英语语法篇 - 从句
文章目錄
- 英語的三種句子
- 從句的原理
- 從句的分類
- 形容詞從句
- 名詞從句
- 賓語從句
- 表語從句
- 同位語從句
- 賓語補語從句
- 副詞從句
- 時間副詞從句(before, when/while/as, after, since, until, as soon as, the next time)
- 地點副詞（狀語）從句(where, wherever/everywhere/anywhere)
- 比較副詞從句(than that, as...as..., the(比較級)，the(比較級))
- 條件副詞從句(if, unless, provided, as long as, in case)
- 讓步副詞從句(Even, Although/though/even though, No matter/Regardless of)
- 方式副詞從句(as if, as)
- 原因副詞從句(because, Since, As, for)/目的副詞從句(In order that, so that, )/結(jié)果副詞從句(so that, so...that, such...that, so)
英語的三種句子
- 簡單句（不能再拆）
- 復(fù)合句（不分主次）
- 復(fù)雜句（主句+從句）
從句的原理
在英語中，一個句子A可以成為一個整句的某種句子成分，可以理解為A成了整句其余部分B的附屬，服從B，同時也不能獨立成句了；而B就成了A的“主”人。A即所謂“從句”，B即所謂“主句”。合在一起成為復(fù)雜句。
從句的分類
一個從句可以充當(dāng)句子成分，按句子成分分類：主語從句，賓語從句，賓語補語從句，表語從句，定語從句，狀語從句，同位語從句。
按句子中各種詞的詞類（詞性）分類：名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，賓語補語從句，同位語從句），形容詞從句（定語從句），副詞從句（狀語從句 - 時間狀語從句，地點狀語從句，條件，原因，方式，比較…）
詞性：名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、冠詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、連詞、介詞、嘆詞
形容詞從句
對某人或事物進(jìn)行描述，具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。在句中充當(dāng)定語，所以被稱作“定語從句”。
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形容詞從句的思維方式
中文思維方式的優(yōu)點是形式統(tǒng)一，但缺點是有可能定語太長，如：一只幾個月前開始在B站上傳視頻專門教英語的討人喜愛的兔子。
英語有關(guān)系詞的概念，好處是：如果描述很長，可以無所畏懼的放在一個長從句里，不至于說了一大堆描述后才說描述的對象：This is a rabbit who started uploading videos since a few months ago to focus on English teaching and is liked by many students…這之后還能繼續(xù)加從句，整出套娃結(jié)構(gòu)…who will definitely give this video a thumbs-up.
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形容詞從句的構(gòu)成
a tasty carrot. 一根好吃的胡蘿卜
a carrot that the rabbit ate. 一根兔子吃了的胡蘿卜
a teacher who is a rabbit. 一個是兔子的老師
a teacher whom i saw yesterday. 一個我昨天看見的老師
the place where the rabbit ate the carrot. 兔子吃胡蘿卜的地方
the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot. 兔子吃胡蘿卜的原因
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關(guān)系詞
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關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的形容詞從句：
The rabbit is eating a carrot that i bought.
that作為that i bought 的引導(dǎo)詞，起代詞的作用，所以屬于關(guān)系詞中的“關(guān)系代詞”。
The teacher who ate a carrot is a rabbit.
The teacher whom i saw yesterday is a rabbit.
The teacher whose favorite food is carrot is a rabbit.
The food which the teacher likes is a carrot.
這里的關(guān)系代詞之所以是who,whom,whose,which,都是為了在它們引導(dǎo)的從句中更通順，因為這些詞表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系，實際上是從對應(yīng)的陳述句里變來的，而這些從句中，除去關(guān)系代詞在開頭做引導(dǎo)詞，其他詞的語序與對應(yīng)的陳述的語序是一致的。
充當(dāng)定語的“原本”是陳述句的句子：
只要先把對應(yīng)的陳述句中需要替代的詞變做相應(yīng)的關(guān)系代詞：
再把關(guān)系代詞移到開頭，就構(gòu)成了從句：
I bought the carrot. -> I bought that. -> that I bought.
the rabbit ate a carrot. -> who ate a carrot. -> who ate a carrot.
i saw the teacher yesterday. -> i saw whom yesterday. -> whom i saw yesterday.
the teacher’s favorite food is carrot. -> whose favorite food is carrot. -> whose favorite food is carrot.
the teacher likes the food. -> the teacher likes which. -> which the teacher likes.
that vs. which
- 先行詞是唯一的：that
The rabbit ate the largest carrot that l’ve ever seen.
the largest已經(jīng)說是“最大的”，就那么一根，沒得選了 ，所以關(guān)系代詞只能是that.
all the rabbits that ate a carrot.
the only rabbit that ate a carrot.
the first rabbit that ate a carrot.
先行詞是多選一(如果是多個同類事物中按限定條件選擇)：which
The rabbit ate a carrot which i bought.
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關(guān)系副詞
This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot.
This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot.
That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.
where, why,when在句中的詞類（詞性）不是代詞，而是副詞。自然地，這些引導(dǎo)詞屬于關(guān)系詞中的“關(guān)系副詞”。我們也可以把這些關(guān)系副詞轉(zhuǎn)為關(guān)系代詞：關(guān)系副詞 = 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞which
This was the place at which the rabbit ate the carrot.
This is the reason for which the rabbit ate the carrot.
That was the day on which the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.
形容詞從句的限定性和非限定性
形容詞從句/定語從句的主要功能，即：限定范圍 The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table. which was on the table 限定carrot 的范圍/性質(zhì) 這樣的形容詞從句屬于限定性形容詞從句。非限定性形容詞從句：顧名思義，就是沒有限定作用的從句 The rabbit ate the carrot, which was on the table. The rabbit ate the carrot, the carrot was on the table. 可以理解為連續(xù)說兩次the carrot 太啰嗦，所以咱們就用一個代詞which來代替the carrot,避免重復(fù)。這樣的從句其實壓根兒就沒有限定的作用，因為只不過是用了個代詞“接著說話”而已。其實就是一前一后表達(dá)了兩個信息：兔子吃胡蘿卜和胡蘿卜（在被吃之前）在桌上。言下之意是，完全可能只有一個胡蘿卜，然后補充信息是，這根胡蘿卜恰巧在桌上而已。I have a head which is round. 言下之意是我有好幾個頭，其中一個是圓的，其他的頭可能是方的扁的。 I have a head, which is round. 我有一個頭，而我這個頭是圓的。非限定性形容詞從句作插入語： my head, which is big, is useful when it rains. 我有大頭，下雨不愁 The biggest carrot, which the rabbit ate, was on the table. 最大的那根胡蘿卜曾在桌上，兔子吃了它。 上面兩個作插入語的形容詞從句，都可以直接去掉都不影響句意。而且正因為只是補充信息用，所以前面加the biggest這樣“確定唯一”的限定詞一點問題都沒有。非限定性形容詞從句不一定補充某個先行詞，而是可以指代整句話，比如： The rabbit ate the carrot, which was not surprising. 兔子吃了胡蘿卜，這事兒不令人吃驚。 這里的which不是指代rabbit也不是carrot，而是之前的整個the rabbit ate the carrot這件事兒。名詞從句
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主語從句的原理
句子主語由從句充當(dāng)：
**That/whether/where/when/how/what ** the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious.
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形式主語
It is obvious that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening.
餓了的兔子今天晚飯已經(jīng)吃了根胡蘿卜，這很明顯。
賓語從句
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確定信息 & 不確定信息
I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot.
我看見這兔子吃了根胡蘿卜。
that the rabbit ate a carrot.是確定的信息不確定信息作賓語從句：
I saw whether the rabbit ate the carrot.
I saw who ate the carrot.
I saw what the rabbit ate.
I saw where the rabbit ate the carrot.
I saw when the rabbit ate the carrot.
I saw how the rabbit ate the carrot. -
引導(dǎo)詞that的省略
在口語或非正式書面語中，賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that往往可以省略：
I know (that) the rabbit ate a carrot.
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某些詞后的賓語從句的否定
表達(dá)某種意見時，經(jīng)常會用到賓語從句：
I think (that) the rabbit is smart.
我認(rèn)為這兔子很聰明。
否定加在謂語動詞前，而非從句中：
I don’t think (that) the rabbit is smart.
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主從時態(tài)一致
主句時態(tài) = 賓語從句時態(tài)
I don’t think (that) you’re right.
I didn’t think (that) you were right.
I knew (that) the rabbit liked carrots.
只有不變的客觀現(xiàn)象才是例外：
I knew (that) the sun rises(永恒/客觀) in the east.
表語從句
就是用一個從句充當(dāng)系動詞之后的那個表語。
表語從句中最常見的系動詞就是be動詞。
The problem is that the rabbit is hungry.
The reason is that there’s no more carrot.
The question is whether the rabbit is hungry.
The question is what the rabbit should eat.
The question is where /when/how the rabbit should eat the carrot.
表語從句（主語補語從句）往往就是把之前講到的主語從句移到系動詞之后而已：
主語從句：That the rabbit ate a carrot is a secret.
表語從句：The secret is that the rabbit ate a carrot.
其他系動詞：feel, seem,look,taske…
It seems that the rabbit is hungry.
It feels that you’re not telling the truth.
同位語從句
所謂“同位語”，其實就是用不同的方式把一個概念再說一遍，用逗號隔開：
My teacher, Papa Rabbit, likes carrots.
我的老師，兔老爹，喜歡胡蘿卜。
同位語從句：當(dāng)一個從句來充當(dāng)同位語時：這樣的從句常在句中修飾抽象的名詞
The fact that the rabbit ate the carrot did not surprise me.（包含已知信息）
兔子吃了胡蘿卜這個事實并沒讓我吃驚。
這里的The fact和that the rabbit ate the carrot是同一個概念，一前一后用兩種方式說出來而已。
包含未知信息：
The question(主語) whether the rabbit will eat the carrot（同位語） is on all our minds.
兔子是否會吃胡蘿卜這個問題縈繞在我們所有人心中。
I have no idea who(賓語) ate the carrot(同位語).
我不知道誰吃了那胡蘿卜。
ate the carrot 其實是把idea重新定義了一番。
I am sure that there’s a carrot on the table. 我確定桌上有根胡蘿卜。
I am sure of the fact that there’s a carrot on the table.
我確定桌上有根胡蘿卜這件事兒。
賓語補語從句
將充當(dāng)賓語補語的專有名詞用從句替換，就能得到一個作賓語補語的從句。：
You can call me what you like.
你可以叫我你想叫我的（稱號）。即：你可以隨便叫我什么。
My education made me(賓語) who i am today（賓語補語，從句充當(dāng)）.
我的教育成就了今天的我
需要賓語補語的動詞，比如call,make,consider…等等。
You can call me Papa Rabbit.
副詞從句
副詞從句在句中起到副詞的作用，一般補充說明動詞，形容詞，副詞等。從句子成分上說，它充當(dāng)了句子的狀語，所有副詞從句也叫“狀語從句”。
因為“作狀語”在句子中補充信息，有多種可能：
根據(jù)用途/意義把副詞從句分類：
時間副詞從句(before, when/while/as, after, since, until, as soon as, the next time)
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按時間參照點來分類：
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在某一時間點之前。引導(dǎo)詞：before
主句在從句之前：The rabbit ate a carrot at home before the wolf stopped by.
大灰狼串門之前，兔子吃了根胡蘿卜。
從句在主句之前，則要在從句后加上逗號，便于斷句：Before the wolf stopped by, the rabbit ate a carrot at home.
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在某一時間點之中（當(dāng)時），引導(dǎo)詞：when,while,as
The rabbit was eating a carrot when I reached home.
我到家的時候，兔子在吃胡蘿卜。
The rabbit was eating a carrot while i was making a video.
我做視頻的過程中，兔子在吃胡蘿卜。
I ate a carrot as i made the video.
我一遍吃胡蘿卜一邊做視頻。
when, while,as三者的不同點：
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when:時間點，“突然”
The rabbit was eating a carrot at home when the wolf stopped by.
兔子在家吃胡蘿卜的時候（突然）大灰狼來串門了。
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while:時間段。一般強調(diào)一個時間段。
The rabbit was eating a carrot while i was making a video.
我做視頻的過程中，兔子在吃胡蘿卜。
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as:同時。一般強調(diào)同時進(jìn)行兩個動作。
I ate a carrot as i made the video.
我一遍吃胡蘿卜一邊做視頻。
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在某一時間點之后，引導(dǎo)詞：after
The rabbit ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by.
大灰狼串過門之后，兔子吃了根胡蘿卜。
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從之前某一時間點開始算。引導(dǎo)詞：since
從某時間點算起的時間段，往往暗示了對之后有影響。一般使用完成狀態(tài)。
The rabbit has shared three carrots since the wolf stopped by.
自從大灰狼來串門，兔子已經(jīng)分享了三根胡蘿卜了。
The rabbit has not stopped sharing carrots since the wolf stopped by.
自從大灰狼來串門，兔子就一直在分享胡蘿卜。
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直到之后某一時間點。引導(dǎo)詞：until
有點像since的對立面，即從某一時間點算起，直到之后點某一時間點。
The rabbit waited until the wolf stopped by.
兔子一直在等，直到大灰狼來串門。
The rabbit didn’t eat any carrot until the wolf stopped by.
兔子直到大灰狼來串門才吃了胡蘿卜。
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一…就… 引導(dǎo)詞：as soon as
相當(dāng)于一個動作緊跟著另一個動作發(fā)生。
The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves.
大灰狼一離開兔子就要吃一個胡蘿卜。
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下次… 引導(dǎo)詞：the next time
The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by.
下次大灰狼來串門，兔子會一起分享最大的胡蘿卜。
地點副詞（狀語）從句(where, wherever/everywhere/anywhere)
引導(dǎo)詞：where + “強調(diào)形式”（wherever/everywhere/anywhere）：
The rabbit ate the carrot where he found it.
這里的副詞從句（where he found it），直接=地點。
兔子在找到胡蘿卜的地方吃了它。
定語從句：The rabbit ate the carrot at the place where he found it.
這里的定語從句（where he found it）是修飾先行詞place，即一個已經(jīng)交代了但是沒有具體限定的地點。
This is where(引導(dǎo)表語從句) he found the carrot.
Where(引導(dǎo)主語從句) he found the carrot is a secret.
The rabbit will go wherever(強調(diào)：“不管”哪里) he can find a carrot.
不管哪里，只要能發(fā)現(xiàn)胡蘿卜，這兔子就回去。
The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere(強調(diào)：“任何”地方 = every place where 定語從句) he likes.
兔子在他到的地方都看見一根胡蘿卜。
The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere(強調(diào)：“所有”地方 = at any place where 定語從句) he goes.
比較副詞從句(than that, as…as…, the(比較級)，the(比較級))
英語形容詞有所謂的“比較級”，比如：
This carrot is bigger than that one.
這根胡蘿卜比那根大。
She is as beautiful as Snow White.
她和白雪公主一樣漂亮。
比較副詞從句：“更…”
This carrot is bigger than that one is.
She is more beautiful than Snow White is.
than that one is和than Snow White is實際上都是副詞從句，用“比較”的方式對前面的主句進(jìn)行補充說明。
比較副詞從句：as…as… “同樣得…”
She is as beautiful as Snow White is.
the(比較級)，the(比較級) 比較副詞從句：“越…越…”
The more you practice English, the more fluent you become.
你越多練習(xí)英語，你就越流利。
條件副詞從句(if, unless, provided, as long as, in case)
“條件句”：
If the rabbit sees a carrot, he will eat it.
If the rabbit sees a carrot 真實的假設(shè)，屬于“真實條件句”
“虛擬條件句”，和事實相反的假設(shè)。If i saw a carrot, i would eat it.
If i had seen a carrot, i would have eaten it. 使用了動詞虛擬語氣的條件副詞從句。
條件句總是比主句在時態(tài)上落后一個時間段。這也可以應(yīng)用于虛擬語氣：
If i saw a carrot, i would eat it.
unless:
If you like this video, you will give it a thumbs-up.
如果你喜歡這個視頻，你會給它點贊。
If you don’t like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.
如果你不喜歡這個視頻，你不會給它點贊。
Unless you don’t like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.
除非你喜歡這個視頻，你不會給它點贊。
其他引導(dǎo)詞：provided, as long as, in case:
Provided that my video is excellent, you will give it a thumbs-up.
如果我的視頻很棒，你會給它點贊。
As long as i make video excellent videos, you will give it a thumbs-up.
只要我一直做高質(zhì)量視頻，你會給它點贊。
In case you don’t understand, please comment below.
如果你不明白，請在下方評論。
讓步副詞從句(Even, Although/though/even though, No matter/Regardless of)
和“條件副詞從句”有些相通的地方，都是闡述某種情況或做出某種假設(shè)，讓步副詞從句闡述“相反/相對”，最常見的就是“即使…也…”，所以才有“讓步”這一說。
讓步副詞從句：Even if i see a carrot, i will not eat it. 即使我看到了一根胡蘿卜，我也不會吃它。
把even去掉，句子照樣通順，只不過加了even，就有了“讓步”的意思：就算是“我看見胡蘿卜”這種情況發(fā)生，我也會做出一個在這個語境下“相反”的動作，即不吃它。
條件副詞從句：If i saw a carrot, i would it eat. 如果我看到了一根胡蘿卜，我就會吃掉它。
讓步的情況不一定是假設(shè)，而可能就是事實，比如：
Although/though/even though i see a carrot, i will not eat it.
盡管我看到了一根胡蘿卜，但我不會吃它。
未知情況：no matter(不管如何) + 疑問句
No matter/Regardless of what happens, i will not eat the carrot.
不管什么事發(fā)生，我都不會吃這胡蘿卜。
方式副詞從句(as if, as)
好像某事發(fā)生過的方式
I feel good as if i had just eaten a carrot.
我感覺良好，就**好像（表示與事實相反的假設(shè)）**我剛吃了根胡蘿卜一樣。
條件副詞從句（虛擬語氣）：If i had eaten a carrot, i would have felt good.
如果我剛才吃了根胡蘿卜的話，我現(xiàn)在就會感覺良好。
好像某事正在發(fā)生的方式
Eat the carrot as i do.
像我一樣吃胡蘿卜。
Leave the carrot as it is.
別動這胡蘿卜。
原因副詞從句(because, Since, As, for)/目的副詞從句(In order that, so that, )/結(jié)果副詞從句(so that, so…that, such…that, so)
共同點在于都是“表達(dá)了某種因果”，即A導(dǎo)致B這樣的情況。
The rabbit ate the carrot because he was hungry.
兔子吃了胡蘿卜，因為它餓了。
because引導(dǎo)從句，構(gòu)成了一個復(fù)雜句；so 是個用來構(gòu)成一個復(fù)合句的連詞。
The rabbit was hungry, so he ate the carrot.
Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot.
既然你餓了，你可以吃這胡蘿卜。
Asyou were not here, we ate the carrot without you.
因為你之前不在這兒，所以吃胡蘿卜沒帶你一個。
-
because/since/as都可以構(gòu)成原因狀語從句，那它們有什么區(qū)別呢？
- 從因果或者說語氣的程度上說：because > since > as
because引出的是實實在在的因果關(guān)系：
Becausethis video is excellent, you should give it a thumbs-up.
因為這視頻很棒，所以要點贊。
since引出的是大家都已經(jīng)知道的情況：
Since all my videos are excellent, you should give this video a thumbs-up.
眾所周知，英語兔只出精品，所以要點贊。
as引出的是顯而易見的事實：
As i have thick skin, i’m begging you for a thumbs-up.
顯而易見我臉皮很厚，所以求你點贊。
- 語序的區(qū)別
because引導(dǎo)的從句在主句前后都可以；
而since和as引導(dǎo)的從句一般只能放在主句之前。
for 這個詞也可以表示一點過的因果關(guān)系：
You must really like me, for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up. for 這里構(gòu)成復(fù)合句。
你肯定很喜歡我英語兔，因為你給我所有的視頻都點贊啦。
因為要達(dá)到目的A(從句)，所以做了B(主句)。
In order thati could finish the video in time, i pulled an all-nighter.
為了及時完成視頻，我熬夜不睡。
i pulled an all-nighter so that i could finish the video in time. so that 不可以放在句首。
目的副詞從句中，一般使用情態(tài)動詞can,could,may,might,should,would等，因為這樣能更好體現(xiàn)目的性。
結(jié)果副詞從句也可以由so that構(gòu)成：
I ate a lot of carrots for lunch so that i wasn’t hungry at all in the afternoon.
I ate so many carrots for lunch that i felt sick afterwards. so…that…
我吃了那么多胡蘿卜，導(dǎo)致（結(jié)果是）我之后感到不舒服。
such后接名詞而不是形容詞：
It was such a tasty carrot（名詞性成分） that i ate it all at once.
這是個如此好次的胡蘿卜，以至于（結(jié)果）我一下子就吃完了它。
It was so tasty(形容詞) a carrot that i ate it all at once.
The temperature was low so that the lake froze. so that 起到的作用是解釋說明主句的情況，是主句動作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
氣溫很低，所以湖結(jié)冰了。
I like this video, so i’ll give it a thumbs-up. 這里的so構(gòu)成復(fù)合句。
總結(jié)
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