深入分析C++引用
????? 關于引用和指針的差別的文章非常多非常多,可是總是找不到他們的根本差別,偶然在codeproject上看到這篇文章,認為講的挺好的,
所以翻譯了下,希望對大家有幫助。
原文地址: http://www.codeproject.com/KB/cpp/References_in_c__.aspx
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引言
????? 我選擇寫 C++ 中的引用是由于我感覺大多數人誤解了引用。而我之所以有這個感受是由于我主持過非常多 C++ 的面試,而且我非常少從面試者中得到關于 C++ 引用的正確答案。
?????? 那么 c++ 中引用究竟意味這什么呢?通常一個引用讓人想到是一個引用的變量的別名,而我討厭將 c++ 中引用定義為變量的別名。這篇文章中,我將盡量解釋清楚, c++ 中根本就沒有什么叫做別名的東東。
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背景
在 c/c++ 中,訪問一個變量僅僅能通過兩種方式被訪問,傳遞,或者查詢。這兩種方式是:
1. 通過值 訪問 / 傳遞變量
2. 通過地址 訪問 / 傳遞變量 – 這樣的方法就是指針
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???? ? 除此之外沒有第三種訪問和傳遞變量值的方法。引用變量也就是個指針變量,它也擁有內存空間。最關鍵的是引用是一種會被編譯器自己主動解引用的指針。非常難相信么?讓我們來看看吧。。。
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以下是一段使用引用的簡單 c++ 代碼
?#include <iostream.h> int main() { int i = 10; // A simple integer variable int &j = i; // A Reference to the variable i j++; // Incrementing j will increment both i and j. // check by printing values of i and j cout<< i << j <<endl; // should print 11 11 // Now try to print the address of both variables i and j cout<< &i << &j <<endl; // surprisingly both print the same address and make us feel that they are // alias to the same memory location. // In example below we will see what is the reality return 0; }?
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引用事實上就是 c++ 中的常量指針。表達式 ? int &i = j; 將會被編譯器轉化成 int *const i = &j; 而引用之所以要初始化是由于 const 類型變量必須初始化,這個指針也必須有所指。以下我們再次聚焦到上面這段代碼,并使用編譯器的那套語法將引用替換掉。
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#include <iostream.h> int main() { int i = 10; // A simple integer variable int *const j = &i; // A Reference to the variable i (*j)++; // Incrementing j. Since reference variables are // automatically dereferenced by compiler // check by printing values of i and j cout<< i << *j <<endl; // should print 11 11 // A * is appended before j because it used to be reference variable // and it should get automatically dereferenced. return 0; }
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??? 讀者一定非常奇怪為什么我上面這段代碼會跳過打印地址這步。這里須要一些解釋。由于引用變量時會被編譯器自己主動解引用的,那么一個諸如 ? cout << &j << endl; 的語句,編譯器就會將其轉化成語句 ? cout << &*j << endl; ? 如今 &* 會相互抵消,這句話變的毫無意義,而 cout 打印的 j 值就是 i 的地址,由于其定義語句為 int *const j = &i;
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????? 所以語句 cout << &i << &j << endl; 變成了 cout << &i << &*j << endl; 這兩種情況都是打印輸出 i 的地址。這就是當我們打印普通變量和引用變量的時候會輸出同樣地址的原因。
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????? 以下給出一段復雜一些的代碼,來看看引用在級聯 (cascading) 中是怎樣運作的。
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#include <iostream.h> int main() { int i = 10; // A Simple Integer variable int &j = i; // A Reference to the variable // Now we can also create a reference to reference variable. int &k = j; // A reference to a reference variable // Similarly we can also create another reference to the reference variable k int &l = k; // A reference to a reference to a reference variable. // Now if we increment any one of them the effect will be visible on all the // variables. // First print original values // The print should be 10,10,10,10 cout<< i << "," << j << "," << k << "," << l <<endl; // increment variable j j++; // The print should be 11,11,11,11 cout<< i << "," << j << "," << k << "," << l <<endl; // increment variable k k++; // The print should be 12,12,12,12 cout<< i << "," << j << "," << k << "," << l <<endl; // increment variable l l++; // The print should be 13,13,13,13 cout<< i << "," << j << "," << k << "," << l <<endl; return 0; }
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以下這段代碼是將上面代碼中的引用替換之后代碼,也就是說明我們不依賴編譯器的自己主動替換功能,手動進行替換也能達到同樣的目標。
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#include <iostream.h> int main() { int i = 10; // A Simple Integer variable int *const j = &i; // A Reference to the variable // The variable j will hold the address of i // Now we can also create a reference to reference variable. int *const k = &*j; // A reference to a reference variable // The variable k will also hold the address of i because j // is a reference variable and // it gets auto dereferenced. After & and * cancels each other // k will hold the value of // j which it nothing but address of i // Similarly we can also create another reference to the reference variable k int *const l = &*k; // A reference to a reference to a reference variable. // The variable l will also hold address of i because k holds address of i after // & and * cancels each other. // so we have seen that all the reference variable will actually holds the same // variable address. // Now if we increment any one of them the effect will be visible on all the // variables. // First print original values. The reference variables will have * prefixed because // these variables gets automatically dereferenced. // The print should be 10,10,10,10 cout<< i << "," << *j << "," << *k << "," << *l <<endl; // increment variable j (*j)++; // The print should be 11,11,11,11 cout<< i << "," << *j << "," << *k << "," << *l <<endl; // increment variable k (*k)++; // The print should be 12,12,12,12 cout<< i << "," << *j << "," << *k << "," << *l <<endl; // increment variable l (*l)++; // The print should be 13,13,13,13 cout << i << "," << *j << "," << *k << "," << *l <<endl; return 0; }
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???????? 我們通過以下代碼能夠證明 c++ 的引用不是神馬別名,它也會占用內存空間的。
#include <iostream.h> class Test { int &i; // int *const i; int &j; // int *const j; int &k; // int *const k; }; int main() { // This will print 12 i.e. size of 3 pointers cout<< "size of class Test = " << sizeof(class Test) <<endl; return 0; }
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結論
我希望這篇文章能把 c++ 引用的全部東東都解釋清楚,然而我要指出的是 c++ 標準并沒有解釋編譯器怎樣實現引用的行為。所以實現取決于編譯器,而大多數情況下就是將事實上現為一個 const 指針。
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引用支持 c++ 虛函數機制的代碼
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#include <iostream.h> class A { public: virtual void print() { cout<<"A.."<<endl; } }; class B : public A { public: virtual void print() { cout<<"B.."<<endl; } }; class C : public B { public: virtual void print() { cout<<"C.."<<endl; } }; int main() { C c1; A &a1 = c1; a1.print(); // prints C A a2 = c1; a2.print(); // prints A return 0; }
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上述代碼使用引用支持虛函數機制。假設引用不過一個別名,那怎樣實現虛函數機制,而虛函數機制所須要的動態信息只能通過指針才干實現,所以更加說明引用事實上就是一個 const 指針。
轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/bhlsheji/p/4232061.html
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