? ? ? pybind11是一個輕量級的僅頭文件庫，主要用于創建現有C++代碼的Python綁定，它的源碼在https://github.com/pybind/pybind11，license為BSD，最新發布版本為2.9.1。

? ? ? 可將pybind11庫視為Boost.Python的一個小型自包含版本(Think of this library as a tiny self-contained version of Boost.Python)，其中剝離了與綁定生成無關的所有內容。pybind11依賴于python(2.7或3.5+)和C++標準庫。

? ? ? pybind11核心功能：pybind11可以將以下C++功能映射到Python

? ? ? (1).函數接受和返回自定義數據結構(per value, reference, or pointer)；

? ? ? (2).實例方法和靜態方法；

? ? ? (3).重載函數；

? ? ? (4).實例屬性和靜態屬性；

? ? ? (5).任意異常類型；

? ? ? (6).枚舉；

? ? ? (7).回調；

? ? ? (8).迭代器和范圍(ranges)；

? ? ? (9).自定義運算符；

? ? ? (10).單繼承和多繼承；

? ? ? (11).STL數據結構；

? ? ? (12).具有引用計數的智能指針如std::shared_ptr；

? ? ? (13).具有正確引用計數的內部引用(Internal references with correct reference counting)；

? ? ? (14).可以在Python中擴展具有虛(和純虛)方法的C++類。

? ? ? pybind11支持的編譯器：

? ? ? (1).Clang/LLVM 3.3或更高版本；

? ? ? (2).GCC 4.8或更高版本：注：編譯2.9.1版本的test，GCC需要5以上版本

? ? ? (3).Visual Studio 2015或更高版本。

? ? ? pybind11的安裝：

? ? ? (1).通過conda，執行：conda install -c conda-forge pybind11

? ? ? (2).通過pip，執行：pip install pybind11

? ? ? 更詳細文檔介紹參考：https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html

? ? ? 以下為測試代碼：

? ? ? include/funset.hpp：C++代碼頭文件

#ifndef PYBIND11_FUNSET_HPP_
#define PYBIND11_FUNSET_HPP_#include <string>#define PYBIND11_API __attribute__((visibility ("default")))PYBIND11_API int get_random_number(int min, int max);struct PYBIND11_API Pet {Pet(const std::string& name) : name_(name) { }void setName(const std::string& name) { name_ = name; }const std::string& getName() const { return name_; }static int getAge() { return 18; }std::string name_;
};struct Dog : Pet {Dog(const std::string& name) : Pet(name) { }std::string bark() const { return "woof!"; }
};struct PolymorphicPet {virtual ~PolymorphicPet() = default;
};struct PolymorphicDog : PolymorphicPet {std::string bark() const { return "woof!"; }
};struct Pet2 {Pet2(const std::string& name, int age) : name_(name), age_(age) { }void set(int age) { age_ = age; }void set(const std::string& name) { name_ = name; }int getAge() const { return age_; }const std::string& getName() const { return name_; }std::string name_;int age_;
};struct Widget {int foo(int x, float y) { return 0; };int foo(int x, float y) const { return 1; };
};struct Pet3 {enum Kind {Dog = 0,Cat};struct Attributes {float age = 0;};Pet3(const std::string& name, Kind type) : name_(name), type_(type) { }std::string name_;Kind type_;Attributes attr_;
};#endif // PYBIND11_FUNSET_HPP_

? ? ? src/funset.cpp：C++代碼的實現，編譯生成動態庫或靜態庫

#include "funset.hpp"
#include <random>
#include <iostream>PYBIND11_API int get_random_number(int min, int max)
{fprintf(stdout, "get random number through std::uniform_int_distribution\n");std::random_device rd;std::mt19937 generator(rd());std::uniform_int_distribution<int> distribution(min, max);return distribution(generator);
}

? ? ? example.cpp：生成python接口，編譯生成動態庫，若Python為3.8，則動態庫名字為：example.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so

#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <funset.hpp>// reference: https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/stable/namespace py = pybind11;// If you prefer the py::overload_cast syntax but have a C++11 compatible compiler only,
// you can use py::detail::overload_cast_impl with an additional set of parentheses
template <typename... Args>
using overload_cast_ = pybind11::detail::overload_cast_impl<Args...>;// #define PYBIND11_MODULE(name, variable): name: module name; variable: a variable of type `py::module_` which can be used to initialize the module
PYBIND11_MODULE(example, m) {m.doc() = "pybind11 example plugin"; // optional module docstring// 1. bindings for a simple functionm.def("get_random_number", &get_random_number, "A function that get random number", py::arg("min"), py::arg("max"));// 2. bindings for a custom C++ data structure: class or struct// class_ creates bindings for a C++ class or struct-style data structurepy::class_<Pet>(m, "Pet")// init() is a convenience function that takes the types of a constructor’s parameters as template arguments and wraps the corresponding constructor.def(py::init<const std::string &>()).def("setName", &Pet::setName).def("getName", &Pet::getName)// Static member functions can be bound in the same way using class_::def_static().def_static("getAge", &Pet::getAge)// 3. Binding lambda functions.def("__repr__",[](const Pet &a) {return "<example.Pet named '" + a.name_ + "'>";})// We can also directly expose the name_ field using the class_::def_readwrite() method.// A similar class_::def_readonly() method also exists for const fields.def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name_);// 4. class inheritance// There are two different ways of indicating a hierarchical relationship to pybind11:// the first specifies the C++ base class as an extra template parameter of the class_:py::class_<Dog, Pet /* <- specify C++ parent type */>(m, "Dog").def(py::init<const std::string &>()).def("bark", &Dog::bark);// // Alternatively, we can also assign a name to the previously bound Pet class_ object and reference it when binding the Dog class// py::class_<Pet> pet(m, "Pet");// pet.def(py::init<const std::string &>())// 	.def_readwrite("name", &Pet::name);// // Method 2: pass parent class_ object:// py::class_<Dog>(m, "Dog", pet /* <- specify Python parent type */)// 	.def(py::init<const std::string &>())// 	.def("bark", &Dog::bark);// 5. class polymorphic// In C++, a type is only considered polymorphic if it has at least one virtual function and pybind11 will automatically recognize thispy::class_<PolymorphicPet>(m, "PolymorphicPet");py::class_<PolymorphicDog, PolymorphicPet>(m, "PolymorphicDog").def(py::init<>()).def("bark", &PolymorphicDog::bark);// Again, return a base pointer to a derived instance// Given a pointer to a polymorphic base, pybind11 performs automatic downcasting to the actual derived typem.def("pet_store2", []() { return std::unique_ptr<PolymorphicPet>(new PolymorphicDog); });// 6. Overloaded methodspy::class_<Pet2>(m, "Pet2").def(py::init<const std::string &, int>()).def("set", static_cast<void (Pet2::*)(int)>(&Pet2::set), "Set the pet's age").def("set", static_cast<void (Pet2::*)(const std::string &)>(&Pet2::set), "Set the pet's name").def("getAge", &Pet2::getAge).def("getName", &Pet2::getName);// If you have a C++14 compatible compiler, you can use an alternative syntax to cast the overloaded function// py::class_<Pet2>(m, "Pet2")// 	.def("set", py::overload_cast<int>(&Pet2::set), "Set the pet's age")// 	.def("set", py::overload_cast<const std::string &>(&Pet2::set), "Set the pet's name");// If a function is overloaded based on constness, the py::const_ tag should be usedpy::class_<Widget>(m, "Widget").def("foo_mutable", overload_cast_<int, float>()(&Widget::foo)).def("foo_const",   overload_cast_<int, float>()(&Widget::foo, py::const_));// 7. Enumerations and internal types: nested typespy::class_<Pet3> pet(m, "Pet3");pet.def(py::init<const std::string &, Pet3::Kind>()).def_readwrite("name", &Pet3::name_).def_readwrite("type", &Pet3::type_).def_readwrite("attr", &Pet3::attr_);py::enum_<Pet3::Kind>(pet, "Kind").value("Dog", Pet3::Kind::Dog).value("Cat", Pet3::Kind::Cat).export_values();py::class_<Pet3::Attributes>(pet, "Attributes").def(py::init<>()).def_readwrite("age", &Pet3::Attributes::age);
}

? ? ? build.sh：編譯cpp文件生成動態庫

#! /bin/bashreal_path=$(realpath $0)
dir_name=`dirname "${real_path}"`
echo "real_path: ${real_path}"
echo "dir_name: ${dir_name}"# build funset static library
# g++ -O3 -Wall -static -c -std=c++11 src/funset.cpp -Iinclude
# ar -r libfunset.a funset.o# build funset dynamic library
g++ -O3 -Wall -shared -fPIC -std=c++11 -o libfunset.so -c src/funset.cpp -Iincludeg++ -O3 -Wall -shared -std=c++11 -fPIC $(python3-config --includes) example.cpp \-o example$(python3-config --extension-suffix) \-L./ -lfunset \-I../../src/pybind11/include \-Iinclude# # delete funset library, example.cpython-38-x86_64-linux-gnu.so has contained relevant export symbols
rm libfunset*python test.py

? ? ? test.py：測試導出的python接口

import exampleprint("\n1.test simple function")
print("random number:", example.get_random_number(min=1, max=100))print("\n2.test class:")
p = example.Pet("Molly")
print("name:", p.getName())
p.setName("Charly")
print("name:", p.getName())
print("age:", p.getAge())
print("name:", p.name)
p.name = "Molly"
print("name:", p.name)print("\n3.test lambda function")
print("p:", p)print("\n4.test inheritance class:")
p = example.Dog("Molly")
print("name:", p.name)
print("bark:", p.bark())print("\n5.test polymorphic class:")
p = example.pet_store2()
print("type:", type(p))
print("bark:", p.bark())print("\n6.test overload methods:")
p = example.Pet2("Molly", 10)
p.set("Charly")
p.set(18)
print("name:", p.getName())
print("age:", p.getAge())print("\n7.test nested types")
p = example.Pet3("Lucy", example.Pet3.Cat)
print(f"type: {p.type}, value: {int(p.type)}")
print("Kind members:", p.Kind.__members__)

? ? ? 執行結果如下：

? ? ? GitHub：https://github.com/fengbingchun/Python_Test?

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