一、正則表達(dá)式的概念和作用

正則表達(dá)式概念：一種字符串匹配的模式
正則表達(dá)式作用：

可以檢查一個字符串中是否包含某種字串

替換匹配的字串

提取某個字符串中匹配的字串

二、正則表達(dá)式中常見的語法

字符描述原樣字符匹配字符

一般字符	匹配自身	beyond	beyond
.	匹配任意除換行符\n以外的字符	a.c	aac或abc或acc
\	轉(zhuǎn)義字符，使后一個字符改變原來的意思。如果字符串中有字符*需要匹配，可以使用\*或者字符集[*]	a\.c、a\\c	a.c、a\c
[...]	字符集(字符類)。對應(yīng)的位置可以是字符集中任意字符。字符集中的字符可以逐個列出，也可以給出范圍，如[abc]或[a-c]。第一個字符如果是^則表示取反，如[^abc] 表示不是abc的其他字符。所有的特殊字符在字符集中都失去其原有的特殊含義。在字符集中如果要使用]、-、^，可以在前面加上反斜杠，或把]、-放在第一個字符，把^放在非第一個字符	a[bcd]e	abe、ace、ade

#導(dǎo)入模塊 import re#字符匹配 rs1 = re.findall('abc','beyondabcbeyondyanyu') print(rs1)#結(jié)果為：['abc']rs2 = re.findall('a.c','111a*c') print(rs2)#結(jié)果為：['a*c']rs3 = re.findall('a.c','111abc') print(rs3)#結(jié)果為：['abc']rs4 = re.findall('a.c','222a.c') print(rs4)#結(jié)果為：['a.c']rs5 = re.findall('a.c','a\nc') print(rs5)#結(jié)果為：[]rs6 = re.findall('a\.c','111a.c') print(rs6)#結(jié)果為：['a.c']rs7 = re.findall('a\.c','111abc') print(rs7)#結(jié)果為：[]rs8 = re.findall('a[bd]c','abcqq') print(rs8)#結(jié)果為：['abc']rs9 = re.findall('a[bd]c','adcq') print(rs9)#結(jié)果為：['adc']rs0 = re.findall('a[bd]c','afc') print(rs0)#結(jié)果為：[]

預(yù)定義字符集(可以寫在字符集[…]中)
每個預(yù)定義字符集中的字符對應(yīng)一個字符，中括號里面可以有很多預(yù)定義字符集，表示任滿足其一即可。

字符描述原樣字符匹配字符

\d	數(shù)字：[0-9]	a\dc	a5c或a2c或a9c
\D	非數(shù)字：[^\d]	a\Dc	abc或ayc或a*c
\s	空白字符：[<空格>\t\r\n\f\v]	a\sc	a c
\S	非空白字符：[^\s]	a\Sc	abc或a8c或a*c
\w	單詞字符：[A-Za-z0-9_]	a\wc	abc或aDc或a8c
\W	非單詞字符：[^\w]	a\Wc	a c或a&c或a)c

#導(dǎo)入模塊 import re#字符匹配 rs1 = re.findall('\d','q1s74d')#\d數(shù)字：[0-9] print(rs1)#結(jié)果為：['1', '7', '4']rs2 = re.findall('\w','q!#1s7_4d$')#\w單詞字符：[A-Za-z0-9_] print(rs2)#結(jié)果為：['q', '1', 's', '7', '_', '4', 'd']rs3 = re.findall('[\s\d]','q 1s7_ 4d $')#\s空白字符、\d數(shù)字：[0-9] print(rs3)#結(jié)果為：[' ', '1', '7', ' ', '4', ' ']

數(shù)量詞(用在字符或(…)之后)

字符描述原樣字符匹配字符

*	匹配前一個字符零次或無限次	abc*	ab、abccccc
+	匹配前一個字符一次或無限次	abc+	abc、abcccccc
?	匹配前一個字符零次或一次	abc?	ab、abc
{m}	匹配前一個字符m次	ab{2}c	abbc

#導(dǎo)入模塊 import re#字符匹配 rs1 = re.findall('y\d*','ay0522y12y24yy')#\d數(shù)字：[0-9]、*表示\d允許出現(xiàn)零次或無限次；即y之后可以緊跟任何數(shù)量的數(shù)字 print(rs1)#結(jié)果為：['y0522', 'y12', 'y24', 'y', 'y']之所以后面出現(xiàn)兩個y是因為*可以出現(xiàn)零次rs2 = re.findall('y\d+','bey12ond0522yan123yu')#\d數(shù)字：[0-9]、+表示\d允許出現(xiàn)一次或無限次；即y之后可以緊跟一個以上的數(shù)字 print(rs2)#結(jié)果為：['y12']rs3 = re.findall('y\d?','ty12ond0522y3an123yu')#\d數(shù)字：[0-9]、?表示\d允許出現(xiàn)零次或一次；即y之后可以緊跟一個以上的數(shù)字 print(rs3)#結(jié)果為：['y1', 'y3', 'y']rs4 = re.findall('y\d{3}','ty1332ond0522y3any123yu')#\d數(shù)字：[0-9]、{m?}表示\d允許出現(xiàn)m次；即y之后可以緊跟m個數(shù)字 print(rs4)#結(jié)果為：['y133', 'y123']

三、re.findall()方法

re.findall(pattern,string,flags=0)
掃描整個string字符串，返回所有與pattern匹配的列表
參數(shù)：

• pattern：正則表達(dá)式
• string：從哪個字符串中查找
• flags：匹配模式

返回：

• 返回string中與pattern匹配的結(jié)果列表

例如：

• re.findall("\d",“b1e1y2o3n4d”)
• 返回結(jié)果為[“1”,“1”,“2”,“3”,“4”]

1，findall方法返回匹配的結(jié)果列表

#導(dǎo)入模塊 import rers1 = re.findall('\d','b12e3y4o56n777d')#\d：一個數(shù)字：[0-9] print(rs1)#結(jié)果為：['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '7', '7']rs2 = re.findall('\d+','b12e3y4o56n777d')#\d+：\d允許出現(xiàn)一次或無限次；即一個或無數(shù)個數(shù)字 print(rs2)#結(jié)果為：['12', '3', '4', '56', '777']

2，findall方法中flag參數(shù)的作用

re.DOTALL、re.S

#導(dǎo)入模塊 import rers1 = re.findall('a.bc','a\nbc') print(rs1)#結(jié)果為：[]rs2 = re.findall('a.bc','a\nbc',re.DOTALL) print(rs2)#結(jié)果為：['a\nbc']rs3 = re.findall('a.bc','a\nbc',re.S) print(rs3)#結(jié)果為：['a\nbc']

3，findall方法中分組的使用

分組使用小括號表示
這里的a(.+)bc，即先通過前a,后bc確定位置，之后再返回(.+)匹配的內(nèi)容

#導(dǎo)入模塊 import rers1 = re.findall('a.+bc','yya\nbc',re.DOTALL) print(rs1)#結(jié)果為：['a\nbc']rs2 = re.findall('a(.+)bc','yya\nbc',re.DOTALL) print(rs2)#結(jié)果為：['\n']

如果正則表達(dá)式中沒有()，則返回與整個正則表達(dá)式匹配的列表

如果正則表達(dá)式中有()，則返回()中匹配的內(nèi)容列表，小括號兩邊的東西都是負(fù)責(zé)確定提取數(shù)據(jù)的所在位置

四、正則表達(dá)式中r原串的使用

r原串實際上是為了解決轉(zhuǎn)義符問題

#導(dǎo)入模塊 import rers1 = re.findall('a\nbc','a\nbc') print(rs1)#結(jié)果為：['a\nbc']rs2 = re.findall('a\\nbc','a\\nbc') print(rs2)#結(jié)果為：[]rs3 = re.findall('a\\\nbc','a\\nbc') print(rs3)#結(jié)果為：[]rs4 = re.findall('a\\\\nbc','a\\nbc') print(rs4)#結(jié)果為：['a\\nbc']rs5 = re.findall(r'a\nbc','a\nbc') print(rs5)#結(jié)果為：['a\nbc']rs6 = re.findall(r'a\\nbc','a\\nbc') print(rs6)#結(jié)果為：['a\\nbc']

五、提取最新的疫情數(shù)據(jù)的json字符串

步驟：

請求疫情首頁內(nèi)容

提取script標(biāo)簽中各國的疫情信息

從各國疫情信息中提取各國疫情的json字符串

當(dāng)然，數(shù)據(jù)來源仍然是丁香園新型冠狀病毒肺炎疫情實時動態(tài)首頁
url：https://ncov.dxy.cn/ncovh5/view/pneumonia

# 1，導(dǎo)入相關(guān)模塊 import requests import re from bs4 import BeautifulSoup# 2，發(fā)送請求，獲取疫情首頁內(nèi)容 response = requests.get('https://ncov.dxy.cn/ncovh5/view/pneumonia') home_page = response.content.decode() #print(home_page) # 3，使用Beautiful Soup提取疫情數(shù)據(jù) soup = BeautifulSoup(home_page,'lxml') script = soup.find(id='getAreaStat') text = script.text #print(text) ''' try { window.getAreaStat = [{"provinceName":"香港","provinceShortName":"香港","currentConfirmedCount":5990,"confirmedCount":22468,"suspectedCount":181,"curedCount":16190,"deadCount":288,"comment":"疑似 1 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''' # 4，使用正則表達(dá)式提取json字符串 json_str = re.findall(r'\[.+\]',text)[0]#由于中括號是個特殊的字符，需要在前面加個轉(zhuǎn)義符；最后的結(jié)果會存在列表中，故使用[0]來獲取完整json格式 print(json_str) ''' [{"provinceName":"香港","provinceShortName":"香港","currentConfirmedCount":5990,"confirmedCount":22468,"suspectedCount":181,"curedCount":16190,"deadCount":288,"comment":"疑似 1 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'''

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