使用.Net Core编写命令行工具(CLI)
使用.Net Core編寫命令行工具(CLI)
命令行工具(CLI)
命令行工具(CLI)是在圖形用戶界面得到普及之前使用最為廣泛的用戶界面,它通常不支持鼠標(biāo),用戶通過鍵盤輸入指令,計(jì)算機(jī)接收到指令后,予以執(zhí)行。
通常認(rèn)為,命令行工具(CLI)沒有圖形用戶界面(GUI)那么方便用戶操作。因?yàn)?#xff0c;命令行工具的軟件通常需要用戶記憶操作的命令,但是,由于其本身的特點(diǎn),命令行工具要較圖形用戶界面節(jié)約計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的資源。在熟記命令的前提下,使用命令行工具往往要較使用圖形用戶界面的操作速度要快。所以,圖形用戶界面的操作系統(tǒng)中,都保留著可選的命令行工具。
另外,命令行工具(CLI)應(yīng)該是一個(gè)開箱即用的工具,不需要安裝任何依賴。
一些熟悉的CLI工具如下:
1.?dotnet cli
2.?vue cli
3.?angular cli
4.?aws cli
5.?azure cli
?指令設(shè)計(jì)
本文將使用.Net Core(版本3.1.102)編寫一個(gè)CLI工具,實(shí)現(xiàn)配置管理以及條目(item)管理(調(diào)用WebApi實(shí)現(xiàn)),詳情如下:
框架說明?
編寫CLI使用的主要框架是CommandLineUtils,它主要有以下優(yōu)勢(shì):
1. 良好的語法設(shè)計(jì)
2. 支持依賴注入
3. 支持generic host
WebApi
提供api讓cli調(diào)用,實(shí)現(xiàn)條目(item)的增刪改查:
[Route("api/items")] [ApiController]public class ItemsController : ControllerBase { private readonly IMemoryCache _cache; private readonly string _key = "items"; public ItemsController(IMemoryCache memoryCache){_cache = memoryCache;}[HttpGet] public IActionResult List(){ var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key); return Ok(items);}[HttpGet("{id}")] public IActionResult Get(string id){ var item = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key).FirstOrDefault(n => n.Id == id); return Ok(item);}[HttpPost] public IActionResult Create(ItemForm form){ var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key) ?? new List<Item>(); var item = new Item{Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"),Name = form.Name,Age = form.Age};items.Add(item);_cache.Set(_key, items); return Ok(item);}[HttpDelete("{id}")] public IActionResult Delete(string id){ var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key); var item = items?.SingleOrDefault(n => n.Id == id); if (item == null){ return NotFound();}items.Remove(item);_cache.Set(_key, items); return Ok();} }CLI
Program - 函數(shù)入口
2. ConfigCommand和ItemCommand - 實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能比較簡(jiǎn)單,主要是指令描述以及指定對(duì)應(yīng)的子指令
[Command("config", Description = "Manage config"),Subcommand(typeof(GetCommand), typeof(SetCommand))]public class ConfigCommand { private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console){console.Error.WriteLine("Please submit a sub command.");app.ShowHelp(); return 1;} }[Command("item", Description = "Manage item"),Subcommand(typeof(CreateCommand), typeof(GetCommand), typeof(ListCommand), typeof(DeleteCommand))]public class ItemCommand { private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console){console.Error.WriteLine("Please submit a sub command.");app.ShowHelp(); return 1;} }3.?ConfigService - 配置管理的具體實(shí)現(xiàn),主要是文件讀寫
public interface IConfigService { void Set();Config Get(); }public class ConfigService: IConfigService { private readonly IConsole _console; private readonly string _directoryName; private readonly string _fileName; public ConfigService(IConsole console){_console = console;_directoryName = ".api-cli";_fileName = "config.json";} public void Set(){ var directory = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile), _directoryName); if (!Directory.Exists(directory)){Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);} var config = new Config{//彈出交互框,讓用戶輸入,設(shè)置默認(rèn)值為http://localhost:5000/Endpoint = Prompt.GetString("Specify the endpoint:", "http://localhost:5000/")}; if (!config.Endpoint.EndsWith("/")){config.Endpoint += "/";} var filePath = Path.Combine(directory, _fileName); using (var outputFile = new StreamWriter(filePath, false, Encoding.UTF8)){outputFile.WriteLine(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(config, Formatting.Indented));}_console.WriteLine($"Config saved in {filePath}.");} public Config Get(){ var filePath = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile), _directoryName, _fileName); if (File.Exists(filePath)){ var content = File.ReadAllText(filePath); try{ var config = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Config>(content); return config;} catch{_console.WriteLine("The config is invalid, please use 'config set' command to reset one.");}} else{_console.WriteLine("Config is not existed, please use 'config set' command to set one.");} return null;} }4.?ItemClient - 調(diào)用Web Api的具體實(shí)現(xiàn),使用HttpClientFactory的方式
public interface IItemClient {Task<string> Create(ItemForm form);Task<string> Get(string id);Task<string> List();Task<string> Delete(string id); }public class ItemClient : IItemClient { public HttpClient Client { get; } public ItemClient(HttpClient client, IConfigService configService){ var config = configService.Get(); if (config == null){ return;}client.BaseAddress = new Uri(config.Endpoint);Client = client;} public async Task<string> Create(ItemForm form){ var content = new StringContent(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(form), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json"); var result = await Client.PostAsync("/api/items", content); if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode){ var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(); var item = Deserialize<Item>(stream); return $"Item created, info:{item}";} return "Error occur, please again later.";} public async Task<string> Get(string id){ var result = await Client.GetAsync($"/api/items/{id}"); if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode){ var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(); var item = Deserialize<Item>(stream); var response = new StringBuilder();response.AppendLine($"{"Id".PadRight(40, ' ')}{"Name".PadRight(20, ' ')}Age");response.AppendLine($"{item.Id.PadRight(40, ' ')}{item.Name.PadRight(20, ' ')}{item.Age}"); return response.ToString();} return "Error occur, please again later.";} public async Task<string> List(){ var result = await Client.GetAsync($"/api/items"); if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode){ var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync(); var items = Deserialize<List<Item>>(stream); var response = new StringBuilder();response.AppendLine($"{"Id".PadRight(40, ' ')}{"Name".PadRight(20, ' ')}Age"); if (items != null && items.Count > 0){ foreach (var item in items){response.AppendLine($"{item.Id.PadRight(40, ' ')}{item.Name.PadRight(20, ' ')}{item.Age}");}} return response.ToString();} return "Error occur, please again later.";} public async Task<string> Delete(string id){ var result = await Client.DeleteAsync($"/api/items/{id}"); if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode){ return $"Item {id} deleted.";} if (result.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NotFound){ return $"Item {id} not found.";} return "Error occur, please again later.";} private static T Deserialize<T>(Stream stream){ using var reader = new JsonTextReader(new StreamReader(stream)); var serializer = new JsonSerializer(); return (T)serializer.Deserialize(reader, typeof(T));} }如何發(fā)布
在項(xiàng)目文件中設(shè)置發(fā)布程序的名稱(AssemblyName):
<PropertyGroup><OutputType>Exe</OutputType><TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.1</TargetFramework><AssemblyName>api-cli</AssemblyName></PropertyGroup>進(jìn)入控制臺(tái)程序目錄:
cd src/NetCoreCLI發(fā)布Linux使用版本:
dotnet publish -c Release -r linux-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true發(fā)布Windows使用版本:
dotnet publish -c Release -r win-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true發(fā)布MAC使用版本:
?dotnet?publish?-c?Release?-r?osx-x64?/p:PublishSingleFile=true使用示例
這里使用Linux作為示例環(huán)境。
1. 以docker的方式啟動(dòng)web api
2. 虛擬機(jī)上沒有安裝.net core的環(huán)境
3. 把編譯好的CLI工具拷貝到虛擬機(jī)上,授權(quán)并移動(dòng)到PATH中(如果不移動(dòng),可以通過./api-cli的方式調(diào)用)
sudo chmod +x api-cli #授權(quán)sudo mv ./api-cli /usr/local/bin/api-cli #移動(dòng)到PATH4. 設(shè)置配置文件:api-cli config set
5. 查看配置文件:api-cli config get
6. 創(chuàng)建條目:api-cli item create
7. 條目列表:api-cli item list
8. 獲取條目:api-cli item get
9. 刪除條目:api-cli item delete
10. 指令幫助:api-cli -h, api-cli config -h, api-cli item -h
? 11. 錯(cuò)誤指令:api-cli xxx
源碼地址
https://github.com/ErikXu/NetCoreCLI
參考資料
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/rid-catalog#using-rids](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/rid-catalog#using-rids
https://medium.com/swlh/build-a-command-line-interface-cli-program-with-net-core-428c4c85221
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