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R 学习矩阵操作

發(fā)布時(shí)間：2025/3/15 编程问答 29 豆豆

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Jump to…
R基礎(chǔ)概念和困惑點(diǎn)
R的交互式運(yùn)行
R基本語(yǔ)法
獲取幫助文檔，查看命令或函數(shù)的使用方法、事例或適用范圍
R中的變量
R中矩陣運(yùn)算
R中矩陣篩選合并
str的應(yīng)用
R的包管理
生信寶典，一起換個(gè)角度學(xué)生信
R基礎(chǔ)概念和困惑點(diǎn)
插播一點(diǎn)R的基礎(chǔ)概念和疑難解釋。

R的交互式運(yùn)行

在bash命令行下輸入大寫字母R即可啟動(dòng)交互式界面

ct@ehbio:~$ R

R version 3.3.1 (2016-06-21) – “Bug in Your Hair”
Copyright (C) 2016 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
Platform: x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu (64-bit)

用’help.start()’通過HTML瀏覽器來看幫助文件。
用’q()’退出R.

1:3
[1] 1 2 3
a <- 1:3
a
[1] 1 2 3

使用source在交互式界面運(yùn)行寫好的R腳本

source(‘scrtpt.r’)
quit()
Save workspace image? [y/n/c]: n

ctrl+d也可退出R

R基本語(yǔ)法

獲取幫助文檔，查看命令或函數(shù)的使用方法、事例或適用范圍

?command
??command #深度搜索或模糊搜索此命令

example(command) #得到命令的例子
R中的變量

數(shù)字變量

a <- 10
a
[1] 10

字符串變量

a <- “abc”
a
[1] “abc”

邏輯變量

a <- TRUE

a
[1] TRUE

b <- T

b
[1] TRUE

d <- FALSE

d
[1] FALSE

向量

a <- vector(mode=”logical”, length=5)
a
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE

a <- c(1,2,3,4)

判斷一個(gè)變量是不是vector

is.vector(a)
[1] TRUE

矩陣

a <- matrix(1:20,nrow=5,ncol=4,byrow=T)
a
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 2 3 4
[2,] 5 6 7 8
[3,] 9 10 11 12
[4,] 13 14 15 16
[5,] 17 18 19 20

is.matrix(a)
[1] TRUE

dim(a) #查看或設(shè)置數(shù)組的維度向量
[1] 5 4

錯(cuò)誤的用法

dim(a) <- c(4,4)
Error in dim(a) <- c(4, 4) : dims [product 16]與對(duì)象長(zhǎng)度[20]不匹配

正確的用法

a <- 1:20
dim(a) <- c(5,4) #轉(zhuǎn)換向量為矩陣
a
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 6 11 16
[2,] 2 7 12 17
[3,] 3 8 13 18
[4,] 4 9 14 19
[5,] 5 10 15 20

print(paste(“矩陣a的行數(shù)”, nrow(a)))
[1] “矩陣a的行數(shù) 5”
print(paste(“矩陣a的列數(shù)”, ncol(a)))
[1] “矩陣a的列數(shù) 4”

查看或設(shè)置行列名

rownames(a)
NULL
rownames(a) <- c(‘a(chǎn)’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’e’)
a
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
a 1 6 11 16
b 2 7 12 17
c 3 8 13 18
d 4 9 14 19
e 5 10 15 20

R中獲取一系列的字母

letters[1:4]
[1] “a” “b” “c” “d”
colnames(a) <- letters[1:4]
a
a b c d
a 1 6 11 16
b 2 7 12 17
c 3 8 13 18
d 4 9 14 19
e 5 10 15 20

is系列和as系列函數(shù)用來判斷變量的屬性和轉(zhuǎn)換變量的屬性

矩陣轉(zhuǎn)換為data.frame

is.character(a)
[1] FALSE
is.numeric(a)
[1] TRUE
is.matrix(a)
[1] TRUE
is.data.frame(a)
[1] FALSE
is.data.frame(as.data.frame(a))
[1] TRUE
R中矩陣運(yùn)算

數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生

rnorm(n, mean = 0, sd = 1) 正態(tài)分布的隨機(jī)數(shù)

runif(n, min = 0, max = 1) 平均分布的隨機(jī)數(shù)

rep(1,5) 把1重復(fù)5次

scale(1:5) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化數(shù)據(jù)

a <- c(rnorm(5), rnorm(5,1), runif(5), runif(5,-1,1), 1:5, rep(0,5), c(2,10,11,13,4), scale(1:5)[1:5])
a
[1] -0.41253556 0.12192929 -0.47635888 -0.97171653 1.09162243 1.87789657
[7] -0.11717937 2.92953522 1.33836620 -0.03269026 0.87540920 0.13005744
[13] 0.11900686 0.76663940 0.28407356 -0.91251181 0.17997973 0.50452258
[19] 0.25961316 -0.58052230 1.00000000 2.00000000 3.00000000 4.00000000
[25] 5.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[31] 2.00000000 10.00000000 11.00000000 13.00000000 4.00000000 -1.26491106
[37] -0.63245553 0.00000000 0.63245553 1.26491106
a <- matrix(a, ncol=5, byrow=T)
a
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -0.4125356 0.1219293 -0.4763589 -0.9717165 1.09162243
[2,] 1.8778966 -0.1171794 2.9295352 1.3383662 -0.03269026
[3,] 0.8754092 0.1300574 0.1190069 0.7666394 0.28407356
[4,] -0.9125118 0.1799797 0.5045226 0.2596132 -0.58052230
[5,] 1.0000000 2.0000000 3.0000000 4.0000000 5.00000000
[6,] 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.00000000
[7,] 2.0000000 10.0000000 11.0000000 13.0000000 4.00000000
[8,] -1.2649111 -0.6324555 0.0000000 0.6324555 1.26491106

求行的加和

rowSums(a)
[1] -0.6470593 5.9959284 2.1751865 -0.5489186 15.0000000 0.0000000 40.0000000
[8] 0.0000000

注意檢查括號(hào)的配對(duì)

a <- a[rowSums(abs(a)!=0,]
錯(cuò)誤: 意外的’]’ in “a <- a[rowSums(abs(a)!=0,]”

去除全部為0的行

a <- a[rowSums(abs(a))!=0,]

另外一種方式去除全部為0的行

a[rowSums(a==0)

矩陣運(yùn)算，R默認(rèn)針對(duì)整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行常見運(yùn)算

所有值都乘以2

a * 2
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -0.8250711 0.2438586 -0.9527178 -1.9434331 2.18324487
[2,] 3.7557931 -0.2343587 5.8590704 2.6767324 -0.06538051
[3,] 1.7508184 0.2601149 0.2380137 1.5332788 0.56814712
[4,] -1.8250236 0.3599595 1.0090452 0.5192263 -1.16104460
[5,] 2.0000000 4.0000000 6.0000000 8.0000000 10.00000000
[6,] 4.0000000 20.0000000 22.0000000 26.0000000 8.00000000
[7,] -2.5298221 -1.2649111 0.0000000 1.2649111 2.52982213

所有值取絕對(duì)值，再取對(duì)數(shù) （取對(duì)數(shù)前一般加一個(gè)數(shù)避免對(duì)0或負(fù)值取對(duì)數(shù)）

log2(abs(a)+1)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 0.4982872 0.1659818 0.5620435 0.9794522 1.0646224
[2,] 1.5250147 0.1598608 1.9743587 1.2255009 0.0464076
[3,] 0.9072054 0.1763961 0.1622189 0.8210076 0.3607278
[4,] 0.9354687 0.2387621 0.5893058 0.3329807 0.6604014
[5,] 1.0000000 1.5849625 2.0000000 2.3219281 2.5849625
[6,] 1.5849625 3.4594316 3.5849625 3.8073549 2.3219281
[7,] 1.1794544 0.7070437 0.0000000 0.7070437 1.1794544

取出最大值、最小值、行數(shù)、列數(shù)

max(a)
[1] 13
min(a)
[1] -1.264911
nrow(a)
[1] 7
ncol(a)
[1] 5

增加一列或一行

cbind: column bind

cbind(a, 1:7)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
[1,] -0.4125356 0.1219293 -0.4763589 -0.9717165 1.09162243 1
[2,] 1.8778966 -0.1171794 2.9295352 1.3383662 -0.03269026 2
[3,] 0.8754092 0.1300574 0.1190069 0.7666394 0.28407356 3
[4,] -0.9125118 0.1799797 0.5045226 0.2596132 -0.58052230 4
[5,] 1.0000000 2.0000000 3.0000000 4.0000000 5.00000000 5
[6,] 2.0000000 10.0000000 11.0000000 13.0000000 4.00000000 6
[7,] -1.2649111 -0.6324555 0.0000000 0.6324555 1.26491106 7
cbind(a, seven=1:7)
seven
[1,] -0.4125356 0.1219293 -0.4763589 -0.9717165 1.09162243 1
[2,] 1.8778966 -0.1171794 2.9295352 1.3383662 -0.03269026 2
[3,] 0.8754092 0.1300574 0.1190069 0.7666394 0.28407356 3
[4,] -0.9125118 0.1799797 0.5045226 0.2596132 -0.58052230 4
[5,] 1.0000000 2.0000000 3.0000000 4.0000000 5.00000000 5
[6,] 2.0000000 10.0000000 11.0000000 13.0000000 4.00000000 6
[7,] -1.2649111 -0.6324555 0.0000000 0.6324555 1.26491106 7

rbind: row bind

rbind(a,1:5)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -0.4125356 0.1219293 -0.4763589 -0.9717165 1.09162243
[2,] 1.8778966 -0.1171794 2.9295352 1.3383662 -0.03269026
[3,] 0.8754092 0.1300574 0.1190069 0.7666394 0.28407356
[4,] -0.9125118 0.1799797 0.5045226 0.2596132 -0.58052230
[5,] 1.0000000 2.0000000 3.0000000 4.0000000 5.00000000
[6,] 2.0000000 10.0000000 11.0000000 13.0000000 4.00000000
[7,] -1.2649111 -0.6324555 0.0000000 0.6324555 1.26491106
[8,] 1.0000000 2.0000000 3.0000000 4.0000000 5.00000000

計(jì)算每一行的mad (中值絕對(duì)偏差，一般認(rèn)為比方差的魯棒性更強(qiáng)，更少受異常值的影響，更能反映數(shù)據(jù)間的差異)

apply(a,1,mad)
[1] 0.7923976 2.0327283 0.2447279 0.4811672 1.4826000 4.4478000 0.9376786

計(jì)算每一行的var (方差)

apply表示對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)（第一個(gè)參數(shù)）的每一行 (第二個(gè)參數(shù)賦值為1) 或每一列 (2)操作

最后返回一個(gè)列表

apply(a,1,var)
[1] 0.6160264 1.6811161 0.1298913 0.3659391 2.5000000 22.5000000 1.0000000

計(jì)算每一列的平均值

apply(a,2,mean)
[1] 0.4519068 1.6689045 2.4395294 2.7179083 1.5753421

取出中值絕對(duì)偏差大于0.5的行

b = a[apply(a,1,mad)>0.5,]
b
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] -0.4125356 0.1219293 -0.4763589 -0.9717165 1.09162243
[2,] 1.8778966 -0.1171794 2.9295352 1.3383662 -0.03269026
[3,] 1.0000000 2.0000000 3.0000000 4.0000000 5.00000000
[4,] 2.0000000 10.0000000 11.0000000 13.0000000 4.00000000
[5,] -1.2649111 -0.6324555 0.0000000 0.6324555 1.26491106

矩陣按照mad的大小降序排列

c = b[order(apply(b,1,mad), decreasing=T),]
c
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,] 2.0000000 10.0000000 11.0000000 13.0000000 4.00000000
[2,] 1.8778966 -0.1171794 2.9295352 1.3383662 -0.03269026
[3,] 1.0000000 2.0000000 3.0000000 4.0000000 5.00000000
[4,] -1.2649111 -0.6324555 0.0000000 0.6324555 1.26491106
[5,] -0.4125356 0.1219293 -0.4763589 -0.9717165 1.09162243

rownames(c) <- paste(‘Gene’, letters[1:5], sep=”_”)
colnames(c) <- toupper(letters[1:5])
c
A B C D E
Gene_a 2.0000000 10.0000000 11.0000000 13.0000000 4.00000000
Gene_b 1.8778966 -0.1171794 2.9295352 1.3383662 -0.03269026
Gene_c 1.0000000 2.0000000 3.0000000 4.0000000 5.00000000
Gene_d -1.2649111 -0.6324555 0.0000000 0.6324555 1.26491106
Gene_e -0.4125356 0.1219293 -0.4763589 -0.9717165 1.09162243

矩陣轉(zhuǎn)置

expr = t(c)
expr
Gene_a Gene_b Gene_c Gene_d Gene_e
A 2 1.87789657 1 -1.2649111 -0.4125356
B 10 -0.11717937 2 -0.6324555 0.1219293
C 11 2.92953522 3 0.0000000 -0.4763589
D 13 1.33836620 4 0.6324555 -0.9717165
E 4 -0.03269026 5 1.2649111 1.0916224

矩陣值的替換

expr2 = expr
expr2[expr2<0] = 0
expr2
Gene_a Gene_b Gene_c Gene_d Gene_e
A 2 1.877897 1 0.0000000 0.0000000
B 10 0.000000 2 0.0000000 0.1219293
C 11 2.929535 3 0.0000000 0.0000000
D 13 1.338366 4 0.6324555 0.0000000
E 4 0.000000 5 1.2649111 1.0916224

矩陣中只針對(duì)某一列替換

expr2是個(gè)矩陣不是數(shù)據(jù)框，不能使用列名字索引

expr2[expr2Geneb<1,“Geneb”]<?1Errorinexpr2Gene_b : $ operator is invalid for atomic vectors

str是一個(gè)最為常用、好用的查看變量信息的工具，尤其是對(duì)特別復(fù)雜的變量，

可以看清其層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，便于提取數(shù)據(jù)

str(expr2)
num [1:5, 1:5] 2 10 11 13 4 …
- attr(*, “dimnames”)=List of 2
..:chr[1:5]“A”“B”“C”“D”….. : chr [1:5] “Gene_a” “Gene_b” “Gene_c” “Gene_d” …

轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，再進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的操作

expr2 <- as.data.frame(expr2)
str(expr2)
‘data.frame’: 5 obs. of 5 variables:
Genea:num21011134 Gene_b: num 1.88 1 2.93 1.34 1
Genec:num12345 Gene_d: num 0 0 0 0.632 1.265
Genee:num00.122001.092expr2[expr2Gene_b<1, “Gene_b”] <- 1
expr2
expr2
Gene_a Gene_b Gene_c Gene_d Gene_e
A 2 1.877897 1 0.0000000 0.0000000
B 10 1.000000 2 0.0000000 0.1219293
C 11 2.929535 3 0.0000000 0.0000000
D 13 1.338366 4 0.6324555 0.0000000
E 4 1.000000 5 1.2649111 1.0916224
R中矩陣篩選合并

讀入樣品信息

sampleInfo = “Samp;Group;Genotype
+ A;Control;WT
+ B;Control;WT
+ D;Treatment;Mutant
+ C;Treatment;Mutant
+ E;Treatment;WT
+ F;Treatment;WT”
phenoData = read.table(text=sampleInfo,sep=”;”, header=T, row.names=1, quote=”“)
phenoData
Group Genotype
A Control WT
B Control WT
D Treatment Mutant
C Treatment Mutant
E Treatment WT
F Treatment WT

把樣品信息按照基因表達(dá)矩陣中的樣品信息排序，并只保留有基因表達(dá)信息的樣品

match() returns a vector of the positions of (first) matches of

its first argument in its second.

phenoData[match(rownames(expr), rownames(phenoData)),]
Group Genotype
A Control WT
B Control WT
C Treatment Mutant
D Treatment Mutant
E Treatment WT

‘%in%’ is a more intuitive interface as a binary operator, which

returns a logical vector indicating if there is a match or not forits left operand.

注意順序，%in%比match更好理解一些

phenoData = phenoData[rownames(phenoData) %in% rownames(expr),]
phenoData
Group Genotype
A Control WT
B Control WT
C Treatment Mutant
D Treatment Mutant
E Treatment WT

合并矩陣

by=0 表示按照行的名字排序

by=columnname 表示按照共有的某一列排序

合并后多出了新的一列Row.names

merge_data = merge(expr, phenoData, by=0, all.x=T)
merge_data
Row.names Gene_a Gene_b Gene_c Gene_d Gene_e Group Genotype
1 A 2 1.87789657 1 -1.2649111 -0.4125356 Control WT
2 B 10 -0.11717937 2 -0.6324555 0.1219293 Control WT
3 C 11 2.92953522 3 0.0000000 -0.4763589 Treatment Mutant
4 D 13 1.33836620 4 0.6324555 -0.9717165 Treatment Mutant
5 E 4 -0.03269026 5 1.2649111 1.0916224 Treatment WT

rownames(merge_data) <- merge_data$Row.names
merge_data
Row.names Gene_a Gene_b Gene_c Gene_d Gene_e Group Genotype
A A 2 1.87789657 1 -1.2649111 -0.4125356 Control WT
B B 10 -0.11717937 2 -0.6324555 0.1219293 Control WT
C C 11 2.92953522 3 0.0000000 -0.4763589 Treatment Mutant
D D 13 1.33836620 4 0.6324555 -0.9717165 Treatment Mutant
E E 4 -0.03269026 5 1.2649111 1.0916224 Treatment WT

去除一列；-1表示去除第一列

merge_data = merge_data[,-1]
merge_data
Gene_a Gene_b Gene_c Gene_d Gene_e Group Genotype
A 2 1.87789657 1 -1.2649111 -0.4125356 Control WT
B 10 -0.11717937 2 -0.6324555 0.1219293 Control WT
C 11 2.92953522 3 0.0000000 -0.4763589 Treatment Mutant
D 13 1.33836620 4 0.6324555 -0.9717165 Treatment Mutant
E 4 -0.03269026 5 1.2649111 1.0916224 Treatment WT

提取出所有的數(shù)值列

merge_data[sapply(merge_data, is.numeric)]
Gene_a Gene_b Gene_c Gene_d Gene_e
A 2 1.87789657 1 -1.2649111 -0.4125356
B 10 -0.11717937 2 -0.6324555 0.1219293
C 11 2.92953522 3 0.0000000 -0.4763589
D 13 1.33836620 4 0.6324555 -0.9717165
E 4 -0.03269026 5 1.2649111 1.0916224
str的應(yīng)用

str: Compactly display the internal structure of an R object, a diagnostic function and an alternative to ‘summary (and to some extent, ‘dput’). Ideally, only one line for each ‘basic’ structure is displayed. It is especially well suited to compactly display the (abbreviated) contents of (possibly nested) lists. The idea is to give reasonable output for any R object. It calls ‘a(chǎn)rgs’ for (non-primitive) function objects.

str用來告訴結(jié)果的構(gòu)成方式，對(duì)于不少Bioconductor的包，或者復(fù)雜的R函數(shù)的輸出，都是一堆列表的嵌套，str(complex_result)會(huì)輸出每個(gè)列表的名字，方便提取對(duì)應(yīng)的信息。

str的一個(gè)應(yīng)用例子

str(list(a = “A”, L = as.list(1:100)), list.len = 9)
List of 2
a:chr“A” L:List of 100
..:int1.. : int 2
..:int3.. : int 4
..:int5.. : int 6
..:int7.. : int 8
..$ : int 9
.. [list output truncated]

利用str查看pca的結(jié)果，具體的PCA應(yīng)用查看http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/sRElBMkyR9rGa4TQp9KjNQ

pca_result <- prcomp(expr)
pca_result
Standard deviations:
[1] 4.769900e+00 1.790861e+00 1.072560e+00 1.578391e-01 2.752128e-16

Rotation:
PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5
Gene_a 0.99422750 -0.02965529 0.078809521 0.01444655 0.06490461
Gene_b 0.04824368 -0.44384942 -0.885305329 0.03127940 0.12619948
Gene_c 0.08258192 0.81118590 -0.451360828 0.05440417 -0.35842886
Gene_d -0.01936958 0.30237826 -0.079325524 -0.66399283 0.67897952
Gene_e -0.04460135 0.22948437 -0.002097256 0.74496081 0.62480128

str(pca_result)
List of 5
sdev:num[1:5]4.771.791.071.58e?012.75e?16 rotation: num [1:5, 1:5] 0.9942 0.0482 0.0826 -0.0194 -0.0446 …
..- attr(*, “dimnames”)=List of 2
.. ..:chr[1:5]“Genea”“Geneb”“Genec”“Gened”….... : chr [1:5] “PC1” “PC2” “PC3” “PC4” …
center:Namednum[1:5]81.22930.3790.243..?attr(?,“names”)=chr[1:5]“Genea”“Geneb”“Genec”“Gened”… scale : logi FALSE
x:num[1:5,1:5]?6.081.863.085.06?3.93…..?attr(?,“dimnames”)=Listof2.... : chr [1:5] “A” “B” “C” “D” …
.. ..$ : chr [1:5] “PC1” “PC2” “PC3” “PC4” …
- attr(*, “class”)= chr “prcomp”

取出每個(gè)主成分解釋的差異

pca_result$sdev
[1] 4.769900e+00 1.790861e+00 1.072560e+00 1.578391e-01 2.752128e-16
R的包管理

什么時(shí)候需要安裝包

library(‘unExistedPackage’)
Error in library(“unExistedPackage”) :
不存在叫‘unExistedPackage’這個(gè)名字的程輯包

安裝包

install.packages(“package_name”)

指定安裝來源

install.packages(“package_name”, repo=”http://cran.us.r-project.org”)

安裝Bioconductor的包

source(‘https://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R‘)
biocLite(‘BiocInstaller’)
biocLite(c(“RUVSeq”,”pcaMethods”))

安裝Github的R包

install.packages(“devtools”)
devtools::install_github(“JustinaZ/pcaReduce”)

手動(dòng)安裝, 首先下載包的源文件（壓縮版就可），然后在終端運(yùn)行下面的命令。

ct@ehbio:~$ R CMD INSTALL package.tar.gz

移除包

remove.packages(“package_name”)

查看所有安裝的包

library()

查看特定安裝包的版本

installed.packages()[c(“DESeq2”), c(“Package”, “Version”)]
Package Version
“DESeq2” “1.14.1”

查看默認(rèn)安裝包的位置

.libPaths()

調(diào)用安裝的包

library(package_name)

devtools::install_github(“hms-dbmi/scde”, build_vignettes = FALSE)

install.packages(c(“mvoutlier”,”ROCR”))

biocLite(c(“RUVSeq”,”pcaMethods”,”SC3”,”TSCAN”,”monocle”,”MultiAssayExperiment”,”SummarizedExperiment”))

devtools::install_github(“satijalab/seurat”)

生信寶典，一起換個(gè)角度學(xué)生信

R語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí) - 基礎(chǔ)概念和矩陣操作
R語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí) - 熱圖繪制 (heatmap)
R語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí) - 熱圖美化
R語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí) - 熱圖簡(jiǎn)化
RBIOINFO
CHENTONG
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