pip 是啥

??pip 是 Python 的包安裝程序。其實，pip 就是 Python 標準庫（The Python Standard Library）中的一個包，只是這個包比較特殊，用它可以來管理 Python 標準庫（The Python Standard Library）中其他的包。pip 支持從 PyPI，版本控制，本地項目以及直接從分發文件進行安裝。pip 是一個命令行程序。 安裝 pip 后，會向系統添加一個 pip 命令，該命令可以從命令提示符運行。
??目前，pip 是 The Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) 推薦的 Python 包管理工具！英文比較好的同學可以直接去官網參看其用戶手冊

PyPI（The Python Package Index，Python包索引）是 Python 編程語言的軟件存儲庫。通常，我們就是從這上面安裝各種 Python 的包，也可以在上面發布自己的包。
The Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) is a working group that maintains many of the relevant projects in Python packaging.

安裝

??從 Python 2 版本 >=2.7.9 或 Python 3 版本 >=3.4 開始，官網的安裝包中已經自帶了 pip，在安裝時用戶可以直接選擇安裝。或者如果使用由 virtualenv 或者 pyvenv 創建的 Virtual Environment，那么 pip 也是被默認安裝的。
??如果沒有在安裝的時候，選擇上安裝pip，那么也可以從本地安裝。例如，直接使用 get-pip.py 進行安裝。首先從官網下載 get-pip.py，然后直接運行 python get-pip.py 即可。

更詳細的安裝，可以直接去官網參看安裝說明

使用

安裝后，在命令行中鍵入：pip+ 回車，就會出現如下使用說明：

Usage:pip <command> [options]Commands:install Install packages.download Download packages.uninstall Uninstall packages.freeze Output installed packages in requirements format.list List installed packages.show Show information about installed packages.check Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.config Manage local and global configuration.search Search PyPI for packages.wheel Build wheels from your requirements.hash Compute hashes of package archives.completion A helper command used for command completion.help Show help for commands.General Options:-h, --help Show help.--isolated Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration.-v, --verbose Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.-V, --version Show version and exit.-q, --quiet Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding toWARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).--log <path> Path to a verbose appending log.--proxy <proxy> Specify a proxy in the form [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.--retries <retries> Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times).--timeout <sec> Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).--exists-action <action> Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup,(a)bort).--trusted-host <hostname> Mark this host as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any HTTPS.--cert <path> Path to alternate CA bundle.--client-cert <path> Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and thecertificate in PEM format.--cache-dir <dir> Store the cache data in <dir>.--no-cache-dir Disable the cache.--disable-pip-version-checkDon't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available fordownload. Implied with --no-index.--no-color Suppress colored output

pip命令組合比較靈活，下面重點介紹幾個。

install

??命令行直接鍵入pip install + 回車，則 出現如下提示：ERROR: You must give at least one requirement to install (see "pip help install")。接著我們鍵入pip help install,就會出現pip install的使用說明了，如下：

Usage:pip install [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...pip install [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...pip install [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...pip install [options] [-e] <local project path> ...pip install [options] <archive url/path> ...Description:Install packages from:- PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.- VCS project urls.- Local project directories.- Local or remote source archives.pip also supports installing from "requirements files", which providean easy way to specify a whole environment to be installed.Install Options:-r, --requirement <file> Install from the given requirements file. This option can be used multiple times.-c, --constraint <file> Constrain versions using the given constraints file. This option can be used multiple times.--no-deps Don't install package dependencies.--pre Include pre-release and development versions. By default, pip only finds stable versions.-e, --editable <path/url> Install a project in editable mode (i.e. setuptools "develop mode") from a local project path or aVCS url.-t, --target <dir> Install packages into <dir>. By default this will not replace existing files/folders in <dir>. Use--upgrade to replace existing packages in <dir> with new versions.--platform <platform> Only use wheels compatible with <platform>. Defaults to the platform of the running system.--python-version <python_version>Only use wheels compatible with Python interpreter version <version>. If not specified, then thecurrent system interpreter minor version is used. A major version (e.g. '2') can be specified tomatch all minor revs of that major version. A minor version (e.g. '34') can also be specified.--implementation <implementation>Only use wheels compatible with Python implementation <implementation>, e.g. 'pp', 'jy', 'cp', or'ip'. If not specified, then the current interpreter implementation is used. Use 'py' to forceimplementation-agnostic wheels.--abi <abi> Only use wheels compatible with Python abi <abi>, e.g. 'pypy_41'. If not specified, then thecurrent interpreter abi tag is used. Generally you will need to specify --implementation,--platform, and --python-version when using this option.--user Install to the Python user install directory for your platform. Typically ~/.local/, or%APPDATA%\Python on Windows. (See the Python documentation for site.USER_BASE for full details.)--root <dir> Install everything relative to this alternate root directory.--prefix <dir> Installation prefix where lib, bin and other top-level folders are placed-b, --build <dir> Directory to unpack packages into and build in. Note that an initial build still takes place in atemporary directory. The location of temporary directories can be controlled by setting the TMPDIRenvironment variable (TEMP on Windows) appropriately. When passed, build directories are notcleaned in case of failures.--src <dir> Directory to check out editable projects into. The default in a virtualenv is "<venv path>/src".The default for global installs is "<current dir>/src".-U, --upgrade Upgrade all specified packages to the newest available version. The handling of dependenciesdepends on the upgrade-strategy used.--upgrade-strategy <upgrade_strategy>Determines how dependency upgrading should be handled [default: only-if-needed]. "eager" -dependencies are upgraded regardless of whether the currently installed version satisfies therequirements of the upgraded package(s). "only-if-needed" - are upgraded only when they do notsatisfy the requirements of the upgraded package(s).--force-reinstall Reinstall all packages even if they are already up-to-date.-I, --ignore-installed Ignore the installed packages (reinstalling instead).--ignore-requires-python Ignore the Requires-Python information.--no-build-isolation Disable isolation when building a modern source distribution. Build dependencies specified by PEP518 must be already installed if this option is used.--install-option <options> Extra arguments to be supplied to the setup.py install command (use like --install-option="--install-scripts=/usr/local/bin"). Use multiple --install-option options to pass multiple optionsto setup.py install. If you are using an option with a directory path, be sure to use absolutepath.--global-option <options> Extra global options to be supplied to the setup.py call before the install command.--compile Compile Python source files to bytecode--no-compile Do not compile Python source files to bytecode--no-warn-script-location Do not warn when installing scripts outside PATH--no-warn-conflicts Do not warn about broken dependencies--no-binary <format_control>Do not use binary packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and each time adds to the existingvalue. Accepts either :all: to disable all binary packages, :none: to empty the set, or one ormore package names with commas between them. Note that some packages are tricky to compile and mayfail to install when this option is used on them.--only-binary <format_control>Do not use source packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and each time adds to the existingvalue. Accepts either :all: to disable all source packages, :none: to empty the set, or one ormore package names with commas between them. Packages without binary distributions will fail toinstall when this option is used on them.--prefer-binary Prefer older binary packages over newer source packages.--no-clean Don't clean up build directories.--require-hashes Require a hash to check each requirement against, for repeatable installs. This option is impliedwhen any package in a requirements file has a --hash option.--progress-bar <progress_bar>Specify type of progress to be displayed [off|on|ascii|pretty|emoji] (default: on)Package Index Options:-i, --index-url <url> Base URL of Python Package Index (default https://pypi.org/simple). This should point to arepository compliant with PEP 503 (the simple repository API) or a local directory laid out in thesame format.--extra-index-url <url> Extra URLs of package indexes to use in addition to --index-url. Should follow the same rules as--index-url.--no-index Ignore package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).-f, --find-links <url> If a url or path to an html file, then parse for links to archives. If a local path or file:// urlthat's a directory, then look for archives in the directory listing.--process-dependency-links Enable the processing of dependency links.General Options:-h, --help Show help.--isolated Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration.-v, --verbose Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.-V, --version Show version and exit.-q, --quiet Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding to WARNING,ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).--log <path> Path to a verbose appending log.--proxy <proxy> Specify a proxy in the form [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.--retries <retries> Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times).--timeout <sec> Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).--exists-action <action> Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup, (a)bort).--trusted-host <hostname> Mark this host as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any HTTPS.--cert <path> Path to alternate CA bundle.--client-cert <path> Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and the certificate inPEM format.--cache-dir <dir> Store the cache data in <dir>.--no-cache-dir Disable the cache.--disable-pip-version-checkDon't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available for download.Implied with --no-index.--no-color Suppress colored output

上面一大堆，總結來說，安裝命令就是：pip install <包名> 或 pip install -r requirements.txt（對于本地安裝包可以指定路徑）。唯一需要特殊說明的是，安裝時可以指定版本號來安裝，舉例如下：

pip install SomePackage # 最新版本 pip install SomePackage==1.0.4 # 指定版本 pip install 'SomePackage>=1.0.4' # 最小版本

uninstall

卸載安裝包命令：pip uninstall <包名> 或 pip uninstall -r requirements.txt

升級包

pip install -U <包名> 或：pip install <包名> --upgrade

freeze

pip freeze 查看已經安裝的包及版本信息。導出到指定文件中。例如，pip freeze > requirements.txt，文件名稱隨意；也可以使用 pip install -r requirements.txt，兩者等效。

list

列出當前已經安裝的包。使用命令pip list -o則可查詢可升級的包。

show

顯示包所在目錄及信息，格式為：pip show <包名>。如果不加包名，則提示ERROR: Please provide a package name or names.。

search

搜索包，格式為：pip search <搜索關鍵字>。如果不寫關鍵字，則提示ERROR: Missing required argument (search query).。

參考

https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/user_guide/

總結

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