month, getDate());--當(dāng)前月份 select dateName(minute, getDate());--當(dāng)前分鐘 select dateName(weekday, getDate());--當(dāng)前星期 select datePart(month, getDate());--當(dāng)前月份 select datePart(weekday, getDate());--當(dāng)前星期 select datePart(second, getDate());--當(dāng)前秒數(shù) select day(getDate());--返回當(dāng)前日期天數(shù) select day('2011-06-30');--返回當(dāng)前日期天數(shù) select month(getDate());--返回當(dāng)前日期月份 select month('2011-11-10'); select year(getDate());--返回當(dāng)前日期年份 select year('2010-11-10'); select getDate();--當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)日期 select getUTCDate();--utc日期

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3、 數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù)

select pi();--PI函數(shù) select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();--隨機(jī)數(shù) select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);--精確小數(shù)位 --精確位數(shù)，負(fù)數(shù)表示小數(shù)點(diǎn)前 select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2); select round(123.4567, 1, 2);

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4、 元數(shù)據(jù)

select col_name(object_id('student'), 1);--返回列名 select col_name(object_id('student'), 2); --該列數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型長(zhǎng)度 select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 2)); --該列數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型長(zhǎng)度 select col_length('student', col_name(object_id('student'), 1)); --返回類(lèi)型名稱(chēng)、類(lèi)型id select type_name(type_id('varchar')), type_id('varchar'); --返回列類(lèi)型長(zhǎng)度 select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'name', 'PRECISION'); --返回列所在索引位置 select columnProperty(object_id('student'), 'sex', 'ColumnId');

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5、 字符串函數(shù)

select ascii('a');--字符轉(zhuǎn)換ascii值 select ascii('A'); select char(97);--ascii值轉(zhuǎn)換字符 select char(65); select nchar(65); select nchar(45231); select nchar(32993);--unicode轉(zhuǎn)換字符 select unicode('A'), unicode('中');--返回unicode編碼值 select soundex('hello'), soundex('world'), soundex('word'); select patindex('%a', 'ta'), patindex('%ac%', 'jack'), patindex('dex%', 'dexjack');--匹配字符索引 select 'a' + space(2) + 'b', 'c' + space(5) + 'd';--輸出空格 select charIndex('o', 'hello world');--查找索引 select charIndex('o', 'hello world', 6);--查找索引 select quoteName('abc[]def'), quoteName('123]45'); --精確數(shù)字 select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4); select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6); select difference('hello', 'helloWorld');--比較字符串相同 select difference('hello', 'world'); select difference('hello', 'llo'); select difference('hello', 'hel'); select difference('hello', 'hello'); select replace('abcedef', 'e', 'E');--替換字符串 select stuff('hello world', 3, 4, 'ABC');--指定位置替換字符串 select replicate('abc#', 3);--重復(fù)字符串 select subString('abc', 1, 1), subString('abc', 1, 2), subString('hello Wrold', 7, 5);--截取字符串 select len('abc');--返回長(zhǎng)度 select reverse('sqlServer');--反轉(zhuǎn)字符串 ? select left('leftString', 4);--取左邊字符串 select left('leftString', 7); select right('leftString', 6);--取右邊字符串 select right('leftString', 3); select lower('aBc'), lower('ABC');--小寫(xiě) select upper('aBc'), upper('abc');--大寫(xiě) --去掉左邊空格 select ltrim(' abc'), ltrim('# abc#'), ltrim(' abc'); --去掉右邊空格 select rtrim(' abc '), rtrim('# abc# '), rtrim('abc');

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6、 安全函數(shù)

select current_user; select user; select user_id(), user_id('dbo'), user_id('public'), user_id('guest'); select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2); select session_user; select suser_id('sa'); select suser_sid(), suser_sid('sa'), suser_sid('sysadmin'), suser_sid('serveradmin'); select is_member('dbo'), is_member('public'); select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3); select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03); select is_srvRoleMember('sysadmin'), is_srvRoleMember('serveradmin'); select permissions(object_id('student')); select system_user; select schema_id(), schema_id('dbo'), schema_id('guest'); select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3);

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7、 系統(tǒng)函數(shù)

select app_name();--當(dāng)前會(huì)話(huà)的應(yīng)用程序名稱(chēng) select cast(2011 as datetime), cast('10' as money), cast('0' as varbinary);--類(lèi)型轉(zhuǎn)換 select convert(datetime, '2011');--類(lèi)型轉(zhuǎn)換 select coalesce(null, 'a'), coalesce('123', 'a');--返回其參數(shù)中第一個(gè)非空表達(dá)式 select collationProperty('Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS', 'CodePage'); select current_timestamp;--當(dāng)前時(shí)間戳 select current_user; select isDate(getDate()), isDate('abc'), isNumeric(1), isNumeric('a'); select dataLength('abc'); select host_id(); select host_name(); select db_name(); select ident_current('student'), ident_current('classes');--返回主鍵id的最大值 select ident_incr('student'), ident_incr('classes');--id的增量值 select ident_seed('student'), ident_seed('classes'); select @@identity;--最后一次自增的值 select identity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;--將studeng表的烈屬，以/1自增形式創(chuàng)建一個(gè)tab select * from tab; select @@rowcount;--影響行數(shù) select @@cursor_rows;--返回連接上打開(kāi)的游標(biāo)的當(dāng)前限定行的數(shù)目 select @@error;--T-SQL的錯(cuò)誤號(hào) select @@procid;

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8、 配置函數(shù)

set datefirst 7;--設(shè)置每周的第一天，表示周日 select @@datefirst as '星期的第一天', datepart(dw, getDate()) AS '今天是星期'; select @@dbts;--返回當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)唯一時(shí)間戳 set language 'Italian'; select @@langId as 'Language ID';--返回語(yǔ)言id select @@language as 'Language Name';--返回當(dāng)前語(yǔ)言名稱(chēng) select @@lock_timeout;--返回當(dāng)前會(huì)話(huà)的當(dāng)前鎖定超時(shí)設(shè)置（毫秒） select @@max_connections;--返回SQL Server 實(shí)例允許同時(shí)進(jìn)行的最大用戶(hù)連接數(shù) select @@MAX_PRECISION AS 'Max Precision';--返回decimal 和numeric 數(shù)據(jù)類(lèi)型所用的精度級(jí)別 select @@SERVERNAME;--SQL Server 的本地服務(wù)器的名稱(chēng) select @@SERVICENAME;--服務(wù)名 select @@SPID;--當(dāng)前會(huì)話(huà)進(jìn)程id select @@textSize; select @@version;--當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)版本信息

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9、 系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)計(jì)函數(shù)

select @@CONNECTIONS;--連接數(shù) select @@PACK_RECEIVED; select @@CPU_BUSY; select @@PACK_SENT; select @@TIMETICKS; select @@IDLE; select @@TOTAL_ERRORS; select @@IO_BUSY; select @@TOTAL_READ;--讀取磁盤(pán)次數(shù) select @@PACKET_ERRORS;--發(fā)生的網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)包錯(cuò)誤數(shù) select @@TOTAL_WRITE;--sqlserver執(zhí)行的磁盤(pán)寫(xiě)入次數(shù) select patIndex('%soft%', 'microsoft SqlServer'); select patIndex('soft%', 'software SqlServer'); select patIndex('%soft', 'SqlServer microsoft'); select patIndex('%so_gr%', 'Jsonisprogram');

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10、 用戶(hù)自定義函數(shù)

# 查看當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)所有函數(shù)

--查詢(xún)所有已創(chuàng)建函數(shù) select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id and type in('fn', 'if', 'tf');

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# 創(chuàng)建函數(shù)

if (object_id('fun_add', 'fn') is not null) drop function fun_add go create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int) returns int with execute as caller as begin declare @result int; if (@num1 is null) set @num1 = 0; if (@num2 is null) set @num2 = 0; set @result = @num1 + @num2; return @result; end go 調(diào)用函數(shù) select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student; ? --自定義函數(shù)，字符串連接 if (object_id('fun_append', 'fn') is not null) drop function fun_append go create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024)) returns nvarchar(2048) as begin return @args + @args2; end go ? select dbo.fun_append(name, 'abc') from student;

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# 修改函數(shù)

alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024)) returns nvarchar(1024) as begin declare @result varchar(1024); --coalesce返回第一個(gè)不為null的值 set @args = coalesce(@args, ''); set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, '');; set @result = @args + @args2; return @result; end go ? select dbo.fun_append(name, '#abc') from student;

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# 返回table類(lèi)型函數(shù)

--返回table對(duì)象函數(shù) select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') or type like '%f%'; ? if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in ('fn', 'if', 'tf') and name = 'fun_find_stuRecord')) drop function fun_find_stuRecord go create function fun_find_stuRecord(@id int) returns table as return (select * from student where id = @id); go ? select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2);

• 作者：hoojo?
  出處：http://www.cnblogs.com/hoojo/archive/2011/07/16/2108129.html?
  blog：http://blog.csdn.net/IBM_hoojo
  本文版權(quán)歸作者和博客園共有，歡迎轉(zhuǎn)載，但未經(jīng)作者同意必須保留此段聲明，且在文章頁(yè)面明顯位置給出原文連接，否則保留追究法律責(zé)任的權(quán)利。

版權(quán)所有，轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處?本文出自：?http://www.cnblogs.com/hoojo/archive/2011/07/16/2108129.html?

轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/advocate/p/3435620.html

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