科技论文的时态问题
如何在科技論文中使用時態?
英語謂語動詞時態共有16種,在英文科技論文中用得較為頻繁的主要有三種:即一般現在時、一般過去時和將來時。正確地使用動詞時態是科研寫作的基本功,我們在撰寫英文論文時,如不能正確選用時態,常常會改變文章所要表達的意思,從而影響評審專家與讀者的理解。?
一篇典型的科技論文有一個基本的框架結構:Abstract (綜述科研背景,提出研究的問題和假設(hypothesis)),Materials and Methods (描述自己的研究方法),Results (分析所得的研究結果),Discussion (深入討論研究結果的意義并簡要指出將來的研究方向)。我們現根據這個論文框架,就一些規律性問題做些探討,希望對大家有所幫助。
首先應該把握以下三個基本要點:?
1、一般現在時:主要用于不受時間限制的客觀存在事實的描述,或發生或存在于寫論文之時的感覺、狀態、關系等的描述或致謝的表述等。值得注意的是,出于尊重,凡是他人已經發表的研究成果作為"previously established knowledge",在引述時普遍都用一般現在時。?
2、一般過去時:用于寫論文中作者自己所做工作的描述。例如描述自己的材料、方法和結果。?
3、 一般將來時:用于撰寫論文之后發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如提出下一步的研究方向。
摘要(Abstract):
摘要反映我們自己的研究結果,一般采用過去時。?
概述(Introduction):
(1)概述中的研究背景通常會引用相關學科中廣為接受的原理或事實,以及你所做研究的重要性,這些通常采用現在時。
例如:Genomics?provides?crucial information for rational drug design.?
(2)在概述中也可能引用與你從事項目相關的一些研究結果,為表達你對該研究結果仍堅信其正確性及相關性,即使已經是很久以前的研究結果,可使用現在時。?
例如:Many of the lakes and wetlands in the region?are?located in craters or valleys blocked by early Pliocene lava flows (Ollier & Joyce, 1964).
Garcia (1993)?suggested?that under certain conditions, an individual’s deposit income?is?the same as the income from purchased national debt, thus changes in the amount of bank loans and deposits caused by changes in the amount of reserves?will?eventually affect the bond price.
例如:Nineteenth-century physicians?held?that women got migraines because they were "the weaker sex," but current research?shows?that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.?
(注意這里從過去時態過渡到現在時態)?
材料與方法(Materials and Methods):
對寫論文之前自己所做工作的描述,通常采用一般過去時。?
例如:(例1) Total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN)?were measured?in the laboratory using standard procedures.
(例2)The standard protocol?was followed?for the preparation of the media from stock solutions.?
結果(Results):
例如:(例1)Overall, more than 70% of the insects collected?were?non-phytophagous.?
(例2) Following activation of NT oocytes with strontium, the cell cycle?resumed?in both groups.
例如:(例1)?Figure 1?displays?the comparative variation in the morphology of donor chromatin in both age groups of oocytes.?
(例2)?Table 1?below?shows?the stream flows calculated for each stream using Equation 1.
圖1和表1表達的論文寫作時的狀態,所以要用現在時。
討論(Discussion):
例如:Removal of vegetation for agricultural purposes?appears?to negatively affect the water quality of streams.
例如:(例1)Weight?increased?as the nutritional value of feed increased. These results?suggestthat feeds?higher in nutritional value?contribute?to greater weight gain in livestock.??
(注意這里用過去時描述了實驗發現,但在討論這個發現的意義時用的是現在時。)
(例2)Leaf carbon and phenolic content?did not differ?across sites, indicating that the response of?
secondary plant chemicals such as phenolics to water?is?complex.
(這句的描述幾乎沒有假設的意思,表示作者堅信其研究結果和結論的正確性及相關性)
結論(Conclusion):
可用多種時態,使用過去時強調過去的研究成果,并可采用現在時或將來時表達未來的研究方向或研究前景。?
例如:Although the study?found?evidence of tillage and irrigation within the study area, from the data collected it?was not?possible to determine if the effects of agriculture upstream?cause?(or?caused) higher levels of total nitrogen downstream. Further studies?are?therefore necessary to determine the effects of agriculture on the health of Stringybark Creek.
轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/houxiyuan/archive/2013/01/28/2880049.html
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